Introduction to Information and Computer Science

Introduction to Information and Computer Science

The Future of Computing

Lecture b

This material (Comp4_Unit10b) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information

Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015.

The Future of ComputingIntroduction – Lecture b

• Describe the latest advances in technology (Lecture a, b)

• Discuss the implications of advances in technology for healthcare systems, including potential risks (Lecture a, b)

2Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012

Introduction to Information and Computer Science The Future of Computing

Lecture b

Cloud Computing

"Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.“ (NIST, 2011)

Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012


Lecture b3

Distributed Computing

• Sharing the processing workload between connected computer systems

• SETI@home – examines radio telescope data for signs of

intelligence using computers connected over the Internet

– volunteer computing resources



Lecture b4

Cloud Computing Characteristics

• On-demand self-service• Broad network access• Resource pooling• Rapid elasticity• Measured service



Lecture b5

Cloud Computing Service Models

• Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS)• Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS)• Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)



Lecture b6

Deployment Models

• Private cloud• Community cloud• Public cloud• Hybrid cloud



Lecture b7

Virtualization

• Multiple virtual computer systems running on a single physical system

• Component of cloud computing• Not a new idea; IBM’s Virtual Machine

Facility/370 released in 1972• Each user appeared to have a dedicated system



Lecture b8

Hypervisor

• Virtual systems do not have to be the same operating system or instruction set as the physical hardware

• Virtual systems are managed on the physical system by a hypervisor

• The hypervisor emulates the instruction set of the virtual hardware

• Available through open-source software and commercial vendors



Lecture b9

Cloud Computing Issues

• Access• Security



Lecture b10

Social Implications

• Computers have changed the way people communicate– E-mail– Instant messaging– VoIP– Video– SMS– Social networks– Local based services

• Personal health records• Privacy



Lecture b11

E-mail

• Most individuals in the United States now have an e-mail address

• Initially limited to text• Multi-media capabilities added• Easy to “spoof” sender address• 90% of all e-mail is estimated to be spam• Rejected by ISPs or mail servers



Lecture b12

Instant Messaging

• Initially used to communicate to computer mainframe operators

• Could communicate between users on same system

• Can now be used to send text between users over global Internet



Lecture b13

Video and Voice-Over IP

• Makes calls over the internet to another VoIP phone

• VoIP only phones available from commercial vendors

• Soft phones available which use computer microphone and speakers

• Commercial voice and video services, often at no cost to users



Lecture b14

Short Message Service

• Text messaging– Shorthand language– Emoticons



Lecture b15

Social Networks

• SixDegrees (1997)• Friendster (2002)• LinkedIn, MySpace (2003)• Facebook, Twitter (2006)



Lecture b16

Location Based Services

• GPS in many mobile devices• Can identify local services• Can also provide information on an individual’s

location to others• Extends to social networking services



Lecture b17

Personal Health Records

• May be stored on a personal computer• May be on personal storage device• Moving towards web-based services

– Microsoft HealthVault



Lecture b18

Privacy

• Increasing on-line presence• Increases in customized content delivery• Individual reputation over time• The internet is forever• Privacy of medical records

– HHS breach list



Lecture b19

Ubiquitous Computing

Computers have become portable• Laptops since the 1990s• Netbooks since the early 2000s• Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Computers are everywhere• Cars• TVs• Home appliancesHealth IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012


Lecture b20

Personal Area Networks (PANs)

• Bluetooth• Wireless connection• 1 to 100 meter range connection radius• Used for mice, keyboards, headsets, etc.



Lecture b21

Implications For Healthcare

• Telemedicine– Brings the doctor to the patient– Uses

• Internet • Integrated audio and video capabilities

• Clinical decision support• Elder care monitoring• Individualized health care



Lecture b22

Risks of Technology in Healthcare

• Side effects of using new technology – example: radiology

• Potential for more false positive test results• Higher healthcare costs• Intended and unintended consequences of

technology implementations



Lecture b

The Future of ComputingSummary – Lecture b

• Cloud computing• Social implications• Ubiquitous computing• Affect on healthcare systems



Lecture b

The Future of ComputingSummary

• Decrease in system size and increase in system performance

• Increasing options for system control• Movement to network applications• Changes in our society• Pervasiveness of computer technology• Futures:

– Wearable systems?– Elimination of the keyboard?– Societal changes?– Changes in home health care?


25


Lecture b

Future of ComputingReferences – Lecture b

References• AHIMA (2012). “Choose a PHR”. http://www.myphr.com/resources/choose.aspx. Retrieved January 2012, from

AHIMA website: http://www.ahima.org/. • Alfonsi, Sharyn and Hutchison, Courtney. More Americans Using High-Tech Medicine, CDC Finds. (2010

February 17). Retrieved Jan 2012 from the ABC News website: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/technology-medicine/story?id=9864930#.Tx-xgYGwVmp.

• Boyd, D. M. and Ellison, N. B. (2008), Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13: 210–230. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x.

• Bulling, Andreas; Gellersen, Hans (Oct.-Dec. 2010). Toward Mobile Eye-Based Human-Computer Interaction, Pervasive Computing, IEEE , vol.9, no.4, pp.8-12, doi: 10.1109/MPRV.2010.86.Retrieved Jan 2012 from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5586690&isnumber=5586685.

• Chapman, C.; Emmerich, W.; Marquez, F.G.; Clayman, S.; Galis, A.. (2011, April). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing: Recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Elastic Service Definition in Computational Clouds, 327 -334. Network Operations and Management Symposium Workshops (NOMS Wksps), 2010 IEEE/IFIP. doi:10.1109/NOMSW.2010.5486555. Retrieved Jan 2012 from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5486555&isnumber=5486527.

• Crocker, D. (1982, August 13). STANDARD FOR THE FORMAT OF ARPA INTERNET TEXT MESSAGES ( RFC # 822). Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Delaware. Retrieved Jan 2012 from RFC Editor website: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt.

• Faust O, Shetty R, Sree SV, Acharya S, Acharya U R, Ng EY, Poo CK, Suri J., Towards the Systematic Development of Medical Networking Technology. (2010, January 6). J Med Syst.

• Fusco, SJ: Michael, K.; Michael, MG. "Exploring the Social Implications of Location Based Social Networking: An inquiry into the perceived positive and negative impacts of using LBSN between friends" 9th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Business. Ed. George Giaglis. Athens, Greece: IEEE, 2010.



Lecture b

http://www.myphr.com/resources/choose.aspx

http://www.ahima.org/

http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/technology-medicine/story?id=9864930

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5586690&isnumber=5586685

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5486555&isnumber=5486527

http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt

Future of ComputingReferences – Lecture b (continued)

References• General Motors (September 2010). OnStar Relaunches Its Brand with Focus on “Responsible Connectivity”.

Retrieved Jan 2012 from: http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/onstar/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Sept/0915_onstar.

• Goozner, Merrill. Rise of the Machine. (2010 February 11). Retrieved Jan 2012 from the Fiscal Times website: http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2010/02/11/Rise-Of-The-Machines.aspx#page1.

• Gum, P. H. 1983. System/370 extended architecture: facilities for virtual machines. IBM J. Res. Dev. 27, 6 (Nov. 1983), 530-544. DOI= http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.276.0530.

• Han, Y. Y., Carcillo JA, Venkataraman ST, Clark RS, Watson RS, Nguyen TC, Bayir H, Orr RA (2005, December). Unexpected Increased Mortality After Implementation of a Commercially Sold Computerized Physician Order Entry System. Pediatrics, 116(6):1506-12. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1287.

• IBM Systems and Technology (February 2011). Watson--A System Designed for Answers. Retrieved Jan 2012 from the IBM Corporation website: http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/pow03061usen/POW03061USEN.PDF.

• International Consumer Electronics Show (CES) (2012). Retrieved Jan 2012 from: http://www.cesweb.org/. • International Telecommunication Union (ITC) (2010). Measuring the Information Society Retrieved Jan 2012 from:

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf. • Lee, J. (2009, January 19). Is That an Emoticon in 1862? The New York Times. Retrieved from

http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com• Microsoft HealthVault (nd.). http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/healthvault/, accessed Jan 2012.• Miriam Webster Dictionary (2012, nd.). Definition of Ubiquitous. Retrieved Jan 2012 from:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ubiquitous.• Neo, R. L. and Skoric, M. M. (2009), Problematic Instant Messaging Use. Journal of Computer-Mediated

Communication, 14: 627–657. doi: 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01456.x.



Lecture b

http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/onstar/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Sept/0915_onstar

http://media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/onstar/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2010/Sept/0915_onstar

http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2010/02/11/Rise-Of-The-Machines.aspx

http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.276.0530

http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/pow03061usen/POW03061USEN.PDF

http://www.cesweb.org/

http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi/2010/Material/MIS_2010_Summary_E.pdf

http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/healthvault/

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ubiquitous

Future of ComputingReferences – Lecture b (continued)

References• NIST: Mell; Grance. (2011, September). The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing: Recommendations of the

National Institute of Standards and Technology. NIST Institute of Standards and Technology: US Dept. of Commerce, SP 800(145), 2. Retrieved Jan 2012 from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html#800-145.

• Oikarinen, J.; Reed, D. (1993 May) UNIX For Beginners, Bell Laboratories internal memorandum. Internet Relay Chat Protocol, RFC 1459. Retrieved Jan 2012 from RFC Editor website: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1459.txt.

• Pavel, M.; Hayes, T.L.; Adami, A.; Jimison, H.; Kaye, J. (2006, August 30). Unobtrusive Assessment of Mobility. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 6277-6280. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260301. Retrieved Jan 2012 from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4463244&isnumber=4461641.

• Rodrigues, J. P.; Oliveira, M.; Vaidya, B. (2010). New Trends on Ubiquitous Mobile Multimedia Applications. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2010, doi:10.1155/2010/689517

• SETI@home (nd). http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/index.php. Retrieved January 2012, from University of California, Berkeley website: http://www.berkeley.edu.

• Simon, Stephanie (2011 March 28). Medicine on the Move: Mobile devices help improve treatment. Retrieved Jan 2012 from the Wall Street Journal website: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703559604576174842490398186.html.

• The New Scientist, (2010, February 24). 205(2749), 44-45.• nest / Welcome Home. (2012). Retrieved January 2012, from nest website: http://www.nest.com. • US Department of Health and Human Services (2012). Breaches Affecting 500 or More Individuals.• http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/breachnotificationrule/breachtool.html . Retrieved January

2012, from US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) website: http://www.hhs.gov.



Lecture b

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsSPs.html#800-145

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Introduction to Information and Computer Science