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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY. Definition. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The Anatomical Position. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
Definition
•Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.
The Anatomical Position
• The body is standing upright ,with the eyes looking forward in a horizontal plane (Frankfurt plane) , the two upper limbs hanging beside with the palms looking forwards and the two lower limbs beside each other.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
• Sagittal plane is vertical plane that passes through the body from front to back.
• The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right
and left halves.
• Coronal plane is vertical plane which pass through the body from side to side.
• Horizontal (transverse) plane is parallel to the floor.
Superior view of the skull
METHODS OF STUDYING ANATOMY
(1 )Systematic anatomy: is studying the different body systems.
(2) Topographical or regional anatomy: is studying anatomy of the body region by region.
Regions of the human body
I- Head and neck
II- Trunk is divided into:
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
4. Perineum
III- limbs:
1. upper limb
2. lower limb
TERMS OF POSITION
TERMS OF POSITION 1.Superior: means nearer to the head. 2.Inferior: means farer from the head or
nearer to the feet.3.Anterior: means nearer to the front of
the body. 4.Posterior: means nearer to the back of
the body.5.Medial: means toward or nearer the
midline of the body. 6.Lateral: means away from the midline
or toward the side of the body.
Lateral
Medial
AnteriorPosterior
Superior
Inferior
Paramedian plane
Median sagittal plane
7- Proximal (A) means nearer to the root of the limb. 8- Distal (B) means further away from the root of the limb. .
A
B
9- Superficial (A): means closer to the surface of the body(nearer to the skin).
10- Deep (B):
farther away from the skin.
A
B
TERMS OF MOVEMENT
Flexion: bending anteriorly (approximation of the two anterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint). Extension: straightening or bending posteriorly (approximation of the two posterior surfaces of the bone forming the joint).
flexion
flexion
flexion
flexion
flexion
extension
extension
extension
extension
extension
Flexion and extension of the upper limb at shoulder joint and lower limb at hip joint
Flexion and extension of the forearm at elbow joint and of leg at knee joint
Flexion and extension of vertebral column at intervertebral joints
flexion
flexion extension
extension
Flexion and extension of hand at the wrist joint
Flexion and extension of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint
flexion
extension
Flexion and extension of the thumb
• abduction: movement away from the median plane
• Adduction: movement toward the median plane
adduction
adduction
abduction
abduction
Abduction of the middle finger
Abduction and adduction of the fingers
abduction adduction
Adduction and abduction of the thumb
Lateral abductionMedial abduction
Circumduction: is a circular movement
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
•Skin.•Superficial fascia •Deep fascia •Muscles.•Blood vessels.•Lymph vessels and lymph glands.•Nerves.•Bones
skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles
Bones
Blood vessels
nerves
STRUCTURES MET IN DISSECTION
SKIN
• Skin is the outer covering layer of the body.
• The skin consists of two layers:
• (a) Superficial or outer layer called the epidermis.
• (b) Deeper or inner layer called the
dermis.
SKIN
Skin appendages
1. Hair.2. Nails3. Sebaceous glands4. Sweat glands
Skin appendages
Skin and skin appendages
Functions of skin
1. Covers and protect the underlying structure.
2. Regulation of body temperature.
3. Excretion of waste products.
• Definition:• It’s a fibro fatty layer that lies directly under
the skin.
Contents: • cutaneous nerves• Superficial blood vessels • Lymphatics• Parts of sweat glands and hair follicles.• In some regions the superficial fascia may contain
superficial muscles and mammary gland(pectoral region)
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
Definition :It’s a membranous layer that lies underneath the superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Functions of deep fascia:
1-the investing deep fascia: it’s the third envelope of the body.
2-Capsule: it envelopes some organs forming their capsules.
3-Muscle sheath: it envelopes muscles forming their sheath and sends septa between muscles forming Intermuscular septa or septa between the muscles.
4-It envelopes blood vessels and nerves forming their sheathes.
5-It envelopes bones forming the periosteum.
6-In some regions of the body, the deep fascia forms thick bands called retinacula as flexor and extensor retinacula of the wrist.
DEEP FASCIA
TYPESa. Smooth muscle tissue makes up the
muscular portion of the various visceral organs (stomach, blood vessels, etc.).
b. Cardiac muscle tissue makes up the muscular wall of the heart- the myocardium.
c. Skeletal muscles: attached to and moves bones
Definition:
Muscles are the red flesh of the body and forms nearly half of the body weight
MUSCLES
Functions of the muscles• They produce movements
Parts of skeletal muscles
• The larger contractile part is called the belly
• The fibrous part in the form of cord like structure in fusiform muscles called a tendon or flattened part called aponurosis in flat muscles
Skeletal muscle forms
(1)parallel: includes the following forms:
(a) Quadrilateral muscles: as the Thyrohyoid
(b) Fusiform muscles as biceps.
(c) Strap-like as Sartorius
Forms of skeletal muscles
Quadrilateral
strap Strap with tendinous intersections
fusiform
(2)Triangular
The fibers are convergent e. g., the Temporalis.
Triangular
(3) Pennate The fibers are oblique and converge:(a) unipennate :as palmar interossi(b) bipennate : as the Rectus femoris. (c) multipennate as deltoid muscle.(d) circumpennate as flexor policis longus muscle.
unipennate
RadialBipennate Multi-pennate
The human skeleton:
• The human skeleton consists of a series of bones articulated together to form joints.
• The human skeleton is divided into:
1 .Axial skeleton
2 .Appendicular skeleton
THE AXIAL SKELETON:
It includes: 1. skull, 2. vertebral column (spine), 3. Ribs and sternum.
NB: The thoracic cage includes ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae.
The Skull
Vertebral Column
THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON
FUNCTIONS OF BONES: (a) Bodily Support: provides a framework for the
human body.
(b) Protection protects certain soft structures within the human body. An example is the skull, which surrounds the brain and the thoracic
cage which protect the heart and lungs. .
(c) Motion Muscles are attached to and move the bones .
(d) Formation of Blood Cells )Hematopoiesis( .
(e )Storage for salts (e.g., calcium) .
Long bone short bone flat bone irregular bone pneumatic bone (femur) (tarsal bones) (scapula) ( hip bone) (paranasal sinuses)
I- According to the shape
TYPES OF BONES
According to the shape:1. Long Bones. Each bone has two ends and a shaft
Example: femur and humerus .2. Short Bones. Example: carpal and tarsal bones.3. Flat Bones. The flat bones are constructed with two
plates of compact bone, which enclose between them a layer of spongy bone. The spongy bone is richly supplied with blood vessels and red marrow. Example: the scapula and the cranial bones.
4. Irregular Bones. The irregular bones are those that do not fit into the three categories above. Example: a vertebra.
5. Pneumatic Bones: it has multiple air filled spaces Example: para nasal sinuses.
JointsDefinition: A joint, or articulation, is the location where two or more bones meet
Classification
(a )Fibrous Joints
(b )Cartilagenous Joints
(c )Synovial Joints
I- Fibrous Joints
Here the bones are connected together by a fibrous tissue and there’s no movement. Ex: sutures
• Here the bones are bounded together by intervening cartilage and permit a limited degree of movement.
• They are of two types:
(1)Primary (Synchondrosis)
(2)Secondary (Symphysis).
II Cartilagenous Joints
Cartilaginous joint: Synchondrosis Epiphysis (end of long bone)
Diaphysis (Shaft) of long bone
Epiphyseal plate of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) allows for growth of bone in longitudinal axis. Plates found in children; Diaphysis and epiphysis fused after teen years (no
more growth plate).
Synchondrosis: Bones joined by hyaline cartilage in children; no
movement of bones
Upper epiphysis
diaphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Lower epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
)1 (Primary (fibrocartilagenous) joint
• A fibrocartilaginous joint is a joint in which the bones are held together by a hyaline cartilage.
• Example: Epiphyseal plate in long bones
• A secondary cartilaginous joint is a joint in which the bones are held
together by a fibrocartilage.
• Example: Pubic symphysis and the inter vertebral disc between bodies of
vertebrae.
)2 (Secondary cartilagenous joint
Structure of the synovial joint 1. The articular bones
2. Articular cartilages are hyaline cartilage covering the adjacent surfaces of articular
bones.3. Fibrous capsule surrounds the articular bony
parts4. Synovial membrane lines the inner surface of
the capsule and reflects to cover the articular bones till the margin of the articular cartilage.
It secretes synovial fluid.
III Synovial Joints
5. Synovial fluid is a colorless, viscous fluid secreted by synovial membrane. It
lubricates the articular surfaces of bones.6. Ligaments: are either extracapsular or
intracapsular. The extracapsular ligaments provide additional support to
the capsule while the intracapsular share in the support of joint
Articular bone
Articular boneStructure of the synovial joint
The end