Introduction to Environmental Science

What is Environmental Science?• When you see the term environment what do you think of?• Our environment is what is around us in the natural world, but

also what we produce.• Environmental science is the study of how humans interact

with the environment.

An Introduction…• Environmental science involves many fields of study – one

important one being ecology• Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other

and with their nonliving environment.• Some other fields involved are…

• Biology• Earth science (geology, climatology, etc)• Physics (engineering)• Chemistry• Social studies

5 Major Themes• Human population increase is a large reason the environment

is changing.• Industrial development and urbanization also have serious

environmental consequences.• Sustainability – having enough resources as we grow for us all

to live comfortably• Small changes have huge effects• Environmental issues involve values and attitudes as well as

science and understanding.

Revolution• Agricultural Revolution – a boom in growing, breeding and

caring for plants and animals that are used for food, clothing, housing and transportation.

• Human population grew during this time

• What were some negative effects of this revolution?• Burning down trees• Flooding• Water shortages• Soil loss

Revolution• Industrial Revolution – a boom in the use of machinery instead

of human and animal powered tools• Major use of fossil fuels like coal and oil• Quality of life improved…why?• What were some negative effects of this revolution?

• POLLUTION

Human Population Growth• During the AR and IR the human population grew faster than it

ever had before…along with modern medicine and sanitation (people were healthier and cleaner)

• Increase in population means less…• RESOURCES

Human Population Growth

Think about it…• Is it right for humans, knowingly, to cause the extinction of a

species for their own convenience?

Quick Review• Scientific Method

• Observation• Hypothesis• Prediction• Experiment

• Variable - the factor of interest• Control and experimental group

• Collect data and analyze• Draw conclusions• Repeat experiment

Major Environmental IssuesAir Pollution• Global climate change• Stratospheric ozone

depletion• Urban air pollution• Acid rain• Outdoor pollutants• Indoor pollutants• Noise

Biodiversity Depletion• Habitat destruction• Habitat degradation• Extinction

Food Supply Problems• Overgrazing• Farmland loss

and degradation• Wetlands loss

and degradation• Overfishing• Coastal pollution• Soil erosion• Soil salinization• Soil waterlogging• Water shortages• Groundwater depletion• Loss of biodiversity• Poor nutrition

Water Pollution• Nutrient overload• Toxic chemicals• Infectious agents• Oxygen depletion• Pesticides• Oil spills• Excess heat Waste Production

• Solid waste• Hazardous waste

MajorEnvironmental

Problems

“The Tragedy of the Commons”

People thought if no one used the landit would go to waste, and their animalswouldn’t cause a lot of harm anyway. They all shared the commons; eventually there was nothing left foranyone.

Eventually the commons was closed off in sections for individualownership. Overgrazing didn’t happenbecause they knew there would be lessfood for animals the following year.

“The Tragedy of the Commons”• The idea that someone or some group needs to take

responsibility for maintaining a resource because if NO ONE takes the responsibility it will run out or become depleted.

• Our natural resources are the “commons”

Resource Depletion• Natural resources are any natural material used by humans• Natural resources are classified into two categories:

• Renewable – can be replaced relatively quickly by natural processes

• Nonrenewable – forms at a slower rate that the rate it is used• With the person sitting next to you, or someone close to you,

brainstorm about what you think is renewable and nonrenewable

Renewable vs Nonrenewable• Renewable – water, soil, wood, air, sunlight• Nonrenewable – metals like aluminum, iron and copper, salt, sand,

clay, fossil fuels

Write this down…• “Which is more important, the survival of people alive

today or the conservation of the environment on which future food production and human life depend?”

• WHY?

What you said…• People today need to survive, people in the future will have the

technology to fix what goes wrong• If we don’t use it now we will die• Conserve the environment because every species deserves life and

we are all connected so we need to conserve our resources• How will the people of the future survive?• If there is no environment for the food to grow in then we cant

survive at all• Equally important, they depend on each other• I don’t care about the future, I will be dead

Economics and the Environment• The law of supply and demand says that the more we need

something, the more it is worth.• Example – the more we need oil (when the production goes

down) the more it costs.• We have to do 1 of three things…

• Pay the higher price• Use less oil• Find an alternative

Developed vs. Developing Countries• Developed countries

• Higher incomes• Slower population growth• Diverse industrial economy• Stronger social support systems• U.S., Japan, Canada

• Developing countries• Lower income• Rapid population growth• Simple agricultural based economy• Weak social support system• Mexico, Brazil, Malaysia

People in developed countries are living a better life than ever before, butin order to maintain this lifestyle they are using way more resources thanpeople in developing countries

Developed countries use 75% of the worlds resources, creatingmore waste and pollution

Developing countries use only 20% of the worlds resources

Ecological Footprint• An Ecological footprint shows the amount of resources one

person in a particular country uses.

Ethics and the Environment• Ethics are moral principles that influence/govern a persons

behavior• Environmental ethics are morals that influence a persons

decision and behavior toward the environment.• What right does man have to controlling the non-human

world?• What makes it difficult is that not everyone has the same

values.• Joe Schmo in a developing country might not see a big deal

cutting down trees to build a farm to make money, but Jim Bob in the US might see the consequences related to carbon dioxide increases into the atmosphere.

• Can our environmental problems really be solved?

• Write down one of your most important environmental values and how you can put it into action.