Introduction to Computers

Day 1

Basic Machine Architecture

Input Unit/s

Processing Unit/s

Output Unit/s

Basic Machine Architecture

• Each and every machine consists of three unit/s– Input unit/s– Processing Unit/s– Output Unit/s

• Mechanical Machine – Mortar/ Grinding Machine

• Input – Grains (Rice, Wheat, Corn)• Process – Pounding/ Grinding• Expected Output – Flour

• Electrical Machine (High Voltage/ Conductors)– Washing Machine

• Input – Dirty Cloth• Process – Washing• Output – Clean Cloth

• Electronic Machine (Low Voltage/ Semi Conductors)– Calculator

• Input – Numbers/ Digits• Process – Addition/ Subtraction/ Multiplication/ Division• Output – Calculated Result/ Answer

Basic Computer Architecture

Input Unit/s

Processing Unit

Output Unit/sMemory Unit

Basic Computer Architecture

• Input Unit/s• Processing Unit/ Central Processing Unit/ Processor/

Microprocessor• Memory Unit• Output Unit/s• Physical Circuits - Hardware• Circuit Manipulation Programs – Software• Software loaded into the memory unit• Processing Unit executes Software instructions in

memory and Computer act as a multi tasking machine• Persons who used Computers – Liveware• Input and output units – Peripherals• Most important concept behind the computer is memory

unit• Memory unit stored data and programs/ software• Computer System : Hardware and Software

Basic Computer Architecture

• Computer is a machine which process data• Anything can be data

– Characters, Words– Colors, Pictures– Sounds– Video clips

• Computer is an electronic device which inputs, stores and manipulates data and output the information

• Information– Processed data– Meaningful data

• Computer is a device that works under the control of stored programs/ software, automatically accepting, storing and processing data to produce information that is the result of that processing.

• What is a Computer?

Functions of a Computer

RAW DATA & FACTS

INFORMATION

A Computer is a programmable, multipurpose machine that accepts data (e.g. raw data, facts & figures) and processes, or manipulates it into information we can use, such as summaries or totals

What is a Computer?

E.g. An automatic teller machine (ATM) computes the deposits and withdrawals to give you the total in your account.

Input OutputProcess

Eyes, Ears Voice, Write

What is a Computer?

What is a Computer?

Data: (ISO) A representation of facts, concepts or instructions in a formalised manner suitable for communication, interpretation or processing by human beings or by automatic means.

Letters, numbers, colours, symbols, shapes, temperatures, sound or other facts and figures are data suitable for processing.

Information: (ISO) The meaning that is applied to data by means of the conversions applied to that data. I.e. processed data.

A 10B 20C 30

60

What is a Computer?Computer: (ISO) A programmable functional unit that consists of one or more associated processing units and peripheral equipment, that is controlled by internally stored programs and that can perform substantial computation, including numerous arithmetic operations or logic operations, without human intervention during a run.

A computer may be a stand-alone unit or may consist of several interconnected units.

Characteristics of Computers

• Speed– High speed electronic data processing machine– Speed based on electricity and the computer architecture (Bus

speed, Cache memory)• Accuracy

– Computer executes instructions in software programs• Diligence

– Computer is free from monotony, tiredness, lack of concentration• Versatility

– Multi tasking machine– Multimedia machine

• Automation– Under control of software programs the computer automatically

accepting, storing and processing data to produce information• Power of Remembering

– Computer can store and recall any amount of data and information from storage devices

Characteristics of Computers

• Intelligence– Non intelligence machine– Task based on software– Software can not create itself

• Creativity– Non creativity machine

• Feelings– No feelings– Everything based on computer programs or software

End User

Software

Hardware

End User

Application Software

System Software

Hardware

Software

System Software

Application Software

System Software

• System Software– Operating System (MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Unix, Linux, Sun

Solaris, Macintosh)– Bootstrap Loader

• Loading the operating system to memory (Booting)

• Fixed program on electronic circuits

• Boot sequence can change using CMOS Setup (Press Ctrl+Delete on booting)

– Diagnostic Routine• Fixed program on electronic circuits

• Checking the connected devices

• Program run before running the bootstrap loader

– Basic Input Output System/ BIOS• Fixed program on electronic circuit (Read only Memory/ ROM)

• Controlling the input, ouput devices and device drivers

Application Software

• Word processing & type setting software– Word Star, Corel Word Perfect, MS- Word, Adobe Page Maker, Quark

Express

• Spreadsheet & accounting software– Lotus, MS-Excel, Accpac, MYOB, Sage

• Presentation software– MS-Power Point

• Database management system software/ DBMS– Dbase, MS-Visual Foxpro, MS-Access, MS-SQL Server, Oracle, Informix

• Image processing and photo editing software– Adobe Photoshop

• Graphic designing software– Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Adobe In design, Macromedia Free Hand

• Web designing software– MS-Front Page, Macromedia Dream weaver, Macromedia Flash,

Macromedia Swish

Application Software

• 3D Animating software– 3D Studio Max, Maya

• 2D Cartoon animating software– Macromedia Flash, Moho

• Video & sound editing software– Adobe After Effects

– Adobe Premier

– Sound Froge

• Computer aided designing software/ CAD – Auto CAD

– Architecture Desktop

• Computer aided manufacturing software/ CAM• Utility software

– Compression software (Winzip, Winrar)

– Anti virus software (Norton, Macfee, AVG, PC-Cillin)

– Audio and media player software (Windows media player, Power VCD, Winamp)

• Hand over our recursive & tedious work to the computer

Why Computers Needed?

• Typewriter Word Processor/Printer

• Card file Database Management System

Computer Architecture• Input Units/ Devices• Memory

– Primary Memory• Random Access Memory RAM• Read Only Memory

– Secondary Memory/ External Storage

• Central Processing Unit/ Microprocessor– Arithmetic and Logic Unit/ ALU– Control Unit/ CU

• Output Units/ Devices

Internal Storage

Arithmetic & Logic Unit

Control Unit

Input Units Output Units

External Storage

Components of a Computer System

• Input Operations

• Arithmetic Operations

• Logic Operations

• Output Operations

• Storage Operations

What does a Computer do?

• Input Operations

– computer can accepts data & instructions.

• Arithmetic Operations

– Computer can process arithmetic operations such

as Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction & Division

• Logic Operations

– Computer can perform logic operation such as

AND, OR, NOT ….

What does a Computer do?

• Output Operations– Computer can produce an output as a screen

view, as a hard copy, as a sound output.

• Storage Operations– Computer can store a large amount of data &

programs permanently & perform tasks later.

What does a Computer do?