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Introduction to Foundations Engineering
Steven F. Bartlett, Ph.D., P.E.
“Why You Should Study
Geotechnical Engineering”
or
“Who Needs a Foundation
Engineer Anyway???”
Foundation Engineer
Geotechnical engineer who specializes in the design and construction oversight of foundations and retaining structures.
Foundation engineers are called upon to determine the best way of transferring structural loads from buildings, bridges, machines, highway signs, etc. to soil and rock in a safe and economical manner
Grand Challenges in Engineering
http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/cms/challenges.aspx
Restore and Improve Infrastructure
In 2005, the American Society of Civil Engineers issued a report card, grading various categories of U.S. infrastructure. The average grade was D.It is no secret that America’s infrastructure, along with those of many other countries, is aging and failing, and that funding has been insufficient to repair and replace it. Engineers of the 21st century face the formidable challenge of modernizing the fundamental structures that support civilization.
Restore and Improve Infrastructure
Keys to improving / restoring infrastructure
• FASTER•Engineers must learn to design and construct systems in a more efficient manner.
• CHEAPER•Systems must be constructed in a more economical manner.
• SMARTER• More environmentally friendly• More sustainable• Reusable• Recycleable
Foundation Engineering Tools
• Engineering Science• Soil and Rock Mechanics
• Codes and Standards• AASHTO and IBC
• Experience• Design and Construction
• Publications• ASCE JGGE
• Short Courses• Computing
Foundation Types
• Shallow Foundations• Deep Foundations
Shallow Foundation (Types)
Shallow Foundation – Spot Footing
Shallow Foundation – Spread Footing
Shallow Foundations
Mat Foundation
Shallow Foundations
Driven foundations1.1 Pile foundation systems1.2 Monopile foundation
2 Drilled piles2.1 Under reamed piles2.2 Augercast pile2.3 Pier and grade beam foundation
3 Speciality piles3.1 Micropiles3.2 Tripod piles3.3 Sheet piles3.4 Soldier piles3.5 Suction Piles3.6 Adfreeze Piles3.7 Vibrated Stone Columns
4 Piled walls4.1 Secant piled walls4.2 Slurry walls
Deep Foundation (Types)
“Driven” Pile Foundations
Offshore Pile Foundations
Soldier Pile and Lagging
Drilled pier has no outer shell, just reinforcement
Foundations – Deep Footings
Drilled Shaft
Cast in place pile has metal outer shell
Micropiles
Cassions
Examples of Geotechnical ProjectPetronas Towers Foundations
Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Completion Date: 1998
Cost: $1.6 billion
Height: 1,483 feet
Stories: 88
Petronas Towers Foundations
Concrete mat
Pile Foundation
Examples of Geotechnical ProjectsGolden Gate Bridge Foundations
Location: San Francisco and Sausalito, California, USA
Completion Date: 1937
Cost: $27 million
Length: 8,981 feet
Type: Suspension
Golden Gate Bridge (Marin Pier)1. Start rock dike (Coffer)
2. Crib dike part that is in water (timber box filled w/ rock and set in place).
3. Install sheet piling.
4. Pump area dry.
5. Construction foundation on rock surface exposed below water level.
Retaining Structures
Common Types
Retaining Structures
Gravity Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
Gravity Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
Gravity Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
Cantilevered Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
Crib Wall
Retaining Structures
2-Stage MSE Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
2-Stage MSE Retaining Wall
Retaining Structures
2-Stage MSE Retaining Wall
Sheetpiles – Coffer Dam
Retaining Structures
Pumping inside Coffer Dams
Retaining Structures
Retaining Structures
Contiguous Bored Pile Wall
Retaining Slopes
Slope Reinforcement with Geotextile
Geofoam Walls / Embankment
Geofoam Walls / Embankment
Concrete Load Distribution Slab
Ground Modification (cont)
Vibro-concrete
DynamicCompaction Mini piles
Ground Modification(Ground Improvement)
CompactionGrouting
Vibro-compaction
Vibro-replacement
Ground Modification (cont)
vibropier
Ground Modification (cont)
Geopier with bar
Ground Modification (cont)
geopier
Ground Modification (cont)
Lime cement columns
Ground Modification (cont)
Lime cement columns
Questions