Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Introduction to European Civilization 欧洲文化入门
Zhan Junfeng 詹俊峰 ( 博士 , 副教授 )School of Foreign Language and Culture S
CNU华南师范大学外国语言文化学院
Today’s Topics 今日主题• Part One: Course Arrangement 课程
安排• Part Two: Origin of European Civilizat
ion 欧洲文明的起源
Part One: Course Arrangement 课程安排
• 1. Learning objectives ( 学习目标 why & what)
• 2. Study materials ( 学习资源 textbook + online resources)
• 3. Learning method ( 学习方法 how)
• 4. The evaluation system ( 评估体系 )
1. Learning objectives ( 学习目的 )
• Why do we learn European civilization?– The importance of cultural studies for languag
e learning 文化研究对于语言学习的重要性– The great influence of Europe on the world in
modern times 欧洲从近现代以来对世界的影响
The importance of cultural studies for language learning ( 文化研究对于语言学习的重要性 )
• According to social linguistics, the (trans)formation of a language is determined by its social and cultural context. (e.g. the influence of historical population migration on language development.) 社会语言学认为，语言的形成和演变均受到社会文化背景的影响
• The usage of a language is also culturally defined and shaped. 语言的使用也受文化影响
• For English majors, mechanical language learning without taking the cultural context into consideration is not O.K.. 机械的学习英语，不考虑文化语境，不行！
The great influence of Europe on the world in modern times ( 欧洲从近现代以来对世界的影响 )
• Before 15th century, Europe was less prosperous or influential than Asia. 十五世纪之前，欧洲在繁荣程度和对世界发展的影响力方面均不及亚洲
• Since the late 15th century, Europeans started expanding to four corners of the world 十五世纪末开始（现代初期），欧洲人的船队开始出现在世界各地
• Great Discovery / Exploration 【地理大发现，探索时代，或大航海时代】 .
• European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires. 欧洲通过海外扩张而成为殖民帝国。
Map of colonial empires at the end of World War II, 1945
Post WWII (1945-)
• The decline 衰败 of Europe and the rise of the US.• The link between American culture and European civiliza
tion. • Europeanization + Americanization = Westernization = m
odernization?
• The European integration 欧洲一体化 since 1950s. • 1993, the European Union was officially established. 欧
盟正式成立 .• 2012, 27 Member States 成员国 , world largest economy
世界上最大的经济体 .
1. Learning objectives ( 学习目的 )
• What will we learn in this course?– 3 periods of European civilization, i.e. Antiquit
y, Middle Ages & Early Modernity 古代，中世纪和近代初期
The foci of 3 periods 三个历史时期的学习重点
• 1. Antiquity 上古时期 :– Origin of European civilization 欧洲文明起源– Greek civilization 古希腊文明成就– Roman civilization 古罗马文明成就– Rise of Christianity 基督教的兴起
• 2. Middle Ages 中世纪，重点介绍中期文明成就– The early, central and late Middle Ages 中世纪的早、
中、晚期• 3. Early Modernity 近代初期，主要说明文艺复兴
运动和宗教改革运动如何改变欧洲– Renaissance 文艺复兴– Reformation 宗教改革
2. Study materials ( 学习资源 )textbook 教材
• A Brief History of European Civilization: From Antiquity to Early Modernity 《欧洲文明简史 – 从上古时代到现代初期》
• Editors: 宋晓堃、尚劝余、张华鸿、詹俊峰、梅园
2. Study materials ( 学习资源 ) online resources 网络资源
• 华师在线课堂 http://www.gdou.com/• “ 资料共享”栏目下：“课程大纲”，“参考资
料”，“复习资料”等• “ 课件浏览”栏目：视频教学• 阶段视频导学，阶段视频导学的上课时间在“华师
在线”主页，教学教务—教学信息—课程表，校本部学生可根据课程表上的时间到指定的地点收听面授导学课，校外学习中心的学生课后可以到所在中心下载面授导学课录像。已经完成的导学，其课件可以在“华师在线”主页，学生工作室 -- 参考资料中下载。
3. Learning method ( 学习方法 )
• Textbook 为主， online resources 为辅• How to use online resources: 演示 - 课件浏览 （可观看上课视频录像） - 资料共享参考资料 （可下载导学课件） - 在线作业 - 课程答疑
4. The evaluation system ( 评估体系 )
• 总评成绩 = 期末成绩（ 60% ） + 作业成绩（ 20% ） +平时成绩（ 20% ）
• 20% 平时成绩，电脑统计（登陆学习课件及论坛占 10% ，登陆课程论坛发贴及参加满意度调查占 10% ）
• 20% online homework 在线作业，系统自动批改给分• 60% final exam 期末考试 , taken from online homework
在线作业 and textbook exercises 课本习题- blank fill-in填空题- multiple choice单选题- True or false判断正误题
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
culture 文化
• Etymology （词源学） : “cultura” (Latin), to build on, to cultivate培育 , to foster抚育 .
• 《易经》：观乎天文，以查时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。 （文化 = 以文化人，观察人类文明的进展，就能用人文精神来教化天下）
• As a sociological concept （社会学概念） : culture vs. nature, manmade vs. given.
• “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.” (Edward Taylor, 1871, Primitive Culture)
civilization 文明• “Civis” (Latin): townsman or city dweller 市民 , a
complex society with high degree of urbanization [高度都市化的复杂社会 ].
• Civilization 文明 : an advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society, 人类社会知识、文化和物质发展的高级阶段， marked by progress in the arts and sciences, the extensive use of writing, and the appearance of complex political and social institutions. 标志为艺术和科学上的发展、文字的广泛使用和复杂的政治及社会机构的出现
4 ancient civilizations
• The Mesopotamian美索不达米亚文明 /两河文明 : valleys of Tigris 底格里斯河 and Euphrates幼发拉底河 .
• Ancient Egyptian: the Nile 尼罗河 .
• Chinese: the Yellow River (Yangtze长江 )
• Ancient Indian: the Indus 印度河 .
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
Europe in the world map
North: the Arctic Ocean北冰洋 ; West: the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋 ; South: the Mediterranean 地中海 ; south-east: the Black Sea黑海 ;
East: Caspian Sea里海 .
Europe
• World’s 6th largest continent.• A peninsula 半岛 of the Eurasian continent 欧亚
大陆 .• Area: 10,400,000 sq km, 2% of Earth surface.
• Population: 738,523,843 , 3rd most populated continent, 11% of world population.
• 我们本课程谈到的欧洲其实是一直有不同侧重：古代史时重心为地中海地区（希腊，意大利等）；中世纪以后转至西欧（英国、荷兰、法国等）。
Origin of Europe
• Traditionally, ancient Greek was regarded as the cradle of European civilization.
• Questions: – What was the origin of ancient Greek civilization?– Was ancient Greek culture created in Europe and by
Europeans only? – Or was the development a result of cultural
exchanges and interactions between people in ancient Greece and their neighbors outside of Europe?
Origin of Europe, the mythological
account
• Greek mythology神话 .
• The Rape of Europa [ 欧罗巴的掳掠 ].
• Origin of Europe, The academic account – Martin Bernal, Black Athena: The Afro-Asia
tic Roots of Classical Civilization, 1986, 2006
– Ancient Greco-Romans borrowed and learnt a lot from the peoples in the ancient Near East, eg. the Egyptians.
– Rejection of Euro-centrism [摒弃欧洲中心主义 ].
Near East
• A historical region.• Land area ≈
modern Middle East.
• No longer applied after 4th Cent. B.C. Greek expansion under Alexander the Great.
• Armenia 亚美尼亚 ,
• Cyprus塞浦路斯 ,
• Iran伊朗 , • Iraq伊拉克 , • Israel 以色列 , • Jordan约旦 , • Lebanon黎巴
嫩 , • Palestine巴勒斯坦地区 ,
• Syria叙利亚 , • and a major
part of Egypt (ancient Egypt).
• Ancient near east gave birth to the earliest human civilizations.
• Ancient Near Eastern civilizations had greatly influenced the development of ancient Greek civilization.
• Civilizations in the ancient Near East.– The Mesopotamian civilization 美索不达米亚文明 / 两河文明
– The ancient Egyptian civilization 古埃及文明– The Hebrew culture 希伯来文化
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文明的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
2.1 The Mesopotamian Civilization• Mesopotamia (meaning “the land between the two riv
ers”) 美索不达米亚，亦称“两河流域” : Tigris 底格里斯河 and Euphrates幼发拉底河
Thanks to the two rivers, the climate in Mesopotamia is humid and fertile, providing plentiful water supply and rich soil for early agriculture. Hence “the Fert
ile Crescent” (New Moon) 富饶的新月地
• Mesopotamia civilization is not a single civilization.– The Sumerians 苏美尔人– Akkadians 阿卡德人– Babylonians巴比伦人 (Amorites 亚摩利人 － Chaldeans 迦勒底人 )
– Assyrians 亚述人– Hebrews 希伯来人– Phoenicians 腓尼基人– Persians 波斯人
Mesopotamian Civilization in General
• 5300 – 2340 BC: non-semite 闪语 speaking Sumarians 苏美尔人
• 2340 – 538 BC: Semite-speaking peoples, Akkadians阿卡德人 , Amorites 亚摩利人 (old Babylon 古巴比伦 ), Assyrians 亚述人 , Chaldeans迦勒底人 (new Babylon新巴比伦 )
5300–2340 BC: The Sumarians 苏美尔人
• The Sumerians苏美尔人 : the only non-Semites (非闪族人 ) in the region at that time.
• Migration to the Mesopotamia around 5300 BC.
• But from where?– from the mountains in Iran?
– from the sea?
– from Afghanistan 阿富汗 mountains or the Indus valley印度河流域 ?
• Laid foundation of civilization in the whole region
• Independent city-states城邦 , e.g. Eridu.• In each city-state, the center is the temple (c
alled Ziggurats [塔庙 ]) of the protector God/Goddess 守护神的塔庙作为城邦中心 .
• Priest as king / ruler祭司作为统治者 . • Hierarchical society 等级森严的社会 : king,
council of noblemen, free person, slave. • The Sumerian city-states were at war with e
ach other and defeated by the Akkadians 阿卡德人 in 2340 BC.
Semite peoples and empires
1. Akkadian empire 阿卡德帝国 (2340 – 2100 BC)2. Ancient Babylon period 古巴比伦时期 (2000 – 1
595 BC) (Amorites 亚摩利人 )– 1792 BC, Hammurabi [汉谟拉比 ] unifying Mesopota
mia.
3. Assyrian period 亚述时期 (700 BC)4. Neo-Babylon period 新巴比伦时期 (by Chaldea
ns迦勒底人 , 600-562 BC)5. 538 BC, the Persian conquest 波斯入侵
– End of the Mesopotamian civilization.
Mesopotamian civilization
• Two representatives:– Sumerian culture苏美尔文化 : Eridu埃利都 –
the holy land of Endi, Nippur尼普尔 – the reign of Enlil as the centers.
– Babylonian culture巴比伦文化 : ancient city of Babylon巴比伦 (= God’s Gate) as the center.
The Sumerian Religion: polytheism 多神崇拜
• Sky-god An & earth-goddess Ki, their son the air-god空气之神 Enlil.
• Many lesser gods, goddesses, and spirits.• Gods with human form and immortality.• Gods create the universe• Gods create human from clay粘土• So the living purpose of human was to serve a
nd please his creators.• For human, both body and soul will perish after
death.• Epic of Gilgamesh 吉尔伽美什史诗， about a
Sumerian king in search of immortality.
The Sumerian Architecture: Ziggurat [塔庙，金字形神塔 ]
• mud-brick joined by cement [ 用水泥粘接泥砖 ].
• Ziggurats [塔庙，金字形神塔 ] [Akkadian, “to build on a raised land”], i.e. the Tell [台勒，土丘 ] [Arabic: hill, mountain]
• Practical need实际需求 : prevention from flood.
• Religious need 宗教需求 : nearer to gods.• Center of every city-state: the ziggurats
The Sumerian Language: pictogram [图画符号 ] cuneiform script [楔形文
字 ]• The Sumerians created the oldest known
human written language.• A language isolate [孤立语言，它不与任
何其它已知语言相近 ].• Written on clay plate 黏土板 .• A cuneiform cultural circle 楔形文字的文
化圈 .• “Latin of the ancient Orient” = a lingua fran
ca [ 通用语言 ].
The Babylonian Law:Hammurabi’s Code [汉谟拉比法典 ]
• 1792-1750 BC., Amorite 阿摩利人 , Old Babylon 古巴比伦王国
• 3,500 lines, 282 articles. • Theft偷窃 , slavery奴隶制 , property right财产权 , inheritance继承 , loan借贷 , trade and commerce商贸 , marital and family affairs婚姻与家庭事务 .
• Principle of retaliation (同态复仇原则 ), “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.”
• Punishments vary according to the social status and gender.
Reconstruction of Babylon
• 1983, Saddam Hussein started rebuilding the city on the ruins.
• 1991, Saddam Hill project.
• 2003, cable car line project over Babylon, aborted due to war取消 .
• 2006, UN plans to rebuild Babylon
• 2009, reopened for tourism.
Other achievements of the Mesopotamian civilization
• First sexagesimal system of keeping time 六十进制计时： 1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 sec, 1 yr = 360 days, circumference 圆周 = 360°
• First wheel • First locks and keys, first postal system, fir
st use of iron, first magnifying glass放大镜 , first libraries, first plumbing and flush toilets, first guitars, first aqueduct导水渠 , first paved roads, etc.
Decline of the Mesopotamia civilization
• Rise and challenge of new civilisations: Greco-Roman, Persian.
• Excess agricultural exploitation 过度农业开发 : salinization [盐碱化 ] of soil.
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
2.2 The Ancient Egyptian Civilization
The Nile River
Geographical factors• Upper and Lower Egypt 上埃及和下埃及 .• The Nile 尼罗河 = lifeline 生命线 : the longest river
in the world, rich soil, water, food, transportation.• The fertile silt 富饶的沉积泥 after the annual flood
less labor intensive agriculture cultural and technological advancements.
• 3 seasons based on the cycles of the Nile: the Flooding Season (6-9, Akhet), Growing Season (10-2, Peret), and Harvesting Season (3-5, Shemu).
• Papyrus 纸莎草 alongside the Nile: material for paper, boats, mattresses床垫 , mats垫子 , rope, sandals拖鞋 , and baskets
• Natural defenses: Sahara, Red Sea, Mediterranean
• papyrus纸莎草
Brief History
• 5000 BC, emergence of the Egyptian culture in the northern Nile Valley.
• 3150 BC, unification of the Lower and Upper Egypt by King Menes美尼斯法老 , the beginning of the Pharaonic Period 法老时代 of 31 dynasties朝代 .
• 332 BC, the conquest by Alexander the Great.
Religion• Polytheism 多神论， as many as 2000 gods and g
oddesses.• Each city with a temple for the protecting god (or go
ddess) of that city.• Gods as creators and rulers of the universe and ma
n.• With a human body and an animal head. (exception
s: Amon-Ra 太阳神， Osiris冥神 )• Belief in life after death, final judgment, and resurre
ction 复活 lead to mummification制作木乃伊 and building pyramids 金字塔
Mummification 制作木乃伊
Social structure
• Pharaoh 法老 , the semi-god, as the political and spiritual leader.
• Pharaoh was hereditary 世袭的• Millions of skilled workers and general lab
ors.
• Underdeveloped legal system.
• Second to the Pharaoh were the priests 祭司 living in the temple.
Ancient Egypt Language: hieroglyphic writing [象形文字 ]
• The Egyptian language has the longest known history of any language 使用时间最长的语言
Hieroglyphic epigraph [象形文字铭文 ]
Science and technology
• Decimal system [10进制 ].
• Mathematics: addition [加法 ], subtraction [减法 ]
• Algebraic equation [ 代数方程 ]
• Survey [土地测量 ]: origin of geometry [几何学 ] 。
• Medical advancement.
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
2.3 The Hebrew Culture
• Hebrews: Semite speaking people in the Mesopotamian region. 美索不达米亚地区 /两河流域的一个讲闪语的民族
• Of all the peoples (i.e. the Sumerians, Akkadians, Amorites, Phoenicians, Assyrians) that lived in the Mesopotamian region, the Hebrews are the only ones that survive today. 美索不达米亚地区生活过的古民族中，唯一坚持到今天的一个民族。
Brief history • Originally living in the Sumerian city of Ur 乌尔城 a
s nomads.游牧部落。• 2285 BC, the Hebrew leader Abraham led the Jews
to migrate 迁徙 from Mesopotamia to Palestine, and settle down in Canaan 迦南地 , a place of their own, “the Promised Land”应许之地 by God.
• Years later, Abraham’s grandson, Jacob was renamed “Israel” 以色列 by God and his 12 sons became the chiefs 首领 of 12 tribes.
• Because of famine, Israel and his family left Canaan for Egypt.因饥荒离开迦南，前往埃及 .
• 1300 – 1250 BC, Exodus[ 出埃及 ] led by Mosses摩西 . Received Ten Commandments 十诫 from God and returned to Canaan.
Brief history • 1200 BC, arrival at Canaan迦南地 . • Foundation of a united Kingdom of Israelite by S
aul扫罗 (1020-1000 BC).• The wise kings: David 大卫 (1000-970 BC), Solo
mon 所罗门 (970-930BC), centralization of power.
• 930-922 BC, split into Judah犹大王国 (capital: Jerusalem耶路撒冷 , 586 BC conquered by neo-Babylonians diasporas 流散人口 ) and Israel以色列王国 (capital: Samaria撒玛利亚 , 721 BC conquered by the Assyrians)
• 53 BC, Palestine a Roman province.• Successive 连续不断的 foreign rulers.
Judaism犹太教 • 2006, 14 million Judaists, 11th largest organized r
eligion. • Earliest monotheism 最早的一神教 .• God is the creator and governor of the universe.• Man created by God in his image.• Heaven and hell; life after death; human soul, ori
ginal sin.• Hebrews (Jews) = God’s chosen people 上帝的选民 through a covenant 盟约 .
• > 600 rules and restrictions (Five Books of Moses摩西五书 )
Christianity and JudaismContinuation延续性 :• Christianity developed around 1st cent. Grew out of Ju
daism.• Christian Holy Bible = Old Testament 旧约 (The Hebre
w Bible (Tanakh) + New Testament新约 (Jesus and his teaching)
Departure分歧 :• For Christians: Jesus Christ = the son of man (Jewish)
and son of God. • For Judaists: Jesus ≠ the Son of God. • One covenant契约 or two covenant?• Who’s the chosen people?
Judeo-Christian tradition
The chosen people?
• Population (2007): total- 13.2 m, 5.4 m in Israel (40.9%), 5.3 m in the US (40.2%). Strong Jewish lobbyism游说 .
• 1901 – 2006, 110 Noble Prize winners are of Jewish origin, 17%.
Contemporary history: Zionism 犹太复国主义
• Back to homeland.• Late 19th century, rise of the Zionist Movement. 1
897, the first Zionist Congress.• 1922, International League put Palestine巴勒斯坦 under the British trusteeship. 英国托管
• 1922, foundation of Jordan约旦 by the UK. Territory west to the Jordan River约旦河西岸 reserved for the Jews.
• Eruption of Arabic and Jewish conflicts.阿以冲突
Contemporary history of the Jews
• WWII, rise of German Nazism纳粹主义 .• Holocaust 大屠杀 : 6 million Jewish killed, includi
ng 1.5 million children.• ‘illegal emigration movement’: 85,000 Jews save
d. • 1947, UN Resolution 181 联合国 181号决议 : 2
states in the Palestinian territory, 1 Jewish, 1 Arabic.
• 1948, foundation of Republic of Israel 以色列共和国 .
Israelite – Arab (Islam) conflict
• 1967, 6-Day War (3rd Middle East War), Israel took over Gaza Stripe加沙地带 , West Bank西岸 , Golan Highland戈兰高地 , and Sinai, Egypt西奈半岛 , 1 million refugees难民 .
• Ongoing Palestine conflict.
Part Two: Origin of European Civilization 欧洲文化的起源
• 1. Introduction– 1.1 What is civilization / culture?– 1.2 What is Europe?
• 2. Civilizations in the Ancient Near East– 2.1. The Mesopotamian Civilization– 2.2. The ancient Egyptian Civilization– 2.3. The Hebrew Culture
• 3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western / European Culture
3. The Influences of Ancient Near Eastern Civilizations on the Western /
European Culture
• 1993, Oswyn Murray: “the orientializing period”东方化时代 .
• Culture is an open system: contact interaction learning.
Western/European culture had learnt…
• Science and technology, e.g.: decimal system 十进制 , survey, mathematics, astronomy天文学 , wheel…
• Political system: Sumerian city state城邦 , divine kingship [神圣王权 ].
• Legal system: Hammurabi’s Code汉谟拉比法典• Language: Egyptian hieroglyphic象形字 writing P
hoenician writing system ancient Greek alphabetic system
• Religion: Egyptian religion (?) Judaism Christianity
• Literature• Fine art and architecture: 举例
Influence on Ancient Greek architecture
• Pre-Dorian style column.
• Ancient Greece: Dorian Corinth.
Obelisk [ 方尖碑 ]
• Material: single-pieced granite [花岗岩 ] 。
• Function: religion, commemoration纪念 , decoration.
• symbol of the imperial power王权 .
