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Introduction to Human Physiology XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D. Department of Physiology Room 518, Block C, Research Building School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: [email protected] Tel: 88208252

Introduction to Human Physiology

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Introduction to Human Physiology. XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D. Department of Physiology Room 518, Block C, Research Building School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus Email: [email protected] Tel: 88208252. Course Structure. Lectures: 80 academic hours 5 a.h./week 2 a.h. on Tue., 3 a.h. on Fri. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Introduction to Human Physiology

Introduction to Human Physiology

XIA Qiang, M.D. & Ph.D.

Department of Physiology

Room 518, Block C, Research Building

School of Medicine, Zijingang Campus

Email: [email protected]

Tel: 88208252

Page 2: Introduction to Human Physiology

Course Structure

• Lectures: 80 academic hours• 5 a.h./week• 2 a.h. on Tue., 3 a.h. on Fri.

• Practicals: 64 a.h.• 4 a.h./week

Page 3: Introduction to Human Physiology

Evaluation

• Participation in practicals: 5%

• Practical reports: 15%

• Weekly assessments & midterm exam: 20%

• Final examination: 60%

Page 4: Introduction to Human Physiology

Recommended textbook

• Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT (2006) Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill.

Page 6: Introduction to Human Physiology

Physiology: the study of the logic of life

Life

Logic

Study

生理学

Page 7: Introduction to Human Physiology

Physiology

Plant Physiology

Bacterial Physiology

Viral Physiology

Animal Physiology

Human Physiology

……

Page 8: Introduction to Human Physiology

Human Physiology

• Specific characteristics, functions and mechanisms of the human body that make it a living being

How ?What ?

Page 9: Introduction to Human Physiology

Exercise Physiology

Page 10: Introduction to Human Physiology

Aviation, high-altitude, and space physiology

Page 11: Introduction to Human Physiology

Diving and Hyperbaric physiology

Page 12: Introduction to Human Physiology

C. Galen (129-200)

(Ancient Greco-Roman)

History of Physiology

Page 13: Introduction to Human Physiology

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italian)

Page 14: Introduction to Human Physiology

De Motu Cordis

“On The Motion Of The Heart And Blood In Animals” (1628)

(http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1628harvey-blood.html)

W. Harvey (1578-1657) (English)

Rise of modern physiology

Page 15: Introduction to Human Physiology

An Italian physiologist who

used a microscope to

discover the capillaries,

crowning Harvey’s

investigation

M. Malpighi (1628-1694)

Page 16: Introduction to Human Physiology

L. Galvani (1737-1798) (Italian)

Page 17: Introduction to Human Physiology

(1813-1878)

A French physiologist known

for his idea of the internal

environment

Page 18: Introduction to Human Physiology

Павлов (Ivan Pavlov) (1849-1936)

A Russian physiologist known

chiefly for his development of

the concept of the conditioned

reflex

Awarded the Nobel Prize for

Physiology or Medicine in 1904

Page 19: Introduction to Human Physiology

中国生理学会 Chinese

Association for

Physiological

Sciences

(founded in

1926)

林可胜 (Robert Kho Seng Lim) (1897-1969)“Father of Chinese Modern Physiology”

Page 20: Introduction to Human Physiology

Levels of Physiological research

Page 21: Introduction to Human Physiology

1. Cellular and molecular Physiology

Measurementof cell shortening

Ce

ll le

ng

th (m

)

120

905s

Measurement of [Ca2+]i

0.6

1.3

340

/380

5s

Page 22: Introduction to Human Physiology
Page 23: Introduction to Human Physiology

2. Organ and System Physiology

Page 24: Introduction to Human Physiology

3. Integrative Physiology

Acute experiment

Page 25: Introduction to Human Physiology

Chronic experiment

Page 26: Introduction to Human Physiology

Body Fluid = 60% of Body Weight (BW)

Intracellular Fluid2/3, 40% of BW

Extracellular Fluid1/3, 20% of BW

Plasma 5% of BW

Interstitial Fluid15% of BW

70 kg Male, 42 L

Internal environment

Page 27: Introduction to Human Physiology

External Environment

Extracellular Fluid1/3, 20% of BW

Plasma 5% of BW

Interstitial Fluid15% of BW

Internal Environment

Page 28: Introduction to Human Physiology

Extracellular Fluid=Internal Environment

Page 29: Introduction to Human Physiology

Homeostasis

Homeostasis (from the

Greek words for “same”

and “steady”):

maintenance of static or

constant conditions in

the internal environment

W. Cannon

Page 30: Introduction to Human Physiology

Components of Homeostasis:

Concentration of O2 and CO2

pH of the internal environment

Concentration of nutrients and waste products

Concentration of salt and other electrolytes

Volume and pressure of extracellular fluid

Page 31: Introduction to Human Physiology

----Regulation

Body's systems operate together to

maintain homeostasis:

Skin system Skeletal and muscular system

Circulatory system Respiratory system

Digestive system Urinary system

Nervous system Endocrine system

Lymphatic system Reproductive system

How is homeostasis achieved?

Page 32: Introduction to Human Physiology

Regulation of body functions

• Nervous Regulation

• Humoral Regulation

• Autoregulation

Page 33: Introduction to Human Physiology

Reflex

Knee jerk reflex

Nervous regulation

Page 34: Introduction to Human Physiology

•Receptor

•Afferent (sensory) nerve

•Reflex center (brain or spinal cord)

•Efferent (motor) nerve

•Effector

Reflex Arc

Page 35: Introduction to Human Physiology

Endocrine cells

Hormone

Hormone

Receptor

Traditional description of humoral regulation by hormone

Humoral regulation

Page 36: Introduction to Human Physiology

•Endocrine action: the hormone is distributed in

blood and binds to distant target cells•Paracrine action: the hormone acts locally by

diffusing from its source to target cells in the

neighborhood•Autocrine action: the hormone acts on the same

cell that produced it

Page 37: Introduction to Human Physiology

VasopressinOxytocin

Neuroendocrine

(Neurosecretion)

Page 38: Introduction to Human Physiology
Page 39: Introduction to Human Physiology

• Pheromone

Pheromone for MenOriginal price: $99.95

Ant Alarm Pheromone

Page 40: Introduction to Human Physiology

Definition: Intrinsic (independent of any neural or humoral influences) ability of an organ to maintain a constant blood flow despite changes in perfusion pressure

Mechanism: Stretch-activated constriction of vessels

Significance: Maintenance of near-constant cerebral, renal and coronary blood flow

Autoregulation

Page 41: Introduction to Human Physiology

80~180 mmHg

Page 42: Introduction to Human Physiology

Control systems of the body

CYBERNETICS

or Control and Communication

in the Animal and the Machine

(MIT Press 1948)

Norbert Wiener (1894-1964)Originator of Cybernetics

Page 43: Introduction to Human Physiology

Open-loop system

Seldom seen under physiological conditions

Stress

1. Non-automatic Control System

Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response

Page 44: Introduction to Human Physiology

Closed-loop system

Automatic control

Negative feedback

Positive feedback

2. Feedback Control System

Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response

Page 45: Introduction to Human Physiology

Negative feedback: common

A change in a condition leads to responses from the

effectors which counteracts that change

Page 46: Introduction to Human Physiology

Examples:

Regulation of blood pressure,

Regulation of body temperature,

Regulation of hormone release…

Page 47: Introduction to Human Physiology

Gain of the negative feedback:

The degree of effectiveness with which a control

system maintains conditions

Correction

ErrorGain=

Page 48: Introduction to Human Physiology

Positive feedback: uncommon

A change in a condition leads to responses from the

effectors which amplifies that change

+

Page 49: Introduction to Human Physiology

Examples:

Child birth

Micturition

Blood coagulation

Vicious circle under pathophysiological conditions…

Page 50: Introduction to Human Physiology

3. Feed-forward Control

Often seen in nervous system

Rapid

Adaptive control

Examples: some muscle contraction,

conditioned reflex

Page 51: Introduction to Human Physiology

Control Center EffectorsStimulus Response

MonitorMonitorDisturbance

Page 52: Introduction to Human Physiology

Summary

• Terms:

• Internal environment

• Homeostasis

• Negative feedback

• Positive feedback

• Regulation of body functions

Page 53: Introduction to Human Physiology

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!