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Introduction to e-Business Patterns
•Example: e-Marketplace
Objectives
• To introduce e-business patterns
• To discuss four key patterns and how they might be used for an ecommerce application e.g.cnpltd.com
E-business Patterns
Key references:
‘IBM Patterns for e-business: A Strategy for Reuse’
by Jonathan Adams, Srinivas Koushik, Guru Vasudeva, and George Galambos,
IBM Press, 2003, ISBN: 1-931182-02-7
http://www.ibm.com/framework/patterns
Note these sources are used throughout the presentation
What is a pattern?
General definitions:• A pattern is an orderly
sequence consisting of a number of repeated or complimentary elements
• A pattern is a model from which a copy can be made
What is a pattern?
Classic definition from Christopher Alexander, acclaimed architect, patterns as they apply in creating buildings, towns and cities:
‘Each pattern describes a problem that occurs over and over again in our environment and then describes the core of the solution to that problem in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over without doing it the same way twice’
Patterns for eBusiness
• A set of proven, reusable architectures that can guide the design, development, implementation and extension of eBusiness applications
• Elicited from the documentation and analysis of thousands of successful IBM application development projects
• www.ibm.com/developerWorks/patterns
Four Basic Business Patterns
• Self-Service (User-to-Business)—applications where users are interacting with enterprise transactions and data
• Collaboration (User-to-User)—applications where tools facilitate communication among users
• Information Aggregation (User-to-Data)—applications where tools extract information from other data sources.
• Extended Enterprise (Business-to-Business)—applications that integrate programmatic interactions among organizations.
Pattern Process
5 types of patternsused at different stages ofapplication development
E-businessModule
(semester one)
Patterns for e-Business module
(semester two)
Source: IBM Patterns for e-Business, Adams et al., 2003
Self-Service business pattern
• Self-Service business pattern also known as User-to-Business
• It captures the essence of direct interaction between ‘users’ and business
• ‘users’ include all individuals with whom a business intends to interact– Customers; business partners;
stakeholders; employees
• ‘business’ includes various types of organisations– Large enterprises; small and medium
enterprises; government agencies
Self-Service examples• Banking
– View account balances– View recent transactions– Pay bills/transfer funds– Stop payments– Manage bank card
• Government– Submit tax returns– Renew automobile licences– Download forms/applications– Submit frms/applications
• Telecommunications– Review account statements– Paying bills online– Change personal profile– Add/change/remove services– Submitting service requests
Collaboration business pattern
• The collaboration business pattern is concerned with User-to-User interaction. This pattern is also observed in teams
• Collaboration examples– Email– Bulletin boards– Newsgroups– Instant messaging– Team rooms– Online meetings– Ad hoc workflow
Information Aggregation business pattern
• The Information Aggregation pattern is also known as User-to-Data
• It allows users to access and manipulate data that is aggregated from multiple sources
• The pattern captures the process of taking large volumes of data, text, images, video, and so on, and using various user controlled tools to extract useful information from them
• Information Aggregation Examples– Marketing Analysis
• Identify markets• Identify prospective customers• Contact customers• Manage the marketing process
Information Aggregation business pattern
This pattern can be observed in solutions such as:
• Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Sales Analysis solutions where users on a LAN perform data analysis using data from a data warehouse
• Internet portals that aggregate information from disparate core business data sources and allow thousands of users to personalise this information to meet their preferences
Extended Enterprise business pattern
• The Extended Enterprise pattern, is the Business-to-Business pattern that addresses the interactions and collaborations between business processes in separate enterprises
• Examples– Cross industry
• Buy-side: direct procurement (SCM)• Sell-side: B2B ecommerce (distributors)
– Industry specific• Manufacturing: supply chain planning and
execution• Travel: checking flight or room availability;
making reservations• Retail: checking supplier inventories;
placing replenishment orders; paying suppliers automatically
Composite Patterns
• Composite patterns represent commonly occurring combinations of Business patterns
• The most commonly occurring Composite patterns are:– Electronic commerce
• Combines Self-Service and Information Aggregation, and if supply chain included then Extended Enterprise
– E-Marketplace• May combine all business patterns
– Portal• Combines Information Aggregation and Self
Service
– Account access• Combines Self-Service and Access Integration
Integration Patterns
• Integration patterns are used within Business Patterns to support more advanced functions, or to make Composite patterns feasible by allowing the integration of two or more Business patterns
• Two distinct types– Access integration
• Enables access from multiple devices and integrates the common services required to support a consistent user interface
– Application integration• Brings together multiple applications and
information sources without the user directly invoking them. Allows seamless execution of multiple applications and access to their respective data
Pattern Process
5 types of patternsused at different stages ofapplication development
E-businessModule
(semester one)
Patterns for e-Business module
(semester two)
Source: IBM Patterns for e-Business, Adams et al., 2003
Group Discussion Question
• How can the four e-business patterns be used within the context of the CNP case study?
• Cnpltd.com combines an e-commerce with an online community
• Which patterns would you use and why?
E-Marketplace
• An e-marketplace is an ‘electronic gathering place’ that brings together multiple buyers and sellers, and facilitates buying and selling between them
• A market maker seeks to control the point of commerce
• Benefit to buyers– Access to product specific information– Lower prices from competing suppliers
• Benefits to sellers– Distribution channel to new markets– Opportunity to compete
E-Marketplace
• Horizontal e-Marketplaces– Spot purchasing across a wide range
of industries e.g. office supplies, business services, temporary employess
• Vertical e-Marketplace– Exchange within a specific industry
e.g. a vertical marketplace for computer manufacturers might cover cicuit boards, memory chips
– Can be part of a supply chain
Trading models within e-Marketplaces• Aggregators
– Facilitate trade by consolidating multiple suppliers in a single location.
– Use a searchable catalogue of supplier product information in a common format, enabling buyers to select efficiently
• Auctions– Used by suppliers to unload surplus products
and increase inventory turnover. The highest bidder wins the auction.
• Reverse Auctions– Initiated by buyers who invite bids from
sellers who wish to fulfill the buyer’s needs. The lowest bidder wins the auction.
• Exchanges– Provide trading rules and historic pricing to
enable fast trading by matching bid-ask offers and pricing in real time.
Criteria for selecting marketplaces
• Number of suppliers and customers who are actively trading (not just members)
• Costs of being a buying member (on each transaction)
• Backing from trade associations• Funding source• Ease of using exchange through all stages of
buying process from order to receipt• Technical changes needed to integrate with
system – are industry standards being established through XML?
Mature e-Marketplaces
• See IBM slide 33• Includes
– Community and Collaboration facilities – Dynamic Trade service facilities using
various trading models– Content services of various types together
with data mining and business intelligence tools
– A transaction service for order management, financing, invoicing
– Marketplace Administration dealing with user and member registration, security, audit etc
For a given business problemSteps in e-business patterns approach1. Develop a high-level business
description2. Develop a solution overview diagram
• Business functions and actors• connectors
3. Identify business patterns• Self-service; collaboration; information
aggregation; extended enterprise4. Identify integration patterns
• Access integration; application integration5. Identify composite patterns
Step 6 onwards identify application patterns etc
Case study
• Step 1: IBM slide 36• Step 2: IBM slide 37 business
functions and actors and slide 38 with connectors
• Step 3: IBM slides 39 and 40 business patterns
• Step 4: IBM slides 41 and 42 integration patterns
• Step 5: IBM slide 43 composite patterns
