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1 Introduction to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures The Structural Eurocode Consist of 10 Parts: 1. EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design. 2. EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. 3. EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. 4. EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. 5. EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures. 6. EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. 7. EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures. 8. EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design. 9. EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. 10. EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminum structures. The Parts of Eurocode 1: Actions on structures 1. EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings. 2. EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire. 3. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads. 4. EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions. 5. EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions. 6. EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution. 7. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions. 8. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges. 9. EN 1991-3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery. 10. EN 1991-4: Actions in silos and tanks. Classification of actions Permanent actions Variable actions Accidental actions a) Self-weight of structures, fittings and fixed equipment b) Prestressing force c) Water and soil pressures d) Indirect action, e.g. settlement of supports a) Imposed floor loads b) Snow loads c) Wind loads d) Indirect action, e.g. temperature effects e) Actions due to traffic a) Explosions b) Fire c) Impact from vehicles

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1

Introduction to Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

The Structural Eurocode Consist of 10 Parts:

1. EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design.

2. EN 1991 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.

3. EN 1992 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.

4. EN 1993 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.

5. EN 1994 Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.

6. EN 1995 Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.

7. EN 1996 Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.

8. EN 1997 Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.

9. EN 1998 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.

10. EN 1999 Eurocode 9: Design of aluminum structures.

The Parts of Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

1. EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings.

2. EN 1991-1-2: Actions on structures exposed to fire.

3. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads.

4. EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions.

5. EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions.

6. EN 1991-1-6: Actions during execution.

7. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions.

8. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges.

9. EN 1991-3: Actions induced by cranes and machinery.

10. EN 1991-4: Actions in silos and tanks.

Classification of actions

Permanent actions Variable actions Accidental actions

a) Self-weight of structures,

fittings and fixed equipment

b) Prestressing force

c) Water and soil pressures

d) Indirect action, e.g.

settlement of supports

a) Imposed floor loads

b) Snow loads

c) Wind loads

d) Indirect action, e.g.

temperature effects

e) Actions due to traffic

a) Explosions

b) Fire

c) Impact from vehicles

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Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Categories of loaded areas 𝑞𝑘

[𝑘𝑁 𝑚2⁄ ]

𝑄𝑘

[𝑘𝑁]

Category A: domestic, residential areas

- Floors

- Stairs

- Balconies

Category B: office areas

Category C: congregation areas

- C1

- C2

- C3

- C4

- C5

Category D: shopping areas

- D1

- D2

Category E: storage areas

Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight ≤ 30 kN

Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight ≤ 160 kN

Category H: roofs

2.0

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

5.0

7.5

2.5

5.0

0.4

2.0

2.0

2.0

4.5

4.0

4.0

4.0

7.0

4.5

4.0

7.0

7.0

20

90

1.0

- for movable partitions with a self- weight ≤ 1.0 kN/m wall length: qk = 0.5 kN/m2.

- for movable partitions with a self- weight ≤ 2.0 kN/m wall length: qk = 0.8 kN/m2.

- for movable partitions with a self- weight ≤ 3.0 kN/m wall length: qk = 1.2 kN/m2.

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Factors for buildings

Action 𝜓𝟎 𝜓𝟏 𝜓𝟐

Category A: domestic, residential areas

Category B: office areas

Category C: congregation areas

Category D: shopping areas

Category E: storage areas

Category F: traffic area, vehicle weight ≤ 30 kN

Category G: traffic area, 30 kN < vehicle weight ≤ 160 kN

Category H: roofs

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

1.0

0.7

0.7

01

0.5

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.7

0.5

0

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.6

0.3

0

Snow loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-3)

Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden

Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude H >1000m

Remainder of CEN Member States, for sites located at altitude H ≤1000m

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.2

0.2

0

Wind loads on buildings (see EN 1991-1-4) 0.62 0.2 0

Temperature (non-fire) in buildings (see EN 1991-1-5) 0.6 0.5 0 1 0.7 in the UK national annex. 2 0.5 in the UK national annex.

The essential guide to Eurocodes transition (See EN 1990-Table A1.2(B))

For one variable action (imposed or wind)

• EN 1990: 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

For two or more variable actions (imposed + wind)

• EN 1990: 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk1 + 0.75Qk2

where

Gk is the characteristic value for permanent actions, and

Qk is the characteristic value for variable actions

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Example of a design envelope. The beam ABC carries the following characteristic

loads:

Dead load Gk = 10 kN/m on both spans;

Imposed loads Qk = 15 kN/m on span AB, 12 kN/m on span BC.

Sketch the design envelope for the bending moment and shear force at the ultimate

limit state. Indicate all the maximum values and positions of zero bending moment

(points of contra flexure).

Solution: (Analysis using Robot structural analysis 2018)

The maximum and minimum design loads on the spans are:

Maximum on AB = γGGk + γQQk = 1.35 × 10 + 1.5 × 15 = 36 kN/m.

Maximum on BC = γGGk + γQQk = 1.35 × 10 + 1.5 × 12 = 31.5 kN/m.

Minimum on AB or BC = γGGk = 1.0 × 10 = 10 kN/m.

Case 1:

Case 2:

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5

Case 3:

Envelop

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