Introduction to Linguistics Ms. Suha Jawabreh

Lecture 10

Review1 .Define the following terms :

Allophone, phoneme, phonotactics , narrow transcription, broad transcription.

2 .Give several examples of the following :a. allophonic processes in English.b. Minimal pairs c. Minimal sets

3 .Use diacritic marks (symbols) for aspiration, dentalization, nasalization correctly in narrow transcription of words.

-Allophonic processes in English:

1 .Aspiration

2 .Flapping in American English

3 .Nasalization

4 .Glottalization ( Glottal replacement)

5 .Dentalization

Syllables -What is a syllable ?

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word.

-What are the basic elements of a syllable?1.Onset ( one or more consonants)

2 .Rime ( or Rhyme) ( consists of the nucleus (the vowel) & the coda (any following consonants)

The syllable

Onset Rhyme(rime)

nucleus coda

Consonant(s) vowel consonant(s)

Analyze the syllable structure of the following one-syllable words in English.

1 .Me (CV)2 .eye (V)

3 .Kill (CVC)4 .Screen (CCCVC)

5 .Ill (VC)6 .Art (VCC)

7 .Park (CVCC)8 .Black (CCVC)9 .Text (CVCCC)

Shapes of Syllables in English

CCVC VCCCVCVCVVC CVCCCCCVCCVCCC

1.Can you give word examples of

each!?

2 .What is a consonant cluster?

Co-articulation Effects

Co-articulation is the process of making one sound -almost at the same time- as the next.

-There are two well-known co-articulation effects (phonological processes) :

1 .Assimilation 2 .Elision

Assimilation

Assimilation is a common phonological process by which one sound becomes more like a nearby sound. This can occur either within a word or between words.

Examples:1 .Assimilation in manner of articulation

e.g. Nasalization ( Any vowel becomes nasal whenever it immediately precedes a nasal).E.g. pin, ban

2 .Assimilation in place of articulation E.g. incomplete , I can go, impossible

Elision Elision is the omission of a sound segment.

Consonants disappear in pronunciation if they are:

1 .In a consonant cluster2 .In coda position

Examples:Friendship [frɛnʃɪp]

We asked him [ wi æst ðɛm]

-Vowels also disappear: Every [ɛvri]