INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL

ENGINEERING

F R A N C I S T . S . YU Pennsylvania State University

X I A N G Y A N G Y A N G University of New Orleans

C A M B R I D G E UNIVERSITY PRESS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

PRINl

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

:iPLES OF REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

Snell's Law of Refraction

Huygens' Principle

Refraction and Reflection

Spherical Wave and Image Formation

Total Reflection and Dispersion

Polarization

Polarizers

Fresnel Equations of Reflection

References

Probl ;ms

LENSES AND ABERRATIONS

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

Image Formation

Simple Lenses

Phase Retardation by Thin Lenses

Primary Aberrations

Resolution Limit

References

Problems

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

3.1

3.2

The Human Eye

Camera and Photographic Film

3.2.1 Camera

page xin

1

l

5

7

9

14

21

26

28

32

32

3 6

36

41

45

51

58

62

62

6 6

66

70

71

3.2.2 Photographic Film

3.3 Telescope

3.4 Microscope

3.5 Projection Systems

References

Problems

4 DETECTORS

4.1 Photoconductive Detectors

4.2 Semiconductor Photodiodes

4.2.1 The p-n Junction

4.2.2 Junction Photodiodes

4.3 PIN and Avalanche Photodiodes

4.3.1 PIN Diodes

4.3.2 Avalanche Photodiodes

4.4 Photomultipliers

4.5 Charge Coupled Devices

4.6 Noise and Sensitivity of Electro-optic Detectors

4.6.1 Video Detection Mode

4.6.2 Heterodyne Detection Mode

References

Problems

5 SPATIAL LIGHT MODULATORS

5.1 Acousto-optic modulators

5.2 Magneto-optic modulators

5.3 Pockel's Readout Optical Modulators

5.4 Liquid Crystal Light Valves

5.5 Liquid Crystal Television

5.6 MicroChannel Plate Spatial Light Modulators

5.7 Photoplastic Devices

5.8 Deformable Mirror Array Devices

5.9 Optical Discs

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

5.10 Photorefractive Crystals 133

References 136

Problems 136

LASERS 141

6.1 Quantum Behavior of Light 141

6.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission 143

6.3 Population Inversion 147

6.3.1 Three- and Four-level Lasers 147

6.3.2 Optical and Electric Pumping 149

6.4 Optical Resonant Cavity 150

6.5 Modes of Laser Beam 154

6.5.1 Longitudinal Mode 154

6.5.2 Transverse Mode 157

6.6 Spectral Bandwidth and Coherence

Length 158

6.7 Types of Lasers 160

6.7.1 Gas Laser 161

6.7.2 Solid State Laser 162

6.7.3 Semiconductor Laser 164

References 167

Problems 167

LINEAR SYSTEM TRANSFORMS 170

7.1 Linear Spatially Invariant System 170

7.2 Fourier Transformation and Fourier

Spectrum 174

7.3 Dirac Delta Function 178

7.4 Convolution and Correlation 181

7.4.1 Convolution 181

7.4.2 Correlation 185

7.5 Properties of Fourier Transformation 189

7.5.1 Fourier Translation Property 189

7.5.2 Reciprocal Translation Property 191

7.5.3 Scale Changes of Fourier Transforms 193

; : - : - . : : , , - • - TABLE OF CONTENTS

7.5.4 Convolution Property 195

7.5.5 Cross-correlation Property 197

7.5.6 Autocorrelation Property 199

7.5.7 Conservation Property 201

7.5.8 Symmetric Properties 202

References 203

Problems 203

DIFFRACTION 2 0 7

8.1 Fraunhofer and Fresnel Diffractions 207

8.2 The Fresnel-Kirchhoff Integral 210

8.3 Fourier Transform in Fraunhofer

Diffraction 214

8.4 The Fresnel Zone Plate 217

8.5 Partial Coherence 222

8.6 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 228

8.6.1 Spatial Coherence 229

8.6.2 Temporal Coherence 231

8.7 Coherence Measurement 235

References 239

Problems 240

INTERFERENCE 2 4 5

9.1 Condition for Interference 245

9.2 Young's Experiment 249

9.3 Visibility of Fringes 251

9.4 Michelson Interferometer 253

9.5 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 257

9.6 Two-beam Interference with Dielectric

Plates 260

9.7 Multiple Beam Interference 264

9.8 Optical Thin Film 268

References 272

Problems 272

TABLE OF CONTENTS x i

1 0 HOLOGRAPHY 275 10.1 On-axis Holography 276 10.2 Off-axis Holography 282 10.3 Holographic Magnifications 291 10.4 Reflection Holography 295 10.5 Rainbow Holography 299 10.6 One-step Rainbow Holograms 305 10.7 Color Holography 310 10.8 Photorefractive Holograms 312 References 316 Problems 316

Л Л SIGNAL PROCESSING 323 11.1 An Optical System Under Coherent and

Incoherent Illumination 323 11.2 Coherent Optical Signal Processing 329 11.3 Synthesis of a Complex Spatial Filter 333 11.4 The Joint Transform Correlator 337 11.5 White-light Optical Signal Processing 341 11.6 Hybrid Optical Signal Processing 346 11.7 Photorefractive Matched Filters 350 References 354 Problems 354

1 S FIBER OPTICS 360 12.1 Fiber Construction 360 12.2 Fiber Waveguides 363 12.3 Modal Description 369 12.4 Types of Optical Fiber 373 12.5 Optical Fiber Communications 376

12.5.1 Fiber Communication Systems 377 12.5.2 Splices and Connectors 378 12.5.3 Couplers and Switches 380 12.5.4 Time- and Wavelength-division

Multiplexing 383

TABLE OF CONTENTS

12.6 Coherent Light Wave Communication 386

12.7 Fiber Sensors 390

12.7.1 Intensity Attenuation Fiber Sensors 391

12.7.2 Interferometric Fiber Sensors 393

12.7.3 Fiber Specklegram Sensors 395

References 399

Problems 399

Index 403