Introduction to Java Fundamentals

7/13/2019 Introduction to Java Fundamentals

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Introduction to Java(Genesis & Basics)

Java Programming


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Genesis of Java

What is Java?

Java BuzzwordsJava API and JVM

Data Types in Java

Conditional Statements and Constructs


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What is Java?

Java is a programming language

developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991

Its the current hot language

Its almost entirely object-oriented

It has a vast library of predefined objects

and operations

It is platform (OS/Hardware) independent


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Pre-requisite For Java Execution

JDK 1.3 or above (Java Development

Toolkit)

Download the JDK version compatible with

your operating system (Windows, Unix,

Linux etc) fromhttp://java.sun.com

Execute Setup.exe File in your JDK kit for

installing Java Development/Executionenvironment in your machine.


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Writing a Java Program

public class Suryodaya{

public static void main(String args[])

{System.out.println( Welcome to Suryodaya! );

}

}

Executing a Java program is a two step processCompilation (javac)

Execution (java)


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How to Compile the Java Program?

Type the program using Notepad or DOSeditor and save it as Suryodaya.java.

Java being case sensitive, Suryodaya isdifferent from suryodaya Now type -

c:\jdk1.3>bin>javac Suryodaya.java

Suryodaya.class file is created on

successful compilation.


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How to Run the Java Program?

Once the class file is created, type thefollowing command at the prompt to run theprogram:

c:\jdk1.3>bin>java Suryodaya

Setting the CLASSPATH

The output is:

c:\jdk1.3>bin>Welcome to Suryodaya!


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The Java Buzzwords

Simple

Object-orientedPortable

SecureRobust

Multithreaded (will be discussed in later sessions)Interpreted (will be discussed in later sessions)


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Simple

Javas syntax is similar to that of C++

Features that led to complexity and

ambiguity were removed (For Ex:)

Simple and easy to learn language

Java = C++ - Complexity & Ambiguity

+ Security & Portability


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Object Oriented

OO Programming is a powerful paradigm -

complex programming problems can be

reduced to simple solutions (For Ex:)

Everything in Java (except the primitivedata types) is an object


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Portable

Goal of Java: Write once, run anywhere,anytime, forever! How?

Javas Magic: The Bytecode & JVM Java Complier always converts a .java file

(High level language) into a Generic formatcommonly know as bytecode, .class file

JVM ,specific to OS (Windows, Unix, Linuxetc) then interprets this .class file andexecutes the bytecode


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What is Java Virtual Machine (JVM)?

JVM is simply the interpreter and the

classes that are needed to run the Java

bytecode.

Byte codes are not compiled with the

knowledge of underlying hardware/OS, the

JVM is always machine specific and knows

how the underlying OS works.


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Java Program Execution

JavaSourceCode

Java BytecodeCompiler

JavaBytecodes

Java

Bytecode

Moved

Bytecode Verifier

(Verif ies that the byte

codes are from Java

compiler or not)

Java Class

Library

Java Class

Library

Java Virtual MachineJava Virtual Machine

Java InterpreterJava Interpreter

Runtime System(Executable Code)

Runtime System(Executable Code)

Operating SystemOperating System

HardwareHardware

Class Loader

Rejected

Exceptions handled Rejected

2

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Suryodaya.java

Suryodaya.class


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Secure

Java was designed to be a safe language.

Its powerful security mechanism acts atfour different levels of system architecture:

Security by Complier Security by Class Loaders

Java Virtual Machine Using Java API


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Robust

Strictly Typed Language (For Ex:)

Memory Management (For Ex:) Exceptional handling (For Ex:)


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Robust ...

Example of Exception Handling:

try {

float i = a / b; // if b=0

}

catch(Exception e) {

System.out.println(Dividing by Zero is not allowed+e);

}finally { }


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Java API

Java API orApplication Program Interfacecontains class libraries needed or called by

the application programs at run-time.Java APIs can be downloaded from

http://java.sun.comJava API For:

J2SE (Standard Edition)

J2EE (Enterprise Edition)

J2ME (Micro Edition)


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Java API

J2SE (Standard Edition): Core Java

J2EE (Enterprise Edition): Advance Java

(Servlets, EJBs, JSPs etc)

J2ME (Micro Edition): PDA / MobileApplications Libraries etc..


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Diagrammatic Representation JAVA

Platform

Java API

Java Applications

Java Virtual Machine

Hardware

JavaCode

NativeCode

Foundation

Classes

Network and

I/O Classes

Abstract Window

Toolkit (AWT)


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Understanding Java Programming

Fundamentalspublic classSuryodaya {

public static void main(String args[])

{if(args.length > 0)

{

System.out.print(Welcome ::);for(int i=0; i


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FundamentalsThe name of the program can be anything,but should begin with a letter and maycontain digits but no blanks.

The word public means that the contents of

the block are accessible from all otherclasses.

The word static means that the definedmethod is applied to the class itself ratherthan to the objects of the class.


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FundamentalsThe word void means that the method main

has no return value.

The word main is the name of the method

being defined.

String args[] is a parameter to the method.

It is an array of objects of String type.

System.out.println tells the system to print

the message: Welcome::


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Fundamentals The word println is the name of the

method that tells the system to positionthe cursor at the beginning of the next line

after the message is printed


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Basics in Java (Self Reading)

Data Types, Variables, LiteralsSimple Data Types

Type Conversion and CastingAutomatic Type Promotion

Arrays

OperatorsArithmetic, Bitwise, Relational, Boolean,Assignment, ?

Operator Precedence and Associativity

Control Statements

Selection and Iteration


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Data Types (Self Reading)

There are two data types in Java:

Primitive

Reference

Java defines eight primitive types of data:

byte, short, int, long, char, float, double,

boolean

Java defines 3 reference data types

arrays, classes, Interfaces


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Primitive Data Types (Self Reading)

3.4e-38 to 3.4e+3832float

1.7e-38 to 1.7e+3864double

-128 to 1278Byte

+ 32,768 to - 32,76716short

-2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,64732int

+ 9,223,372,036,854,775,80864long

RangeWidthName


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Primitive Data Types (Self Reading)

true or false32boolean

0 to 65,53516char

RangeWidthName


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Variables (Self Reading)

Variables can be defined as memory unitsinto which data is stored. There are two

basic parameters used to define a variable:Identifier or name

Type or categoryAssigning a value to a variable at the time

of declaration is optionalApart from this, variables have a scopewhich defines their lifetime and visibility.


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Literals (Self Reading)

A literal is a simple value where what you

type is what you get. Numbers,

characters and Strings are all examples ofliterals.

Literals are constant data values.

Examples:

100 98.6 x This is a test ox98


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The Scope and Lifetime of Variables

Two major scopes:Scope by Class

Scope by MethodScope by Block

Variables declared inside a scope are notvisible (that is, accessible) to the code that

is defined outside that scope


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Example - Usual Scope and Lifetime

class Scope{public static void main(String args[]) {

int x; // known to all code within main

x = 10;if (x ==10) { // start new scope

int y =20; // known only to this block

// x and y both known here

System.out.println(x and y: + x + + y);

x = y*2; }y=100; // Error: y not known here

// x is still known here.

System.out.println(x is + x); } }


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Type Conversion And Casting

Type conversion is converting one data

type to another.

Conversion may be:

Automatic (Implicit)Casting (Explicit or Forced)


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Automatic Type Conversion

An automatic type conversion will takeplace if the following two conditions are

met:The two types are compatible.

The destination type is larger than the sourcetype.

When these two conditions are met, a

widening conversion takes place (byte toshort, int, long).


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Automatic Type Conversion

Examples of Automatic type conversions:

int a; byte b; a = b;

long l; int I; l = I;

double d; float f; d = f;

float f; int i; i = f;


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Casting Incompatible Types

Explicit or forced type conversion.

General form: (target-type) value

target-type specifies the desired type toconvert the specified value to

Example:int a; byte b; b = (byte) a;

Usually a narrowing conversion requirestype cast.


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What are Arrays?

An array is defined as a group of like typedvariables referred to by a common name.

Like variables, it is essential to specify thefollowing for declaring an array:

Data values (int , float)

Identifier for the array

Elements of an array cannot be accessedusing pointer arithmetic


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How to Declare Arrays?

Example

float basicSalary[ ]; // Array declaration

basicSalary = new float[10]; // Refers to a

float array

// Allocating space

new operator automatically allocates the

array and initializes its elements to zero.


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Assigning Values

NULL is assigned for an array of objects.Array elements cannot be accessed till their

values are inserted. Example: double nums[ ] = { 10.1, 11.2, 12.3,

13.4, 14.5 };Above syntax does 3 things at a time:

Declaration of array

Allocation of space

Initialization of array with 5 elements.

How to Declare Multi dimensional


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How to Declare Multi-dimensional

Arrays?Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays.

Examples:

1.Assume that a two dimensional array of

two rows and three columns has to be

declared:

int multiTwo[ ] [ ] = new int[2][3];

2.Initializing a 2x3 integer array:

int [ ] [ ] a = { {77, 22, 44}, {11, 33, 88}};


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Example - One-dimensional Array

classAverage {

public static void main(String args[ ]) {

doublenums[] ={10.1, 11.2, 12.3, 13.4, 14.5};double result = 0;

for (int j = 0; j < 5; j++)result = result + nums[j];

System.out.println(average is +result / 5); }}


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Declaring Arrays

It is not essential in Java to allocate the samenumber of elements in each dimension:

Example: int multiTwo[ ][ ] = new int [3][ ];multiTwo[0] = new int[1];

multiTwo[1] = new int[2];multiTwo[2] = new int[3];

[0][0]

[1][0] [1][1]

[2][0] [2][1] [2][2]

One element in row 0

Two elements in row 1

Three elements in row 2


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Example - Two-dimensional Array

class ShowArray{ int p;

public static void main(String args[]) {

int twoD[][] = new int[4][5];for (int j = 0; j < 4 ; j++) {

for (int k = 0; k < 5; k++) {twoD[j][k] = p++;

System.out.println(twoD[j][k] + );

}

}}

}

U d t di St i


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Understanding Strings

String: String is not a simple data type likean array of characters but a complete

object on its own.Arrays of String can also be declared.

Example: class FirstString {public static void main (String args[ ] ) {

String str = My first string in Java;

System.out.println(str); }}


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Operators in Java (Self Reading)

Type Description Symbol Usage

Arithmetic

Addition

subtractionmultiplication

division

modulusincrement

decrement

assignment

+

-

*

/

%

++

+= -= /=*= %=

int no = 3 + 2

int no = 3 - 2

int no = 3 * 2

int no = 3 / 2

int no = 3 % 2no++ or ++no

no += 4; same asno = no + 4; etc.

-- no-- or --no

O t i J (S lf R di )


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Operators in Java ... (Self Reading)

Type Description Symbol Usage

bitwise

NOTa = 2Binary Rep: 10~a = 01 // Decimal 1

AND

~

&b = 3Binary Rep: 11a & b = 10 // Dec. 2

OR | a | b = 11 // Dec. 3Exclusive-OR ^ a ^ b = 01 // Dec. 1

Shift left / right >

byte a = 64, b;

b= (byte)(a 2; // 8int d = -8 >> 1; //-4

O t i J (S lf R di )


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Type Description Symbol

Relational

Equal toNot equal toGreater than

Less thanGreater than or equal to

Less than or equal to

==!=>

=>= 1; c >Always shifts zerointo high order bits

Operators in Java (Self Reading)


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The ? Operator

A special ternary operator that can replace

certain types of if-then-else statements:ratio = denom == 0 ? 0 : num / denom;

Difference between & and &&, | and ||

& and | are the logical AND and OR.

&& and || are the Short-circuit AND and OR.

Precedence of the Java Operators (Self


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Precedence of the Java Operators (Self

Reading)( ) [ ]++ -- ~ !* / %+ ->> >>> >= <


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Control Statements

A program does not always follow a simple

sequence. There are always chances of

having to choose from several alternativesor to repeat a certain set of steps. That is

where the various programming constructsthat a programming language provides

come to aid.

If Statement


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If Statement

The if-elsestatements can be nested as shown below. It isnormally used when more than one condition needs to betested.

if (score > 100) { // Nested-if

if (score > 250)

System.out.println( Excellent score );

else system.out.println( Good score );} else system.out.println( Bad score ); if (score >250) // if-else-ifLadder

System.out.println(Excellent Score);

else if (score > 100)

System.out.println( Good Score );

else System.out.println(Bad Score);

Selection Constructs


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Selection Constructs

Selection Statements:

if , if-else, and if-else-if

switch-case

if Statement

if(score > 100 ) {

System.out.println( Good Score );}

else{

System.out.println( Bad Score );}

switch Statement


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switch Statement

Switch statement are used to reduce thecomplexity and compound conditions in if-else statements

A switch statement can be nested intoanother switch statement .

Switch statement defines its own blocks.Hence no conflicts arise betweenconstants in the inner blocks and those inthe outer blocks.

switch Statement


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switch Statement

switch (score) {case 300:

System.out.println(Excellent Score);break;

case 200:

System.out.println(Good Score); break;

default: System.out.println(Bad Score);

}If there is no break statement after each

case then all cases are executed

Iteration Constructs


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Iteration Constructs

Javas iteration statements are while, do-whileand for.

whileStatement

i = 0; found = false;

while (found == false && i < length)

{// where i is the array index

if (Array[i] == str) found = true;

i++;

}

Iteration Constructs ...


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Iteration Constructs ...

do-whileStatementi=0; found = false;

do {

if (Array[i] == str) found = true;

i++;

} while (found == false && i < length);forStatement

// Execution over a range of integer values

for(i = 0 ; i < length ; i++){if (Array[i] == str) break;} // break to exit a loop

Summary


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y

We discussed the following in this session:

Genesis of Java

Java Buzzwords

Java API and JVM

Basics in Java

Data Types, Variables, Literals, Arrays

Operators

Assignments (Mandatory to submit)


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g ( y )

Exercise 1:

Write a Java program that initializes two arrays

with the following products and their prices, and a

method that will display the same.

Chips 10 Hangers 75

Apples 10 Pens 10Mangoes 12 Corn Flakes 19

Towels 125 Oats 22

Room Freshner 150 Tooth Paste 50

Assignments (Mandatory to submit)


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g ( y )

Exercise 2:Write a program for the problem: An array of integersindicating the marks of students is given, You have

to calculate the percentile of the students accordingto the rule: The percentile of a student is the %of noof students having marks less then him.

For example: Suppose Student A,B,C,D,E,F secure12,60,80,71,30,45 respectively

Percentile of C = 5/5 *100 = 100 (out of 5 students 5 are havingmarks less then him)


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Object-Oriented Programming in Java

Object-Oriented Programming in Java


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j g g

The Three OOP Principles

Classes, Objects

Methods with ParametersConstructors

The Keywords: static, finalfinalize( ) Method

Overloading and Overriding Methods

The Three OOP Principles


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p

EncapsulationIs the mechanism that binds together code and

data it manipulates, and keeps both safe fromthe outside interference and misuse

Inheritance

Is the process by which one object acquires theproperties of another object

PolymorphismIs a feature that allows one interface to be usedfor a general class of actions

Bank Module


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Bank Module

Definition: Create a Bank applicationwhich supports all elementary functions

like deposit, withdraw, checking balance,interest calculation, transaction details

etc

Bank Module


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Bank Module

Bank

Customers Accounts

Savings Account Current Account

Step_1 Identifying Physical Entities


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Each Physical entity contains attributesthat defines its state at any point of time.

Identify the Physical Entities:

BankCustomer

Account (Savings / Current)

Step_2 : Defining Attributes


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Account Entity:

Account ID

Account Type

Account Balance

Customer Entity:Customer ID

Customer NameCustomer Address

Bank Entity:Bank ID

Bank NameBranch Name

Address

Encapsulation


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p

Data Encapsulation

Data Items

Methods

Car

What are Classes?


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Classes are templates on which objectsmodel themselves. They contain data-itemsand the methods that are needed tomanipulate the former.

Classes are blue-prints that define the

variables and the methods common to allobjects of a certain type.

Class variables define the attributes of aclass and are called fields.Instancevariables define the attributes of an object.

What are Objects?


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Objects are instance of classes.

Step_3 of Building the Account Class

(Encapsulation)


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( p )

public class Account{

private int accountId,balance,custId;

Account (int accountId,int custId,int balance){

this.accountId = accountId;

this.custId = custId;

this.balance = balance;

}publicvoid printAccountDetails()

{ .} continue in next slide.

Step_3 of Building the Account Class

(Encapsulation)


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public boolean isAccountActive()

{.}

public int depositAmount (int depAmount){.}

public int withdrawAmount (int debitAmount)

{.}

public int getMinBalanceReq()

{}

}

(Encapsulation)

Inheritance


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A class once defined can be used by otherclasses whenever required. It does not need

to be redefined again and again.The derived class automatically inherits the

members of the parent class and adds to

them new methods and data members thus

increasing the functionality of the parent

class.

SuperClass SubClass

Inherits From Super

Step_4 of Building the SavingsAccount Class

(Inheritance)


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class SavingsAccountextendsAccount

{

private String accType = SA;

SavingsAccount (int accountId, int custId, int balance)

{super(accountId, custId, balance) ;

}

continue in next slide.


(Inheritance)


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{return 2000;

}}

(Inheritance)


(Polymorphism)


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class SavingsAccount extends Account

{



{super(accountId, custId, balance) ;

}

continue in next slide.


(Polymorphism)


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{..}

/*By default 30 days duration*/

public void getTransactionData()

{ .}

/*Duration will be passed in parameter*/

public void getTransactionData(int duration)

{ .}

}

(Polymorphism)

Creating Objects


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Memory needs to be allocated for the object so thata reference can be returned to it and stored in thevariable sAcc in this case.

The new operator is used to dynamically allocatememory to the object

SavingsAccount sAcc;sAcc = new SavingsAccount (1,1,2500);

An alternate way is :

SavingsAccount sAcc = new SavingsAccount (1,1,2500 );

Methods With Parameters


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Methods are capable of acceptingparameters that can be passed in the

following ways:By value: Normally all parameters (except

Objects) are passed by value onlyBy reference: When an object is passed

as a parameter, it is passed as a referenceto the method. In reality, the reference to

the object is passed by value.

public class TestArguments

{Example Of Pass By


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{

class BalanceDetail {

int balance;

BalanceDetail(int bal) { ..}void printData() { }

}

public void passByValue(int bal){..... }

public void PassByReference(BalanceDetail balObj ){. } continue in next slide.

Value and

Pass By Reference

public static void main(String[] args)


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{TestArguments Obj1 = new TestArguments();

BalanceDetail balObj = new BalanceDetail();Obj1.passByValue(10);

Obj1.PassByValue(10);Obj1.PassByReference(balObj);

}}

Constructors


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Constructors initializes the values of objectat the time of creation.

A constructors is a special public methodwith no return type (not even void), with orwithout parameters, and with the samename as the class.

If a constructor is not explicitly defined in a

class, Java automatically defines a defaultconstructor

A Parameterized Constructor


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class SavingsAccount extends Account{


SavingsAccount (int accountId, int custId,

Int Balance)

{

super(accountId, custId, balance) ;

}

continue in next slide..

A Parameterized Constructor


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public float interest(int time,int rateOfInt)

{return balance*time*rateOfInt*0.01;

}}

static methods and variables


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At times one wants to define a class memberthat will be used independently of any object of

that class. A static method can be used by itselfwith the following restrictions:A static method can call only other static methods

They may access only static data

They cannot refer to the keywords this or superin any way

Variables declared as static do not occupymemory on a per-instance basis

final Keyword


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A final variable is essentially a constant:final int File_Open = 2;

Value of a final variable cannot be modifiedafter its initialization

The finalize( ) Method


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Sometimes an object will need to performsome action when it is destroyed.

Using the finalize( ) method, specificactions can be defined that can occur justbefore an object is reclaimed by the

garbage collector.protected void finalize( )

{ // finalize code here}

Overloading Methods


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A set of methods, having the same namebut different set of parameters can be

defined in the same class.To external methods and data members it

would serve as one interface.

This phenomenon is termed as method

overloading.

Demo of OverLoading.javaclass OverLoading { // Overloading Methods


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static void add( ){

System.out.println(No parameters passed");}

static void add( double pnum){System.out.println(Parameter = + pnum);}

static void add(int pnum1, int pnum2){ int result;

result = pnum1 + pnum2;

System.out.println(Integer sum = + result);}

static void add(float pnum1, float pnum2) {float result; result = pnum1 + pnum2;

System.out.println(Float sum = + result); }

OverLoading.java ...public static void main(String args[ ]) {

dd( ) // t


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add( ); // no parameter.

add(20, 45); // 2 integerparameters.

add(30.5f, 40.5f); // 2 float parameters.add(45); // integer parameter is

} // elevated to type double.

}Output

No parameters passedInteger sum = 65Float sum = 71.0 Parameter = 45.0

In essence, method overloading is compile-time

polymorphism.

Method Overriding

I l hi h h th d i


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In a class hierarchy, when a method in asubclass has the same name and

signature as a method in its superclass,then the method in the subclass is said tooverride the method in the superclass.

class SavingsAccount extends Account

Method Overriding ...


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{



{

super(accountId, custId, balance) ;

}

public int getMinBalanceReq() { return 2000; }

continue in next slide..


bli i t ithd A t (i t d bitA t)


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public int withdrawAmount (int debitAmount)//Method overridden by Child Class

//This method is already defined in parent class

{

if( (balance debitAmount) > getMinBalanceReq() )

balance = balance debitAmount;else

System.out.println(Minimum Balance Of +

getMinBalanceReq() + is required);} continue in next slide



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public void getTransactionData(int

duration) /*Duration will be passed inparameter*/

{ .}}

Assignments

Exercise 3:


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Exercise 3:

[Aim: Using Command-line arguments & Input from

keyboard]

Write a JAVA program to generate n prime numbers

greater than a given value. Read n from the keyboard

and supply the threshold values as command-linearguments.

Assignments Exercise 4:


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Define a class called Complex containing two class

variables real and imag of type double. Define

methods, readC() and displayC() for reading acomplex number from keyboard and displaying it on

screen.

Also define methods for arithmetic operations,

addC(), subC(), mulC(), and divC() (add, subtract,

multiply, divide). Write a program to read twocomplex numbers. Display the result of each

arithmetic operation on the two numbers

Instructions For Assignments

The given assignments are mandatory to


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The given assignments are mandatory tosubmit

We request all college co-ordinators to ensurethat assignments from the college aresubmitted in a single .zip file by Wednesday,11/10/2006

Instructions For Assignments

Folder Structure in zip file:


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Folder Structure in .zip file:College Name - Branch Name -

Students Roll No. - Programs

Email your assignments at [email protected]

with subject line as:Assignments: (Java) Session Date (dd/mm/yyyy).

Whats Next???


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Object Oriented Programming II

Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)


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Question & Answers

Documents

Introduction to Java Fundamentals