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Introduction to Fiber Optical Communications
Sailing HeZhejiang [email protected]
Tel: 0571-88206525
Website: http://coer.zju.edu.cn
Overview of the course (I)No. Date Teacher Content
1 22-Feb Sailing He Introduction & Optical Fibers
2 1-Mar Sailing He Overview & Introduction
3 8-Mar A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (1)
4 15-Mar A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (2)
5 22-Mar A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (3)
6 29-Mar A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (4)
7 12-Apr A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (5)
8 18-Apr A. Ping Zhang Fiber Optics (6) & Review
9 26-Apr Visiting prof. Invited Tutorial (Back-haul Transmission)
10 3-May YC Shi Optical Transmitters (1)
11 10-May YC Shi Optical Transmitters (2)
12 17-May Sailing He Passive Components (1)
13 24-May Sailing He Passive Components (2) & Prospectives
14 31-May YC Shi Receivers (1)
15 7-Jun YC Shi Receivers (2)
16 14-Jun Daru Chen Amplifiers
17 21-Jun A. Ping Zhang Review & Questions
Experiments• Testing of Optical Fibers
• NA, coupling, loss• Testing of Fiber Components
• Optical switching, isolator, attenuator• Optical Fiber Communication
• Data transmission, voice transmission• (similar techn =>) Optic-Fiber
Sensing Systems• Dual-beam interference, temperature
sensing, stress sensing
Overview (II)
What is photonics?• Old days: Optics
Then come out:
• electro-optics (optical devices with electrical effects; lasers, EO modulators/switches; popular in Japan)
• Optoelectronics (electronic devices involving light; LED, LCD, PD): general def for both electro-optics and Optoelectronics.
(combining optics and electronics)
• quantum optics,
• lightwave technology,... (IEEE J. Lightwave Techn.)
Now: ”photonics” covers all Analogy: Electronics <-- Photonics
• Generation of lightMaking the source of light having a specific wavelength or energy excluding natural light
• Control of lightAn area of industry which refracts, transmits, converges anddisperses the source of light according to its purpose
• Use of lightApplying and using the controlled light according to its application
Photonics Industry: all related industries of materials, parts, instruments and systems which make, control or apply the light.
6
Photonics for Broadband Information Services
Broadband Information Services rely on• high-speed optical communications• high-capacity optical storage• high-resolution display
all with photonics as the key enabling technologies
7
In the history of tele-communications, human communications services seem to evolve naturally
from low-speed services to high-speed services,
from narrow band services to broadband services,
from text/voice services to video/multimedia services,
from fixed-point services to mobile services
Ideally the final goal is
Anywhere, Anytime, Any format
Ubiquitous Broadband Communications Services
We are now right in the 21st century’s
“Broadband Transformation”
8
5000 years of Human History
Tele-communications History40 years of Optical Fiber Comm.
(Corning, Bell Labs 1970-1)
~170 years of Telecom by Telegraph(Morse Code, 1837)
100+ years of Airflights(Wright Brothers, 1903)
50 years of Lasers and Photonics(Schawlow and Townes, Maiman 1960)
55 years of Transistors and Silicon Electronics ICs
(Shockley, Brittain, Bardeen, Bell Labs, 1947)80 years of Television
(Zworykin 1929)
2000 AD1000 AD2000 BC 1000 BC3000 BC 0
110 years of Wireless Radio Telecom(Marconi, 1901)
~130+ years of Telecom by Telephone(Bell, 1876)
Most Major Telecom Advances < 130 yrs since the invention of Telephone and
Wireless Radio
Photonics
• Q1: what is the origin of unit dB?
11
1877: Bell Telephone Co.
1885:子公司 AT&T (for long distance phone services),21 yrs later bought mother company Bell Telephone Co.
1925: Bell Telephone Labs (BTL)
1927: First Trans-Atlantic Telephone Service (London and NY) Over Radio, Capacity 1 Call,Charge $75 For First 3 Minutes
1934: First Trans-Pacific (US and Japan), Over Radio, Capacity 1 Call, $39 For First 3 Minutes
1962: First Active Communications Satellite, Telstar Satellite
1977: First Optical Fiber Comm. System(Chicago) at 90 Mb/s
** AT&T Divestiture/breakup, 1984, 100 years later
1988: First Trans-Atlantic Undersea Optical Fiber Cable Telecom. System (280 Mb/s)
Invention of the First Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell (1876 )
12
Fiber loss or optical amplifier gain in unit of dB (10 dB, 20 dB, etc.)
1969
1985
American Telephone and Telegraph
1885
2006
Divestiture
AT&T: created 7RBOC(Baby
Bells), Bellcore
4 RBOCs at&t, 2007Bellcore-> Lucent
Alcatel-Lucent 2007
SBC (Southwestern Bell Corp ) acquired AT&T 2005
AT&T: American Telephone and Television
The Broadband Transformation
From Narrowband to
Broadband
AT&T (Bell System)
1925: Bell (Telephone) Lab (R & D for AT & T and
Western Electric)
贝尔实验室[Bell (Telephone) Lab]自成立以来共推出27,000多项专利,现在平均每个工作日推出4项专利。在二三十年代,贝尔实验室的研究人员
推出了远距离电视传输和数字计算机。两项信息时代的重要发明-晶体管和信息论(Shannon Theory)都是贝尔实验室在40年代研究出来的。贝尔实验室在50和60年代的重大发明有太阳能电池,激光的理
论和通信卫星。
它是一个闻名世界的英才之地,是一个充满活力的创造和创新之源. 11位获诺贝尔科学奖,是世界上获得诺贝尔奖最多的研究机构。
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937“for experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”
Clinton Joseph Davisson
(together with George Paget Thomson)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
William Bradford Shockley John Bardeen
Walter Houser Brattain
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977"for fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Philip Warren Anderson(together with Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck)
2006: most innovative scientist in physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Arno Allan Penzias Robert Woodrow Wilson
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
Steven Chu
(together with with
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
and William D. Phillips)
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998“for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”
Robert B. Laughlin Horst L. Störmer
Daniel C. Tsui
Fiber Optics Windows
Optical fiber
Core diameter: 9 um
Comparison between the bandwidth of several communication modes
25THz
Rule of thumb for estimating bandwidth BW: About 10 percent of the frequency of the signal carrier.
copper wire: 1 MHz => BW ~100 kHz
coaxial cable: 100 MHz => BW ~ 10 MHz
microwave (incl satellite): 100 GHz => BW ~ 10 GHz
THz source:
fiber: 100-1000 THz => BW ~50 THzfiber:Minimal loss, Maximal bandwidth
Dr. Charles Kun Kao
Charles Gao’s Nobel Prize1966年,高锟在英国电气工程
师学会的学报(PIEE)上发表了一
篇 题 为 Dielectric-fibre surface waveguides for optical frequencies的论文,论文通过理论分析得出,只
要纯度足够高,光纤就可以用来长
距离传输信号。他计算出如何使光
在光导纤维中进行远距离传输,这
项成果最终促使光纤通信系统问世
,而正是光纤通信为当今互联网的
发展铺平了道路。随着第一个光纤
系统于1981年成功问世,高锟“光纤之父”美誉传遍世界。
Most of Major Advances in
Fiber Comm. Systems, Modern Optics, Lasers and Photonics Technologies within the last 40+ years
(out of ~ 5000 years of human history)
29
Development of Digital Telecommunications
Bit Rate
Tb/sTb/s
Gb/sGb/s
Mb/sMb/s
Kb/sKb/s
18501850 19001900 2000200019501950 Year
Telegraph
Radio
Submarine Cable
Fiber OpticsFiber Optics
Advanced Fiber OpticsAdvanced Fiber Optics
Optical Fiber Communications 1970-2004, 30+ yearsCharles K. Kao, 1966
1960/70
1960
Laser
1970
Low-Loss Optical Fiber
30
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”
Laser Pioneers• Laser:
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiationFirst demonstration of stimulated emission of electromagnetic waves by Charles Hard Townes, et al. in 1954. (maser: microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation); predicted theoretically in 1958 “Laser”(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) .
Charles Hard Townes(in Bell Lab during 1933-47, later to Columbia Univ)
Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov
Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov
Experimental demonstration of first laser: Theodore H. Maiman (Hughes Res. Lab), 1960
(“LASER” was first used in Gordon Gould's famous notebook together with the FP cavity in 1957, 3 months before Townes)
Q2: draw a fig to show the principle of a laser
Bell Labs, MHNew Jersey, USA1971
Solid state (semiconductor) laser and current injection pumping
Semiconductor Diode Laser, turned out to be the most useful laser in photonic information systems (Optical Fiber Communication Systems, CDs, DVDs, Laser Printers,, Optical Sensors, etc.).
32
Integrated DFB Laser / EA Modulator
DFB LaserSection
EA ModulatorSection
n-InP Substrate
InGaAsPGrating
Fe:InPBlocking
p-InGaAs/InP Cap
Selective-AreaMOCVD Grown MQW-SCH
HR
(Bell Labs 1980’s)
Moore’s Law for photonic lightwave circuits
Ultra-compact, high integration density, large-scale monolithic integration