Introduction to Organic Chemistry & Hydrocarbons

Packet #18

Introduction I

Organic Chemistry

The chemistry, and study, of carbon and carbon based compounds.

Why carbon?

Backbone of all life

Any object on earth that contains carbon is considered as being organic

All living things must contain carbon

Not to be confused with organic foods

Introduction II

Organic Chemistry, at the college level, is an entire course dedicated to the study of carbon.

Remember, carbon has the ability to make four chemical bonds.

Carbon, in its excited state, makes four chemical bonds because of the shifting of electrons among orbitals.

Introduction III

Organic compounds can also be defined as covalently bonded compounds containing carbon.

2/24/2016 4

Introduction IV

Carbon atoms have the ability to join in a long chain by a type of bonding called catenation

Covalent bonding resulting in a long chain {straight-chain} or a ring structure.

2/24/2016 5

Introduction V Hydrocarbons

There is a category of organic compounds, that consist of only carbon and hydrogen.

These are called hydrocarbons.

However, carbon compounds can also contain other atoms.

More to come later

2/24/2016 6

Introduction VI Biology I Honors Connection

Four Organic Compounds of Life

There are four groups of organic compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

They exist in the form of monomers or polymers. Polymers are two/more

monomers joined together. Via polymerization

Organic Macromolecules

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Organic Molecules

Monomers Polymers

Exist in two forms

Hydrocarbons

2/24/2016 8

Hydrocarbons I

Hydrocarbons, only containing carbon and hydrogen, make up the simplest class of organic compounds.

There are different categories of hydrocarbons.

2/24/2016 9

Hydrocarbons II Alkanes I

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons

Non-polar molecules

All carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds.

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Hydrocarbon

Rings

Carbon & Hydrogen

2/24/2016 10

Hydrocarbons III Alkanes II

Alkanes can be straight chained or branched

Isomers

Same molecular formula different structure

Butane & Isobutane

C4H10

2/24/2016 11

Hydrocarbons IV Alkanes III

2/24/2016 12

Hydrocarbons V Alkenes I

Alkenes

Hydrocarbons that that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

2/24/2016 13

Hydrocarbons VI Alkenes II

2/24/2016 14

Hydrocarbons VII Alkynes I

Alkynes

Hydrocarbons that contain one or more triple covalent bonds.

2/24/2016 15

Hydrocarbons VIII Alkynes II

2/24/2016 16

Notice the isomer of butyne compared to the previous slide (picture).

Hydrocarbons Rings

2/24/2016 17

Hydrocarbons VIII Hydrocarbon Rings

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbon Rings

In some hydrocarbons, the carbon chain is in a ring form.

Compounds that contain a hydrocarbon ring are called cyclic hydrocarbons.

2/24/2016 18

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes Hydrocarbon

Rings

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Carbon & Hydrogen

Hydrocarbons IX Hydrocarbon Rings

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

Cyclopentane Cyclobutane

2/24/2016 19

Hydrocarbons X Hydrocarbon Rings

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

2/24/2016 20

Hydrocarbons XI Hydrocarbon Rings

Cyclic Hydrocarbons

2/24/2016 21

Review

Hydrocarbons

2/24/2016 23

Hydrocarbons

Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Hydrocarbon

Rings

Carbon & Hydrogen