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Introduction to Laboratory Health & Safety Management
Source: International Labor Organization, 2003
Work-related incidents cause:
• 5000 DEATHS EACH DAY
• 270 million accidents each year
• 160 million illnesses each year
• $12.5 billion loss each year
• 12,000 deaths of children each year
• 340,000 deaths from HazSub each year
Accident Classification
Struck by fallen objects
Struck against a container
causing a spill
Contacted byContacted bya corrosive chemicala corrosive chemical
Contact with a sharp object
Trapped in a trench
His ear is caught on a protruding nail
on the ladder
Caught between a reversing forklift
& loading dock
Same-level fall Different-level fall
Exposureto airborne
contaminantsOverexertion
Accident Classification
Struck by Struck againstContacted byContact withTrapped in
Caught onCaught betweenDifference level fallSame level fallExposureOverexertion
Class Exercise
• List as many consequences of this accident as possible.
• For each consequence, estimate the amount, and identify who will pay for it.
Accident Costs: Tip of an Iceberg
Direct Cost: Workers’ Compensation Wage replacement Medical costs
Indirect Cost: Down time Investigation Retraining/Rehiring Employees’ morale Public image Injured worker’s family
Health & Safety Practices
Academic Laboratories
Health and Safety Management
Health & Safety Office
Security
Written HS Program
• Responsibility & accountability• Hazard identification & control• Hazard reporting & correction• Injury and illness reporting• Incident investigation• Enforcement policy• Training• Recordkeeping
Essential Elements
Designated responsible persons Written safety plansEnforcementPollution preventionTrainingChemical Management SystemWaste Management System
Written Safety Plans
Chemical Hygiene Plan Bloodborne Pathogens Exposure Control Chemical Emergency Preparedness &
Response Emergency Action Plan 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1 (Permissible
Exposure Limits) Chemical-specific Standards Waste Management
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Chem Hygiene Officer Responsibilities Inventory Storage Signs & Labels MSDS Exposure Monitoring
Medical Exams Training &
Communication Engineering Control PPE Emergency Procedures SOPs (Standard Operation
Procedures)
Bloodborne PathogensExposure Control Plan
• BioSafety officer• Written program• Access control• Exposure determination• Exposure control• Post-exposure procedures• Labeling & warning• BioWaste management• Training
Chemical EmergencyPreparedness & Response
• Roles & lines of authority• Hazard inventory• Response capability & equipment• ER recognition & prevention• Notification & response procedures• Site security & control• Evacuation routes & procedures• ER medical treatment• Training & communication• Outside help
• Responsibility & lines of authority• Emergency Notification Procedures• Emergency Evacuation Procedures• Fire Prevention Plans• Training & communication• Recordkeeping
Emergency Action Plan
• Waste stream identification & inventory• Generator level determination• Waste Manifest & tracking• Waste accumulation• Transportation• Disposal• Emergency preparedness
Waste Management
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
“The maximum allowable concentration of an airborne contaminant to which a worker can be exposed over an 8-hr workday and 40-hr workweek.”
http://www.osha.gov
PEL (ppm)
Ammonia 50
Benzene 1
Carbon tetrachloride 10
Hexane 500
Methanol 200
Toluene 200
Chemical-Specific Standards
BenzeneBenzidineMethylene ChlorideFormaldehydeAcrylonitrileEtc.
Chemical Management System
Chemical Management
Inventory ControlChemical StorageOther Issues
Inventory Control
Designate responsibilities Provide training Require prior approval Require monthly inventory Purchase limited amount Choose least hazardous chemicals Inspect regularly & conduct periodic audits Establish chemical tracking system
Chemical Storage: General Rules
Proper ventilationShelving system
Eye level Secured No floor storage Anti-roll lips
Chemical Storage: General Rules
Master controlsEmergency communicationEmergency equipment:
Fire extinguisher Spill kit Eye washer/shower
Storage Principles
Supervision & securityDO NOT store alphabetically Separate/segregate by compatibilitySpill containment
Segregation
Review MSDS & safety informationAssign classes
Prevention of fire, explosion, toxic exposure Manageable number of classes Initial classes: toxic, flammable, reactive,
corrosive, low hazards
Class Types 1 Flam/Combus, toxic, low toxic
Compatible with water 2 Same as 1, but non-compatible with water 3 Oxidizer, non-flam/non-combus, toxic, low toxic
Compatible with water 4 Same as 3, but non-compatible with water 5 Air sensitive 6 Require refrigeration 7 Compressed gas cylinder
4 groups: oxidizer, reducer, corrosive, toxic2 subgroups: empty, full
8 Unstable (explosives, short shelf life, etc)
Example: Storage Segregation Scheme
Storage in Laboratory
Small amountsSealed and securedLimited accessLabel and warning signsSegregation
Storage in Laboratory
Flammable & combustible liquids Minimize amounts Safety cans Flammable cabinet
Stockroom
Two exits Fire sprinkler & fire
alarm PPE & emergency
equipment Ventilation
Diked floor Emergency
shower/eye washer Explosion proof
electrical lights, ventilation motors, etc.
Spill Containment
Drip panLips on shelvesDrum containmentDikes on floor
• Attend to injured/ contaminated victim
• Turn on fume hoods• Open windows• De-energize electrical devices
• Select proper PPE• Neutralize acids and bases• Absorb liquids• Collect and contain residue• Decontaminate area & equipment• Document incident
YOUR SAFETY FIRST!
SMALL SPILLS
Other Issues
LabelsAccessibility controlHousekeeping & floor storageCompressed gas cylindersEmergency showers/eye washers
Example: Label
Flash Point 4°C(40 °F)
Toluene (Toluol)
WARNING! FlammableVapor Harmful
Keep away from heat and open flame.Keep container closed.Use only with adequate ventilation.Avoid prolonged breathing of vapor.Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.
Do not dispose of in building drains.
302
NFPA 704
Colors Blue: Health hazards Red: Flammability hazard Yellow: Reactivity hazard White: Special information
Numbers 0 to 4 The higher the number, the greater the hazard
NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
Accessibility Control
Authorized personnel onlyEntry securedContact information posted
Basic Safety for Gas Cylinders
Know the hazardsUse proper footwearUse cylinder cart to transportDo not drop, rollSecure when storing and close valves
when not in useMark empty cylinder
Emergency Shower/Eyewash
Available near corrosivesAccess not blockedWeekly checksPersonnel trained on usage
Lab Safety & Health Management
Written policies & proceduresResponsible personsChemical & waste managementEmergency planningEducation & training
Waste Management System
Pollution Prevention
Small-scale chemistry Inventory control and tracking system “Just-in-time” purchase Substitution Waste exchange Establish waste reduction goal Periodic self-audit
Hazardous Waste Disposal
Waste identification & inventory Proper storageEmergency preparednessTransport & disposal Recordkeeping
Hazardous Waste Classification (US EPA)
Characteristic Waste Ignitable, Corrosive, Reactive, Toxic
Listed Waste 40 CFR 261
“Mixture” & “Derived From” Rules
SOLID WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE
CharacteristicWastes
ListedWastes
“Mixture” &“Derived from”
Rules
•Ignitable•Corrosive•Reactive•Toxic
40 CFR Part 261.30
throughPart 261.33
Mixed with or derived fromlisted wastes
40 CFR 261
On-site Treatment
Armour, M. Hazardous Laboratory Chemicals Disposal Guide. Lewis Publishers. 1996.
Korenaga, T. et al. Hazardous Waste Control in Research and Education. Lewis Publishers. 1994.
(http://www.crcpress.com)
Laboratory Hazards
Laboratory Hazards
Routes of entryTypes of hazards
Chemical Biological Radiological Ergonomics
Routes of Entry
Inhalation
Ingestion
Injection
Absorption
Chemical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
FlammableCorrosiveReactiveToxicAsphyxiantNarcotic
IrritantSensitizerCarcinogenMutagenTeratogen
Fire Hazards
Flammables & CombustiblesFlashpointExplosive Limits
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
Substance Flash Point ( F)
Benzene 12 Gasoline -45 Malathion >325 Naphtha 100-109 Toluene 40
Flash Point: The minimum liquid temperature at which enough vapors are present above the liquid to ignite
% Atmospheric Concentration
0 5 15
100
LEL UEL
LEL:Lowest ignitable concentration of substance in air
UEL:Highest ignitable concentration of substance in air T
OO
LE
AN
TO
O R
ICH
Methane
Substance LEL (%) UEL (%)
Acetylene 3 82
Acetone 2.5 12.8
Ammonia 15 28
Carbon monoxide 12.5 74
Ether 1.85 48
Methane 5 15
Oxygen-rich
Ambient air level
Minimum safe entry level
Disturbed respiration, emotional upsets, abnormal fatigue
Increased respiration/heart rate, euphoria, headache
Nausea, vomiting, fainting
Gasping, respiration stops, cardiac arrest, death in minutes
23.5
12-16
10-11
6-10
< 6
21.0
19.5
% O
2
Biological Hazards
Biological Hazards
Plants, animals, animal products, microorganisms
Routes of entryBloodborne pathogens
HIV, HBV, HCV
HIV HBV
Transmission: Blood, semen Mainly bloodvaginal secretion breast milk
Strength: 10-50 1 million-100 million(Viral particles/cc blood) Up to 100 times
easier to catch than HIV
Outside Survival: A few hours Up to 7 days
Vaccination: Not available Available – 3 doses
Radiation Hazards
Radiation Hazards
Ionizing Radiation Alpha, beta, gamma, X-ray
Non-ionizing Radiofrequency, Microwave, etc
Energy (eV)10-13 10 1010
(1010 m)
Freq (Hz)
1017 103 10-6
Visible
X-rays
UV CosmicGamma
60 106 1013 1018 1023
Radio, Radar,TV
ElectricPower
Infra-red
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Induction Heating
e
e
Atom Ion PairsIonization
Positive Ion
Electron
++
Routes of Entry
InhalationIngestionDermal absorptionBroken skin
Radiation Hazards
Biological effects Somatic effects Genetic effects
Acute exposureMutagen, Carcinogen, Teratogen
Exposure Limits (OSHA)
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), whole body 5 rems/yr 1.25 rems/quarter
Ergonomics
Definition
“A science whose main purpose is to design workspaces and tools that help people do their jobs and use their tools and other products comfortably and safely”
(Oregon OSHA, 2008)
Risk Factors
Repetitive activitiesAwkward posturesExcessive forceContact stress
Vibration Inadequate rest Individual physical
status
Examples of Lab Activities at Risk
PipettesMicroscopeLab hoods & biosafety cabinetsCentrifugesWork areas & computer stations
Laboratory Exposures
Hazardous chemicals & wastesBiological agentsRadiationsErgonomics
Class Exercise
1. Form groups
2. Conduct safety survey of a laboratory
3. Identify hazards in each category:• Chemical• Biological• Radiological• Ergonomics
4. Document the results. Rank the hazards based on the degree of seriousness. (Present results tomorrow.)
Principles of Hazard Controls
“Employers should institute all feasible engineering, workplace practice, & administrative controls to eliminate or reduce hazards BEFORE using PPE to protect employee against hazards.” (OSHA 3151, 2000)
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
• Design• Ventilation
Priority of Hazard Controls:OSHA’s Requirement
• Policies• Housekeeping• Work hrs reduction• Training
Controls of Chemical Hazards
Controls of Chemical Hazards
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
• Laboratory fume hood
• Chemical Hygiene Plan• Safe work practices• Work rotation
Fume Hood: Safe Practices
NEVER STORE CHEMICALS IN HOODMake sure that hood is workingDo not put head inside hoodKeep apparatus at least 6” inside hoodAvoid swift movements Keep sash as low as possibleDo not use extension cord inside hoodKeep sash closed when hood is not in use
Other Admin Controls
HousekeepingChemical purchasing policyLab clean-out policyEnforcement of safety rulesEducation & Training
Controls of Biohazards
Controls of Biological Hazards
Engineering
Administrative
Personal Protective Equipment
• Biosafety cabinets
• Bloodborne Pathogen Exposure Control Plan• Biosafety program
Containment
Primary barrier: Biosafety cabinets (BCSs)
Secondary barrier: Facility design
Work practices & decontaminationWaste management
Primary Barrier: Biosafety Cabinets
Class I Partial containment Protects personnel & environment
Class II Protects personnel, materials, & environment
Class III Totally enclosed, -ve pressure, gas-tight
Biosafety Levels: Infectious Agents (CDC/NIH)
BSL-1BSL-2BSL-3BSL-4
CDC: Center for Disease Control and PreventionNIH: National Institute of Health
BSL-1
BSL-2
• Minimal hazards -- high school/college labs• Standard microbiological practices
• Potential hazards -- research/analytical labs• BLS-1+ limited access, sign, special training• Waste decon, med surveillance• BCSs I or II
BioSafety Levels
BSL-3
BSL-4
• Potential aerosol transmission • Serious/lethal diseases• BSL-2 + lab clothing decon, secondary barriers• BCS I or II
• High risk – life threatening diseases• Aerosol transmission• BLS-3+ change before entering, shower before exit, all materials decon before exit• BCSs III or I/II w/ TECP & +ve ASR• Isolated facility, dedicated ventilation/decon system
BioSafety Levels
Controls of Radiation Hazards
Protection Measures: External Sources
Time Direct relationship: dose & exposure duration
Distance Inverse square law (D = 1/t2)
Shielding Half-value layer
Radiation Protection FactorsTime
Shielding
Distance
1 hr, 100 mrem
2 hrs, 200 mrem
4 hrs, 400 mrem
8 hrs, 800 mrem1 m2 m4 m8 m
1/64 1/16 ¼ 1
15 62 250 1000 mrem
Source: Cobalt-60Shields at 3 ft from source
500 mR/hr
500 mR/hr
500 mR/hr
1HVL
3HVL
2HVL
250 mR/hr
125 mR/hr
62.5 mR/hr
Safe Practices
Know properties of isotopes Wear PPE and monitor badges Use remote handling tools Clean up contamination promptly Use hood Do not store contaminated materials in desk area Survey frequently
Controls of Ergonomics-Related Hazards
Pipetting
Keep arm close to bodyKeep head & shoulder in neutral
positionRotating pipetting activities (hands,
tasks, people)Take micro-breaks
Microscope
Five hrs/day maximum Keep microscope close to maintain upright position Raise microscope at an angle to look directly into
eyepiece Use armrests to support forearms Keep spinal curves at natural position Use adjustable chair Keep space under worksurface open Use footrest
Hood:• Keep mateials/instruments as close as possible• Keep body in neutral position• Take micro-brakes
Centrifuge:• Get help when lifting/removing rotors• Use cart to transport rotors
Lifting Safely
Plan the liftGet help Bend at the kneesBoth hands under loadKeep the load closePivot
Workstations Ergonomics
Workstation components Monitor, chair, desk, keyboard, mouse,
printer, telephone, etc
Workstation arrangement Forceful exertion, awkward postures
Working Position
HeadShouldersArms, elbows, wrists, handsBackLegs, knees, feet
Personal Protective Equipment
PPEPPE
“Employers should institute all feasible engineering, workplace practice, & administrative controls to eliminate or reduce hazards BEFORE using PPE to protect employee against hazards.” (OSHA 3151, 2000)
PPE
Chemical goggles & face shieldGloves & apronRespiratory protection
Do you know….
Appropriate type of PPE for your work?
The types of PPE available?
Locations of nearest emergency equipment?
PPE Standards
Face & eye protection American National Standard Institute (ANSI) ANSI Z.87
Respirators National Institute for Occupational Safety &
Health (NIOSH)
Gloves Manufacturer’s glove chart
PPE Safety
Select the right typeKeep it cleanDo not reuse disposableRecognize limitationsDecontamination
Face & Eye Protection (ANSI Z87.1-1989)
Chemical resistantChemical goggles: primary protectionFaceshields: secondary protection
Gloves
Select gloves appropriate for the taskCheck for leaksDouble if necessaryBe alert to unusual hand sensations Do not touch face, etc with gloved handsUse clean hand / dirty hand technique
Wrong Gloves Led to Acid Burns
“A Post-Doctorate Fellow was working with concentrated Sulfuric Acid. She splashed some of the acid onto her latex gloves and it quickly burned a hole through the gloves and caused a small second-degree burn. She removed her gloves and ran her hand under water for fifteen minutes.”
RespiratorsRespirators
EscapePowered APR
Self-containedBreathing Apparatus (SCBA)
Half-face APR
Full-face APR
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Air-PurifyingRespirators (APR)
Air-SupplyingRespirators (ASR)
Selection
Types: Gases/Vapors, Particulates
Oxygen Levels: Deficiency: O2<19.5%
Approved by NIOSHConcentration of toxic substance
Highlights: Respiratory Protection
Hazard AssessmentMedical EvaluationFit TestingRespirator UseEnd-of-service-life indicator (ESLI)Training
Emergency Planning
Potential Emergencies
Medical Fires & explosionsAccidental releases
Emergency Planning
Written plan & pre-ER planningPlan’s manager & respondersNotifications & evacuationsTraining & drillsSpill kit & emergency equipmentOutside assistance
Emergency Response Procedures
Notification Authority & Responsibility Evacuation First aid Risk assessment & response Evaluation & documentation Outside assistance
Emergency Evacuation
• Where is the nearest exit?
• How do I get to the exit safely?
• Where will I meet my co-workers?
• How do we know if someone is trapped inside?
• Who will rescue occupants trapped inside?
First Aid
Spill on body:• Remove contaminated clothing
• Flood exposed area with running water, at least 15 min
• Seek medical help
Splash in eye:• Rinse eyeball & inner surface of eyelid with water continuously for 15 min. Forcibly hold eye lid open.
• Seek medical help
Fire Extinguisher
AA (think: Ashes) = paper, wood, etc
BB (think: Barrel) = flammable liquids
CC (think: Circuits) = electrical fires
Using a Fire Extinguisher
Sound the alarm Identify evacuation pathSelect appropriate type P.A.S.SBack awayEvacuate
RISK ASSESSMENT: FIRE
Fire too big?•Fight: Fire has not spread, flames not higher than your head•Flee: Fire involve flammable solvents, > 60 ft2, partially hidden
Air safe to breathe?•Fight: Adequate oxygen, small quantities of toxic gases•Flee: Need respiratory protection
Too hot or too smoky?•Fight: Temperature raised slightly, good visibility, PPE not needed•Flee: Too hot within 10-15 ft of fire, need to crawl, poor visibility
Safe evacuation path? •Fight: Clear path behind you as fighting fire•Flee: Fire is not contained; fire, heat, smoke may block path
Maintenance
Monthly inspection Location Nameplate Pressure gauge Pin & tamper seal General condition
• Attend to injured/ contaminated victim
• Turn on fume hoods• Open windows• De-energize electrical devices
• Select proper PPE• Neutralize acids and bases• Absorb liquids• Collect & contain residue• Decontaminate area & equipment• Document incident
YOUR SAFETY FIRST!
Spill Response: Simple Spill
• Put on PPE• Disinfect area with 1:10 bleach, 10 min• Remove spill with sorbent towels• Dispose of towels in a red bag• Dry area with sorbent towels• Dispose of towels in read bag• Dispose of gloves in read bag• Wash hands well• Dispose of gown in red bags
Biohazardous Spill Cleanup
Summary
Hazard Controls Chemical Biological Radiological Ergonomics PPE
Emergency Planning
Class Exercise
• Work with the same group
• Return to the same lab as yesterday
• Identify existing control methods for each hazard found yesterday
• Assess effectiveness of the controls
• Report the results. Provide recommendations.
