Introduction to HCI

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Introduction to HCIIntroduction to HCIHuman Computer InteractionHuman Computer Interaction

CIS 6930/4930CIS 6930/4930Section 4188/4186Section 4188/4186



IntroIntro

What is a user interface?What is a user interface?

Why do we care about design?Why do we care about design?

We see this all the time.We see this all the time. Whats good about the design of this error box?Whats good about the design of this error box?

The user knows there is an errorThe user knows there is an error

Whats poor about the design of this error box?Whats poor about the design of this error box? DiscouragingDiscouraging

Not enough informationNot enough information

No way toNo way to resolveresolve the problem (instructions or contact info)the problem (instructions or contact info)



Why HCI is Important Why HCI is Important

The study of our interface with information.The study of our interface with information. It is not just how big should I make buttons or how toIt is not just how big should I make buttons or how to

layout menu choices layout menu choices It can affect It can affect

EffectivenessEffectiveness ProductivityProductivity MoraleMorale SafetySafety

Example: a car with poor HCIExample: a car with poor HCI

Take 5 minutes for everyone to write down one commonTake 5 minutes for everyone to write down one commondevice with substantial HCI design choices and discuss withdevice with substantial HCI design choices and discuss withthe neighbor the pros and cons. How does it affect you orthe neighbor the pros and cons. How does it affect you orother users?other users?



My ChoiceMy Choice

iPod by AppleiPod by AppleComputersComputers

Pros:Pros: portableportable powerpower

ease of useease of use

# of controls# of controls

Cons:Cons: scratches easilyscratches easily

no speech for car useno speech for car use

proprietaryproprietary



HCI CommunityHCI Community

Academics/Industry Research Academics/Industry Research TaxonomiesTaxonomies TheoriesTheories Predictive modelsPredictive models

ExperimentersExperimenters Empirical dataEmpirical data Product designProduct design

Other areas (Sociologists,Other areas (Sociologists,anthropologists, managers)anthropologists, managers)

MotorMotor PerceptualPerceptual CognitiveCognitive Social, economic, ethicsSocial, economic, ethics



HCI ToolsHCI Tools

SoundSound 3D3D Animation Animation Video Video DevicesDevices

Size (smallSize (small-->very large)>very large) Portable (PD A, phone)Portable (PD A, phone) PlasticityPlasticity

Context sensitive/awareContext sensitive/aware PersonalizablePersonalizable UbiquitousUbiquitous



Usability RequirementsUsability Requirements

Goals:Goals: UsabilityUsability

UniversalityUniversality

UsefulnessUsefulness Achieved by: Achieved by:

PlanningPlanning

Sensitivity to userSensitivity to user

needsneeds Devotion toDevotion to

requirements analysisrequirements analysis

TestingTesting



Bad InterfacesBad Interfaces

EncumberingEncumbering

ConfusingConfusing

SlowSlow

Trust (ex. windowsTrust (ex. windowscrashing)crashing)

What makes it hard?What makes it hard? Varies by culture Varies by culture

Multiple platformsMultiple platforms

Variety of users Variety of users Think of a game youveThink of a game youve

played with a badplayed with a badinterfaceinterface UNIX UNIX



Whats wrong with each?Whats wrong with each? Type of errorType of error

Who is affectedWho is affected Impact Impact

Whats a redesign solution?Whats a redesign solution?



GoalsGoals

TelepresenceTelepresence

Direct ManipulationDirect Manipulation

Immersion (Virtual Reality)Immersion (Virtual Reality)



Step 1. Requirements AnalysisStep 1. Requirements Analysis1.1. Ascertain users needs Ascertain users needs

2.2. Ensure proper reliabilityEnsure proper reliability

3.3. Promote appropriate standardization, integration,Promote appropriate standardization, integration,

consistency, and portabilityconsistency, and portability4.4. Complete projects on schedule and within budget Complete projects on schedule and within budget



Ascertain Users Needs Ascertain Users Needs

Define tasksDefine tasks

TasksTasks

SubtasksSubtasks

FrequencyFrequency Frequent Frequent

OccasionalOccasional

ExceptionalExceptional

RepairRepair

Ex. difference between aEx. difference between aspace satellite, car engine,space satellite, car engine,and fighter jet and fighter jet



ReliabilityReliability

Actions function as specified Actions function as specified

Data displayed must beData displayed must becorrect correct

Updates done correctlyUpdates done correctly

Leads to trust! (software,Leads to trust! (software,hardware, information)hardware, information)

case: Pentium floating point case: Pentium floating point bugbug

Privacy, security, access, dataPrivacy, security, access, datadestruction, tamperingdestruction, tampering



Standardization, Integration,Standardization, Integration,Consistency, PortabilityConsistency, Portability

StandardizationStandardization common usercommon user--interface featuresinterface featuresacross multiple applicationsacross multiple applications Apple Apple

WebWeb

WindowsWindows

IntegrationIntegration across application packagesacross application packages file formatsfile formats

ConsistencyConsistency common action sequences, terms, units,common action sequences, terms, units,layouts, color, typography within an applicationlayouts, color, typography within an application

PortabilityPortability convert data and interfaces across multipleconvert data and interfaces across multiplehardware and software environmentshardware and software environments Word/HTML/PDF /ASCIIWord/HTML/PDF /ASCII



Case Study: Library of CongressCase Study: Library of CongressDatabase DesignDatabase Design

http://catalog.loc.gov/http://catalog.loc.gov/ Two interfacesTwo interfaces

Catalog New BooksCatalog New Books

33--6 hour training course6 hour training course -- staffersstaffers Search Catalog of BooksSearch Catalog of Books

General publicGeneral public too complex, command language and complextoo complex, command language and complexcataloging rulescataloging rules

SolutionSolution Touch screenTouch screen

Reduced functionalityReduced functionality

Better information presentationBetter information presentation

Eventually Web based interfaceEventually Web based interface

Same database and services, different interfacesSame database and services, different interfaces



Usability MeasuresUsability Measures

How can we measure theHow can we measure the goodness of an interface? goodness of an interface?

What are good metrics?What are good metrics? ISO 9241ISO 9241

EffectivenessEffectiveness EfficiencyEfficiency SatisfactionSatisfaction

SchneidermanSchneiderman Time to learnTime to learn

Speed of performanceSpeed of performance Rate of errorsRate of errors Retention over timeRetention over time Subjective satisfactionSubjective satisfaction



Usability MotivationsUsability Motivations

LifeLife--Critical systemsCritical systems Applications Applications: air traffic, nuclear reactors, military, emergency: air traffic, nuclear reactors, military, emergency

dispatchdispatch

RequirementsRequirements: reliability and effective (even under stress): reliability and effective (even under stress)

Not as importantNot as important: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention: cost, long training, satisfaction, retention Industrial and Commercial UseIndustrial and Commercial Use

Applications Applications: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations: banking, insurance, inventory, reservations

RequirementsRequirements: short training, ease of use/learning, multiple: short training, ease of use/learning, multiplelanguages, adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speedlanguages, adapt to local cultures, multiplatform, speed

Office, Home, and Entertainment Office, Home, and Entertainment Applications Applications: E: E--mail, ATMs, games, education, search engines,mail, ATMs, games, education, search engines,

cell phones/PD Acell phones/PD A

RequirementsRequirements: Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates,: Ease of learning/use/retention, error rates,satisfactionsatisfaction

DifficultiesDifficulties: cost, size: cost, size

Time to learn

Speed of performance

Rate of errors

Retention over time

Subjective satisfaction



Usability MotivationsUsability Motivations

Exploratory, Creative, CollaborativeExploratory, Creative, Collaborative Applications Applications: Web browsing, search engines,: Web browsing, search engines,

simulations, scientific visualization, CAD, computersimulations, scientific visualization, CAD, computergraphics, music composition/artist, photo arrangergraphics, music composition/artist, photo arranger

(email photos)(email photos) RequirementsRequirements: remove the computer from the: remove the computer from the

experience,experience, DifficultiesDifficulties: user tech savvy: user tech savvy--ness (apply this toness (apply this to

application examples)application examples)

SocioSocio--technical systemstechnical systems Applications Applications: health care, voting, police: health care, voting, police RequirementsRequirements: Trust, security, accuracy, veracity,: Trust, security, accuracy, veracity,

error handling, user techerror handling, user tech--savysavy--nessness

Time to learn


Rate of errors

Retention over time




Universal UsabilityUniversal Usability

Interface should handle diversity of usersInterface should handle diversity of users BackgroundsBackgrounds Abilities Abilities MotivationMotivation PersonalitiesPersonalities CulturesCultures

Question, how would you design an interface to aQuestion, how would you design an interface to adatabase differently for:database differently for: A. right A. right--handed female, Indian, software engineer,handed female, Indian, software engineer,

technology savvy, wants rapid interactiontechnology savvy, wants rapid interaction B. left B. left--handed male, French, artist handed male, French, artist

Does not mean dumbing down Does not mean dumbing down Ex. Helping disabled has helped others (parents w/Ex. Helping disabled has helped others (parents w/

strollers, elderly)strollers, elderly) Ex. Door handlesEx. Door handles

Goal: Address the needs of more usersGoal: Address the needs of more users -- unlikeunlikeyourself!yourself!



Physical VariationPhysical Variation Ability Ability

Disabled (elderly, handicapped, vision,Disabled (elderly, handicapped, vision,ambidexterity, ability to see in stereoambidexterity, ability to see in stereo[SUTHERLAND])[SUTHERLAND])

SpeedSpeed Color deficiencyColor deficiency

Workspace (science of Workspace (science of ergonomicsergonomics))

SizeSize DesignDesign

Lots of prior researchLots of prior research Field of Field of anthropometryanthropometry

Measures of what is 5Measures of what is 5--95% for weight,95% for weight,height, etc. (static and dynamic)height, etc. (static and dynamic)

Large variance reminds us there is great Large variance reminds us there is great

variety variety Name some devices that this would affect.Name some devices that this would affect.

note most keyboards are the samenote most keyboards are the same screen brightness varies considerablyscreen brightness varies considerably chair height, back height, display anglechair height, back height, display angle

MultiMulti--modal interfacesmodal interfaces Audio Audio Touch screensTouch screens



Cognitive and Perceptual VariationCognitive and Perceptual Variation

Blooms TaxonomyBlooms Taxonomy knowledge, comprehension,knowledge, comprehension,

analysis, application, synthesis,analysis, application, synthesis,evaluationevaluation

MemoryMemory

short short--term and workingterm and working longlong--term and semanticterm and semantic

Problem Solving and reasoningProblem Solving and reasoning Decision makingDecision making Language and communicationLanguage and communication Search, imagery, sensorySearch, imagery, sensory

memorymemory Learning, skill development,Learning, skill development,

knowledge acquisitionknowledge acquisition Confounding factors:Confounding factors:

fatigue, cognitive load,fatigue, cognitive load,background, boredom, fear,background, boredom, fear,drugs/alcoholdrugs/alcohol



PersonalityPersonality Computer anxietyComputer anxiety GenderGender

Which games do women like?Which games do women like? PacPac--man, Donkey Kong, Tetrisman, Donkey Kong, Tetris Why? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieterWhy? (Hypotheses: less violent, quieter

soundtracks, fully visible playing fields, softersoundtracks, fully visible playing fields, softercolors, personality, closure/completeness)colors, personality, closure/completeness)

Can we measure this?Can we measure this?

What current games are for women?What current games are for women? Style, pace, topStyle, pace, top--down/bottomdown/bottom--up,up,

visual/audio learners, dense vs. sparse datavisual/audio learners, dense vs. sparse data No simple taxonomy of user personalityNo simple taxonomy of user personality

types. Ex. Myerstypes. Ex. Myers--Briggs Type IndicatorBriggs Type Indicator Extrovert vs. introvert Extrovert vs. introvert Sensing vs. intuitionSensing vs. intuition Perceptive vs. judgingPerceptive vs. judging Feeling vs. thinkingFeeling vs. thinking

Weak link between personality types andWeak link between personality types andinterfacesinterfaces

Think about your application, and see if userThink about your application, and see if userpersonality is important!personality is important!

Fighter jets vs. search enginesFighter jets vs. search engines



Cultural and International DiversityCultural and International Diversity

LanguageLanguage Date / Time conventionsDate / Time conventions Weights and MeasuresWeights and Measures Left Left--toto--right right Directions (!)Directions (!) Telephone #s and addressesTelephone #s and addresses Names, titles, salutationsNames, titles, salutations SSN, ID, passport SSN, ID, passport

SortingSorting Icons, buttons, colorsIcons, buttons, colors EtiquetteEtiquette Evaluation:Evaluation:

Local experts/usability studiesLocal experts/usability studies



Users with DisabilitiesUsers with Disabilities Federal law to ensure access to IT, including computers andFederal law to ensure access to IT, including computers andweb sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act)web sites. (1998 Amendment to Rehabilitation Act) DisabilitiesDisabilities

Vision Vision Blind (billBlind (bill--reader)reader) lowlow--visionvision colorcolor--blindblind

HearingHearing Deaf Deaf Limited hearingLimited hearing

MobilityMobility LearningLearning

DyslexiaDyslexia Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc. Attention deficient, hemisphere specific, etc.

Keyboard and mouse alternativesKeyboard and mouse alternatives Color codingColor coding Font Font--sizesize



Users with DisabilitiesUsers with Disabilities

Contrast Contrast Text descriptors for web imagesText descriptors for web images Screen magnificationScreen magnification Text to Speech (TTS)Text to Speech (TTS) JAWS (web pages)JAWS (web pages)

Check email on the road, in bright Check email on the road, in bright sunshine, riding a bikesunshine, riding a bike

Speech RecognitionSpeech Recognition Head mounted optical miceHead mounted optical mice Eye Gaze controlEye Gaze control Learning what helps those with disabilitiesLearning what helps those with disabilities

affects everyoneaffects everyone Present procedures, directions, andPresent procedures, directions, and

instructions accessible to even poor readersinstructions accessible to even poor readers Design feedback sequences that explain theDesign feedback sequences that explain the

reason for error and help put users on thereason for error and help put users on theright trackright track

Reinforcement techniques with otherReinforcement techniques with otherdevicesdevices

Good target area for a final project!Good target area for a final project!



ElderlyElderly

ReducedReduced Motor skillsMotor skills PerceptionPerception Vision, hearing, touch, mobility Vision, hearing, touch, mobility

SpeedSpeed MemoryMemory

Other needsOther needs Technology experience is variedTechnology experience is varied

(How many grandmothers use(How many grandmothers useemail? mothers?)email? mothers?)

Uninformed on how technologyUninformed on how technologycould help themcould help them

Practice skills (handPractice skills (hand--eye, problemeye, problemsolving, etc.)solving, etc.)

Touch screens, larger fonts,Touch screens, larger fonts,louder soundslouder sounds



ChildrenChildren Technology saviness?Technology saviness? Age changes much: Age changes much:

Physical dexterityPhysical dexterity (double(double--clicking, click and drag, and small targets)clicking, click and drag, and small targets)

Attention span Attention span (vaguely) Intelligence(vaguely) Intelligence

Varied backgrounds (socio Varied backgrounds (socio--economic)economic) GoalsGoals

Educational accelerationEducational acceleration

Socialization with peersSocialization with peers PsychologicalPsychological -- improve self improve self--image, self image, self--confidenceconfidence CreativityCreativity art, music, etc. explorationart, music, etc. exploration

Teenagers are a special groupTeenagers are a special group Next generationNext generation Beta test new interfaces, trendsBeta test new interfaces, trends

Cell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games, virtual worldsCell phones, text messages, simulations, fantasy games, virtual worlds

Requires SafetyRequires Safety TheyThey

Like exploring (easy to reset state)Like exploring (easy to reset state)

Dont mind making mistakesDont mind making mistakes Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a kid with an Ice Age D VD?)Like familiar characters and repetition (ever had to babysit a kid with an Ice Age D VD?) Dont like patronizing comments, inappropriate humorDont like patronizing comments, inappropriate humor

Design: Focus groupsDesign: Focus groups



Accommodating Hardware and Accommodating Hardware andSoftware DiversitySoftware Diversity

Support a wide range of hardware and softwareSupport a wide range of hardware and softwareplatformsplatforms

Software and hardware evolutionSoftware and hardware evolution OS, application, browsers, capabilitiesOS, application, browsers, capabilities backward compatibility is a good goalbackward compatibility is a good goal

Three major technical challenges are:Three major technical challenges are: Producing satisfying and effective Internet interactionProducing satisfying and effective Internet interaction

(broadband vs. dial(broadband vs. dial--up & wireless)up & wireless)Enabling web services from large to small (size andEnabling web services from large to small (size andresolution)resolution)

Support easy maintenance of or automatic conversionSupport easy maintenance of or automatic conversionto multiple languagesto multiple languages



HCI GoalsHCI Goals Influence academic and industrial researchersInfluence academic and industrial researchers

Understand a problem and related theoryUnderstand a problem and related theory Hypothesis and testingHypothesis and testing Study design (well do this!)Study design (well do this!) Interpret resultsInterpret results

Provide tools, techniques and knowledge forProvide tools, techniques and knowledge forcommercial developerscommercial developers competitive advantage (think ipod)competitive advantage (think ipod)

Raising the computer consciousness of the generalRaising the computer consciousness of the generalpublicpublic Reduce computer anxiety (error messages)Reduce computer anxiety (error messages) Common fears:Common fears:

Ill break it Ill break it Ill make a mistakeIll make a mistake The computer is smarter than meThe computer is smarter than me

HCI contributes to this!HCI contributes to this!



Near & Future InterfacesNear & Future Interfaces

Lets reviewLets reviewMinority Report Minority Report

Steel BattalionSteel Battalion

Eye ToyEye Toy

Dance Dance RevolutionDance Dance Revolution

Nintendo WiiNintendo Wii

Time to learn


Rate of errors

Retention over time


Documents

Introduction to HCI