Introduction to Clinical Psychology Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 2 History and Recent Developments This multimedia product and its contents are

Introduction to Clinical PsychologyScience, Practice and Ethics

Chapter 2

History and Recent DevelopmentsThis multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;•Any rental, lease, or lending of the program

Copyright ©Allyn & Bacon 2005


Ancient Roots Hippocrates (c. 446-377)

Melancholy Phrenitis Mania hysteria

Greek Philosophers Socrates (470-399) Plato (428-347) Aristotle (384-323)



Ancient Roots Yellow Emperor’s Book

of Internal Medicine yin and yang Mental tests

Medieval Europe Malleus Malifacarum

Renaissance De Praestigiis

Daemonum



18th and 19th Centuries:Laying the Groundwork

Understanding Mental Disorders Measurement of Individual Differences Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Hysteria and Psychological Determinism


Understanding Mental Disorders Psychiatry gains credibility as a branch of

medicine Benjamin Rush (1745-1820) Philipe Pinel (1745-1826) Vicenzo Chiarugi (1759-1820) Francis Willis (1718-1807)


Understanding Mental Disorders

Moral Treatment Movement Philipe Pinel William Tuke (1732-1822)

Moral Treatment comes to U.S. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)


Measurement of Individual Differences Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Hereditary Genius (1869) measured individual differences

James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944)

- first to use “mental test”

- developed standards for psychological testing


Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry J. Langdon Down – Down’s Syndrome Ewald Hecker - hebephrenia General paresis – syphylis

Emil Kraepelin (1855-1926)- textbook on psychiatry – 1883- dementia praecox


Emergence of Scientific Psychiatry Improved classification

Differentiation of mental retardation from mental illness

Acceptance of non-biological causes of mental disorders


Hysteria and Psychological Determinism

Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893)

Piere Janet (1859-1947)

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)


Freud’s impact on clinical psychology

Psychoanalytic treatment

Unconscious determinants of behavior – impact on psychological testing

Psychological (non-biological) factors


Birth of the Discipline (1890-1910)

Rapid Growth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) – 1875 William James (1842-1910) – 1875 G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)- 1883 James McKeen Cattell - 1888

By 1900 – 40 psychology laboratories at US universities


Ligthner Witmer (1867-1956) Established first psychological clinic in 1896 First to propose a helping profession within

psychology Established the first clinical psychology

journal – The Psychological Clinic Established first training program in clinical

psychology


Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Norm-referenced test of intelligence Valid items for test of intelligence Developed the Binet-Simon Scale –

forerunner of modern intelligence test Mental age Scientist-practitioner


Childhood: WWI through WWII Army Alpha and Army Beta Stanford-Binet – 1916 (revised 1937) Wechsler-Bellvue – 1939 Rorschach – 1921 Thematic Apperception Test – 1938 MMPI - 1943


Childhood: WWI through WWIIAPA Growing Pains• 1917 – AACP forms• 1919 – AACP incorporated into APA as Section f Clinical

Psychology• 1921 – Ph.D. + published research• 1926 – creates associate member status• 1937 – AAAP formed• 1939 – 618 member, 1909 associates• 1942 – goals and membership qualifications change• 1944 – AAAP votes itself out of existence, joins APA


Adolescence: Post WWII Need for clinical psychologists Training moneys become available Shakow Report - 1947 Boulder Conference - 1949


Scientist- Practitioner Model Training in University Departments of

Psychology Trained as Scientist and Practitioners Internship – 1 year of full-time practice Trained in diagnosis, research and therapy Original research required


Post-Boulder Training Growth NIMH, USPHS money available for doctoral

training VA – money for internship training 1947 – 22 doctoral training programs in US 1949 – 42 doctoral training programs in US 1960 – 60 APA-accredited gradate training

programs (55 NIMH funded)


Adulthood Training Psychotherapy Psychological Testing Professional Practice Specialization Growth


Training Miami Beach conference 1958 – Psy.D.

proposed University of Illinois – 1968 – first Psy.D.

program California Professional School of

Psychology – 1969 Vail conference – 1974 – endorsement of

Psy.D. as legit


Training: Backlash Salt Lake City, Utah – 1987

- greater diversity in training

- all graduate programs must be affiliated with regionally accredited university (not accepted by APA)


Training: Backlash Clinical Scientist Training proposed by

Richard McFall, 1991.


Psychotherapy Client-Centered Therapy - Carl Rogers

Behavior Therapy – Joseph Wolpe, Hans Eysenck, B.F. Skinner

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy – Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck


Psychotherapy Last 50 years increasingly identified with

clinical psychology Surveys – the most commonly engaged in

activity by clinical psychologists


Psychological Testing

1960 – 1980 backlash against testing behavior therapy humanists poor psychometrics culturally insensitive


Psychological Testing: Consequences of Backlash

Improved standardization Inclusive test items Proliferation of specific tests Revision of popular tests Improved guidelines for test users


Professional Practice Licensing vs. certification All states create licensing/certification laws

1945-1980 Psychologists get third-party

reimbursement Private practice grows Managed care


SpecializationDivision 12 – Society of Clinical Psychology: Sections

II – Clinical Geropsychology III – Society of a Science of Clinical Psychology IV – Clinical Psychology of Women V. Clinical Psychology of Ethnic minorities VI. – Emergencies and Crises VII. – Association of Medical Psychology

Section 1 – Clinical Child Psychology became Division 53

Section 5 – Society of Pediatric Psychology became Division 54


GrowthTraining 1969 – 70 APA accredited programs 1979 – 100 1989 – 157 1999 – over 200

Membership- 1999 – over 50% APA members identify themselves as clinical

1990’s 9 of 10 APA presidents clinical psychologists

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Introduction to Clinical Psychology Science, Practice and Ethics Chapter 2 History and Recent Developments This multimedia product and its contents are