Introduction to Energy Sources on Our Planet

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INTRODUCTIONIntroduction to Energy Sources

on our planet and how weharness those sources through

technology.


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Over View

Renewable Energy - Focus Technologiesand history of Development.

Present applications using RenewableEnergy sources in the Sultante of Oman

Some Examples. Questions


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OUR SUN

The Sun is responsible for nearly all the energy on earth

except for moon tides radioactive material and the

earths internal heat.

The sun is a fusion reactor delivering 1.52 x 1018

KWh / year to earth. All mankind's energy needs total

less than 0.1% of this amount.

Enough sun light falls on the earths surface each

minute to meet world energy demand for an entire year.


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ENERGY MEASUREMENTS :

Amperes measure electrical current

Volts measure electrical pressure

Watts measure electrical power (V x A)

A Kilo Watt (kW) is one thousand watts.

A mega Watt (MW) is one million watts or one thousand

kWs.

A giga Watt (GW) is one billion watts or one thousand

MWs.

A kilowatt-hour (kWh) is one thousand Watt-hours and is

the unit used on your electric bill.

An average house hold typically uses 700 kWh eachmonth or about 8500 kWh each year.


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TRADITIONAL ENERGY

Percentage of Energy consumption in US by energy sources:

1990 1992

OIL 39.7% 39.4%Natural Gas 22.7% 23.6%Coal 22.4% 22.1%

Renewable 7.9% 6.9%Nuclear 7.3% 7.7%

Fossil fuels like Coal, Oil and Natural gas are being depletedat a rate that is 100,000 times faster than they are being

formed.

Most electricity is currently produced by burning Coal, Oil orNatural gas to make steam which in turn is forced through aturbine generator producing electricity.


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If California was a nation on its own, it would be

the worlds fourth largest consumer of energy.

Japan imports 70% of its energy from theMiddle East


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Renewable Energy Technologies

Renewable energy includes those forms of energy thatwe can not deplete or that are quick to regenerate andinclude Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Hydro, Bio fuels,Ocean energy and hydrogen power.

In 1994, renewables supplied 18% of energy demandworld wide and approximately 8% in the US (mostlyhydro electric).

Solar Power ranging from the heat of each day to Solar

electric conversion technologies comes directly fromthe suns rays. We typically include Solar Photovoltaic(Electric), Solar Thermal and Solar Heating, cooling andLighting (Active and Passive).


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Wind Power is the result of uneven warming of our atmosphere

thanks to the Sun, causing rising and circulating air currents.

Hydropower harnesses falling water, usually in rivers, that is

continuously lifted through evaporation and transpiration and

dropped from cooler air as it rises. This hydraulic cycle ispowered by our Sun.

Biomass, such as Coal or Oil, strores its energy thanks to the

chemical combining of CO2 and water in the presence ofsunlight - photosynthesis.


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PHOTOVOLTAICS

Solar electric or Photovoltaic Systems convert some of

the energy in sunlight directly into electricity.

Phtovoltaic (PV) cells are made primarily of silicon, thesecond most abundant element in the earths crust andthe same semiconductor material used for computers.

When the silicon is combined with one or more othermaterials, it exhibits unique electrical properties in thepresence of sunlight. Electrons are excited by the lightand move through the silicon. This is known as

phtovoltaic effect and results in direct current (DC)electricity.

PV modules have no moving parts, are virtuallymaintenance free and have working life of 20 to 30 years.


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Three Categories of PV Systems :

Crystalline Silicon : Flat plate collectors include both

single crystal silicon and poly crystalline silicon.

Thin Film : Modules are inherently cheaper to producethan crystalline but are not as efficient. They areproduced by depositing a thin layer of PV material to a

substrate like glass or metal. This group includesamorphous silicon like the kind found in calculators andwatches.

Concentrators : Use much less of a specialized

phtovoltaic material and employ a lens or reflectors toconcentrate sunlight on the PV cells and increase itsoutput. They can only use direct sun, so they must trackthe Sun precisely and do not work when it is cloudy.


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History of PV :

1839 : Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist observed thephtovoltaic effect.

1880 : Selenium PV cell was built - 1%to 2% efficiency - Light

sensors for cameras are still made from selenium today.

1950 : Production of pure crystalline silicon

1954 : BELL Telephone Labs produced silicon PV cell with 4%

efficiency and later achieved 11% efficiency.

1958 : The US Vanguard Space Satellite used a small (less than

one watt) array to power its radio. The space program has

played an important role in the development of PV eversince.


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1973-74 : Oil embargo has initiated US Department of

Energyfunding of Federal Photovoltaicutilization program, resulting in the installation

and testing of 3,100 terrestrial PV systems.

International markets for solar take off in the mid 1990s.

At present the cost of PV electricity is very high and is

not commercially viable where grid power is available at a

shorter distance.


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WIND POWER

Wind Turbines are moved by wind and convert this

kinetic energy directly into electricity by spinning agenerator.

They use air foils or blades like the wing of an airplane toturn a central hub which is connected through a series of

gears (transmission) to an electric generator.

Wind Turbines come in two basic configurations:

Horizontal Axis Turbines are the most common type seensitting on top of towers with two or three blades.

Vertical Axis Turbines have vertical drive shafts. Theblades are long, curved and attached to the tower at thetop and bottom.


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HISTORY

The use of wind energy dates back to the dawn of

civilization when sailing vessels were powered by thewind.

Windmills, said to be invented in China, were reportedlyused in Persia around 200 BC.

In 14th century, the Dutch improved on the design thathad spread through out the Middle East and continued touse it for its primary purpose of grinding grain.

1854 - Wind powered water pump was introduced in US.

1940 - 6 million were being used mainly for pumping waterand generating electricity.


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1941 - A 1.25 MW machine is hooked to the CentralVermount Public Service Grid near Rjutland, Vermount.

1942 - Denmark hooked a 200 KW turbine to the utilitygrid.

1973 - Oil embargo led to many Government

sponsored wind turbine development progress.

The cost of wind generated power has reduced

considerably during the past several years. It is now

cost competitive in many electric power applications.


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SOLAR THERMAL

Solar Thermal System concentrate heat and transfer it to a fluid.

The heat is then used to warm buildings, heat water, generateelectricity, dry crops or destroy dangerous waste.

Solar Thermal collectors are divided into three categories :Low - temperature collectors : These collectors provideslow grade heat (< 43C), through metallic or non-metallicabsorbers for applications such as swimming poolheating and low grade water and space heating.

Medium - temperature collectors :These collectors providemedium to high grade heat (>45C, usually 60C to 85C)

either through glazed flat-plate collectors using air or liquid asthe heat through medium or through concentrator collectorsthat concentrate the heat to levels greater than onesun.


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These include evacuated tube collectors and are most commonlyused for residential hot water heating.

High - Temperature collectors : Parabolic dish or troughcollectors primarily used for producing electricity.

Concentrating Solar Thermal Systems use three

different types of Concentrators :

1) Central receiver system : Use heliostats (high reflectivemirrors) that track the sun and focus it on a central receiver.

2) Parabolic Dish system : Use Dish-shaped reflectors toconcentrate sunlight on a receiver mounted above the dish atits focal point.


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3) Parabolic trough system use parabolic reflectors in a

trough configuration to focus sunlight on a tube running the

length of the trough.


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History of development : 1767 - Swiss scientist Horace de Sausswe has buit the

worlds first solar collector .

1830 - Sir John Herschel has used the solar collector forcooking food during his South Africa expedition.

1891 - Mr.Clarence Kemp of USA has patented the firstcommercial solar water heater.

1908 - William J.Bailey of USA has invented a collector

with all insulated box and copper coils.


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1941 - 60,000 units of this design were sold.Rationing of copper during World War II sent the solarwater heating market into a sharp decline.

1970s - In response to the OPEL Oil embargo, a numberof federal and state incentives were established topromote solar energy.

1985 - Incentives helped to create 150 businessmanufacturing companies for solar systems with morethan $ 800 million annual sales.

1995 - Tax credits & incentives have mostly disappearedand more than 1-2 million buildings in US have solar

water heating systems and there are 250,000 solar heated

swimming pools.

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Introduction to Energy Sources on Our Planet