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a presentation in the intro to clinical counseling course
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Clinical Assessment: Projective tests
Zoltan Kovary PhD
ELTE PPKDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Addictology
2015/16 Autumn Semester
The basic forms of personality tests used in clinical workObjective testsSimple scalesBeck Depression Inventory (BDI)Spielbergers State-Traits Anxiety Inventory (STAI)More complex inventoriesMinnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ)
Projective testsAssociativeJungs word association testRorschachBased on ChoiceSzondi test CompletionPicture Frustration TestSentence completion methods ConstructiveThematic Association Test Expressive Projective Drawings
The development of projective methods
Leonardo da VinciCracks on the wallE. KraepelinWord association testBinet, 1886Using picturesW. SternClouds as stimuli in assessmentH. Rorschach, 1921Investigation of the entire personality
The projective tests
Lawrence K. Frank, 1939: projextive tests Jung, Murray, RorschachInvestigating the entire personality, abilities are subordianated to global orientationThe stimuli are not equivocalThe projection of latent wishes and feelingsIts not the freudian projection, rather a reflecting attribution
The basic typi of projective testsAssociativeJungs word association testRorschachBased on ChoiceSzondi test CompletionPicture Frustration TestSentence completion methods ConstructiveThematic Association Test Expressive Projective Drawings
Features of projective tests I.
Answers are not accidentalThe examinees answers are containing his/her needs, emotions, conflicts, defenses (unconscious)Indirect methodsFree from manipulation, the examinee doesnt know what the answers refer toThe possible number of the answers are infiniteNo right or wrong answers
Features of projective tests II
Examines the whole personalityThe clinician is interpreting along several dimensionsNeeds, adaptation, ego defence, diagnostic marksThe psychological phenomena appear indirectlyE.g.: Agression in perceptual specificies
Jungs Word Association Test
The method of word association
Word association method in the turn of 19th-20th centuryC.G. Jung: 1904-05Psychoanalysis100 words as stimuli - reactionsTheory of complexes
The usage of word association test
100 words as stimuliWords as answers Rection timeEvocationReaction time of evocation
The sign of complexes in the test
Increased rection timeAnswering more than one wordsIncorrect expression of the associationStrange linguistic and metacommunicative manifestations
Strange answers (like yes or no)The answer is mot connected to the stimulusAnswer on a foreign languageLack of reactionRepetition of the stimulus
Zay, 2002
PFT Picture Frustration Test
Saul Rosenzweig (1907-2004)
Harvard Psychology Clinic, 1929-1934Some Implicit Common Factors in Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy , 1936Explorations in personality, 1938 (ed. Henry Murray)Clark University, Worcester, 1938 1943 Picture Frustration Test1950: IdiodynamicsFreud, Jung and Hall the Kingmaker
Theoretical backgroundFrustrationPrimarySecondaryAgressionDollard & MillerThe possible directions of aggressive responseTolerance of frustrationGCR: Group Conformity RatingBiological and psychogenetic factorsEgo weekness
Reactions to frustration I.The direction of agressive reactionsExtra-, intro- and inpunitiveNot a personality typePatognomic featuresEmotions and judgementsDynamic and genetic basisInstintcsAttitudes of identificationPsychopathological aspectsModes of defenceMental disordersLibidinal types by Freud
A frusztrcira adott reakci II.A reakci tpusa
Obstacle-DominanceEgo-DefenceNeed-Persistence
Structure and usage of PFT
24 drawings about frustrating situationsEgo-blocking1,3,4,6,8,9,11,12,13,14, 15,18,20,23,24Superego-blocking2,5,7,10,16,17,19,21InstructionsDocumentation
The notion of respones
O D E - DN-PExtrapunitiveEE, (E)eIntrapunitive II, (I)iInpunitMMm
InterpretationGCR index Normal zone (40-60 T) or GCR+ ill. Reaction typeO-D+ (>60T) or O-D (60T) or E-D (60T) or N-P (60T) or E total - (60T) or I total - (60T) or M total - (60T)
Henry Murray & T.A.T.
Henry Murray (1893-1988)Life historical contextChristiana MorganC.G. JungHerman MelvilleHarvard Psychological ClinicPersonologyNeeds Themes Press Thematic dispositions (idiographic approach)AssessmentThematic Apperception Test
The themesThe basic units of psychological processesThe connectivity of special needs and special presses into uniqe themes
Press NeedPress Need THEMEPress Need
The birth of TAT
Explorations in personality, 19381935-1943Murray and Christiana MorganDinamyc personality theoryNeeds, motives, wishesAnxietyDefences
Compromise formationDreamsTAT stories
Taking TAT test
InstructionActive encouragementFirst sessionWe dont speak about continuationSecond sessionContains a white platePost test
Some TAT pictures
The process of signification in TATPROJECTIONELABORATION IN FANTASYIDENTIFICATION
Analysis and interpretation of contets
Motives of the protagonistBasic needsSpecial needsEnvironmental effectsSolutions Investment rateStandardsWishfulfillmentCompromiseFrustrationThemes
Classification according to the special content of the pictures
Every picture refers to a special theme Grouping of the picturesAnxietyAgressionSexualityAttachmentSelf-actualizationGulity feelingsFamilyFeminitySelf-esteem
Interpretation
Deeper layers of personalityLatent wishesttteles megjelensFantasy/inner worldIndirect manifestationsManifest behaviorResistance
The Rorschach-test
The Rorschach - test
Hermann Rorschach (1884 - 1922)1921 - PsychodiagnosticsIn structuring the unsettled materialOur cognitive, behavioral and our attitudinal habits are prevailing unconsciouslyZulliger, 1950 Simplified (3 pictures)Harrower, 1945Choosing among answerBagdy & alRorschach for couples
The protocol of Rorschach-examination
Clinical question!!!Building personal contact with the examineeTaking the testCircumstancesProcessPost-testNomination of the records
The five aspects of the nomination
I. The size of the blotsG, D, Dd, zwLocalizationII. DeterminantsShape, clour, shade, motionIII. Content52 categoriesIV. CommonnessV. Special reactions
InterpretationBy indicatorsSummation of the I-IV coloumnsSequential interpretationOn a plateQualitiesSuccessionBetween plateQualitiesAccording to the special content of the particular plates
Psychological judgement
Thank you for your attention!