Upload
truongtruc
View
231
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
2
3
4
• B.Sc Hons Polymer Science in 1986
• Textile research
• Explosives manufacturing
• Plastics Federation of SA in 1990
• Technical trainer
• Technical Support Manager
• Started own company in July 2007
• Plastics advice, information, assistance &
training
Annabé Pretorius
5
Discussion points for today
1. Waste Hierarchy
2. Different plastics
3. Facts & Fiction
4. Environmental friendly packaging
5. Questions
6
Packaging
Packaging:
Protects and preserves; Extended shelf life
Makes modern lifestyle possible
• Convenient, on-the-go
• Single person households – smaller portions, more
packaging
• Less preservatives
Carries vital information
Provides public health solutions - tamper-evidence
Keeps hazardous contents from children
Complies with legal requirements
Provides branding opportunity
7
Packaging
Packaging attracts media attention:
Environmental impact – energy
• Packaging vs. food supply system
• Packaging vs. shopping, storing and cooling
Manufacturers use excessive packaging
Major contributor to waste
Most litter is packaging
No, or very little, recycling of packaging
Packaging carries a health risk
8
Waste hierarchy
Most favoured
option
Least favoured option
Prevent
Reduce
Re-use
Recycle
Recover energy
Dispose of
9
Prevent waste
No packaging - “naked” packaging
10
Prevent waste
Fresh meat
Food wastage
Not an option!!
11
Re-used packaging
Using the product for exactly the same, or
similar application
12
Re-used
13
Re-used packaging
Milk
14
Re-used packaging
Milk
Crates
15
Re-used packaging
Milk
Crates
Health risk
Consumer takes responsibility
for hygiene
Not always an option !
Seldom convenient !
16
Reduction of waste
Reduction, i.e. less
packaging, less waste,
without compromising the
preservation function of
packaging
17
What is the
driver? Why
should the
consumer buy
it?
•17
18
Reduction of waste
Less material:
• Thinner bags
• Lighter tubs, tubes
• Smaller packs
• Material replacement
• Less ......
Minimum material – thinner – less !
PET wine bottles
19
Recycling of waste
Recycling is not collection!
Waste re-utilisation
Most common form of recycling in SA
is mechanical recycling
20
Plastics recycling
228 057 tons of plastics recycled in
2009 – 18,3%
165 770 tons of packaging recycled
28,9% of all packaging was recycled
21
Plastics tonnages recycled
(2009)
•21
PE-LD/LLD, 92,381, 41%
PE-HD, 36,547, 16%
PP, 43,000, 19%PET, 33,870, 15%
PVC-P, 11,645, 5% PVC-U, 3,845, 2%
PS, 3,389, 1%Other, 10,614, 4%
PMMA
ABS
Other
PA
22
Recover
Recovery of the contained energy
Energy is measured in Joules
Plastics contains more energy than
coal
23
Recovery of energy
MaterialsEnergy
(MJ/kg)
Gas 46
Polyethylene, Polypropylene,
Polystyrene 45
Coal 28
PVC 18
Paper 15
24
Recovery of energy
Not yet in South Africa
Packaging waste initiative includes energy
recovery – Waste Act 2009, but
non-recyclables only
Solid fuels as “Alternative fuels” for power
stations and cement kilns
Liquid fuels (2011??)
25
Dispose of Landfill
26
27
51 500 tons recovered from
landfills in 2009 (23%)
28
Waste hierarchy
Prevent
Reduce
Re-use
Recycle
Recover energy
Dispose of
Most emphasis !
Least favoured option
29
Discussion points for today
1. Waste Hierarchy
2. Different plastics
3. Facts & Fiction
4. Environmental friendly packaging
5. Questions
30
Different plastics
40 different families of plastics
Roughly 20 of them are common
everyday use materials
“Big 5” for packaging
31
Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET)
32
Would it be
safe to re-use
my PET water
bottle?
33
High density polyethylene
(PE-HD)
34
High density polyethylene
(PE-HD)
•34
35
Poly(vinyl chloride)
(PVC)
Clingwrap
36
Low density polyethylene
(PE-LD)
37
Which one?
38
Polypropylene (PP)
39•39
Integral hinge
and a “5” at the
bottom – surely
PP!
40
Polypropylene (PP)
•40
41
42
Polystyrene (PS)
•42
43
Injection
moulded PS
(conventional)
44•44
Expandable PS
45
Packaging materials
1.PET
2.PE-HD
3.PVC (Flexible and Rigid)
4.PE-LD
5.PP
6.PS (PS-HI, GPS, PS-E)
46
47
Discussion points for today
1. Waste Hierarchy
2. Different plastics
3. Facts & Fiction
4. Environmental friendly packaging
5. Questions
48
49
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics use up valuable natural resources
Plastics are a major cause of the greenhouse
effect
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health (BPA,
phthalates, dioxins)
Plastics should all be biodegradable
Plastics are the major cause of litter
Banning thin plastic bags will reduce litter
Plastics are filling up available landfill sites
50
51
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics use up valuable natural
resources
52•52
53
From crude oil to monomer(In South Africa we use coal)
Diesel & Heating Fuel
70%
Light petroleum spirit
20%
Others
10%
Crude oil
100%
Motor fuel
13%
Raw materials for chemicals
7%
Plastics
4%
Other chemicals
3%
54
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics use up valuable natural resources
True in absolute terms, but the minimal percentage of fossil fuels which go into the manufacture of plastics is more than offset by their low mass and the resultant savings in fuels during transportation.
It also plays a significant role in the conservation of other resources like trees…
55•55
Plastics use up valuable natural resources
56
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are a major cause of the
greenhouse effect
57•57
Expandable PS
58
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are a major cause of the
greenhouse effect
Contrary to general believe, plastics play a significant
role in minimising the greenhouse effect by virtue of
lower CO2 emissions when compared to other
packaging forms.
59
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
PE-HD Cardboard Glass*
Carbon dioxide Emissions in grams
(Milk packaging)
* Acknowledged that glass is re-used but causes emission of a further 144g
on each trip, e.g. washing and capping
Plastics are a major cause of the greenhouse effect
60
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
61
Facts or Fiction...
Do not re-use your water bottle...
Don’t leave your water bottle in the hot
car...
8 reasons why you should not drink
bottled water...
62
Water bottles
“…one contaminant that
appears regularly in reused
water bottles was DEHA, a
suspected human
carcinogen that is known to
cause weight loss and liver
and reproductive
problems…”
63
1. DEHA = Di-2-ethyl-Hexyl-Adipate = DOA
2. DEHA = Di-ethyl Hydroxyl Amine (not found in PET or in the production of PET bottles)
3. DOA, is one of the organic contaminants commonly found at trace levels in drinking water
4. A Calgary University student study water bottles and found bacteria in school children’s bottles. They reported it as being DEHA Should have said DOA!
64
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
65
Additives leach out of the toys into the
mouths of babies...
Vanilla teething rings, BPA and phthalate
free...
Cling film is not microwaveable
Facts or Fiction
66
Soft PVC
Soft toys
Teething rings
Cling wrap
67
Medical applications
68
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
69
Facts or Fiction...
How safe is your baby’s bottles?
Only buy BPA-free bottles...
Dangerous chemical can leach from
baby bottles...
70
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
Bisphenol A is found in metal containers
(lining), metal closures and is a building block
for Polycarbonate.
Daily tolerable intake is so small that a baby
should drink 80 bottles of formula in one day
and eat the bottles!
71
72
Facts or Fiction...
Polystyrene is not plastic...
Polystyrene cannot be recycled...
Polystyrene is not safe in the
microwave...
73
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
Styrene monomer can leach out of polystyrene
if heated to above its softening point. Not a
good idea to keep food in PS-E containers for
extended periods in ovens, neither to heat it up
in your microwave – oily contents is the
problem, not the PS-E!
At normal temperatures (< 45 C) no problem!
74
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
Plastics are non-toxic and, in most cases, can be
considered as totally inert in normal use. No toxic
effluents are generated during manufacture.
•74
75
Dioxins are a family of chemical
substances which are produced in many
types of combustion,
e.g. such as cigarette smoke,
car exhausts or even a braai!
http://www.incpen.org/html/dioxinguide.htm
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
76
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics should all be biodegradable
77
Green Packaging
Claims – Green washing
100% compostable in commercial
composting facilities
Easy to compost
100% biodegradable
Can be used for bio-energy
Recyclable and Compostable
78
Degradability and other terms
Degradability
Ability of materials to break down, by:
• bacterial (biodegradable),
• thermal (oxidative) or
• ultraviolet (photodegradable) action.
79
Biodegradable
Biodegradable materials
Degradable due to the action of micro-
organisms and enzymes (such as fungi or
bacteria)
The mineralisation of organic structures by
micro-organisms converts the bioplastics
into CO2, methane, water and biomass, i.e.
it decomposes
Plastics are not biodegradable
80
Oxo-biodegradable
Oxo-biodegradable plastics
Materials made from traditional plastic with
an additive that initiates degradation under
the action of heat, UV and oxygen
This kind of material could encourage
littering, doesn’t degrade in landfill, and is a
real danger for marine life
81
Bio-plastics or Biomass materials
Bio-plastic
A bio-based plastic is a plastic derived
from a renewable source, e.g. corn,
sugar cane, starch, etc
Can be recycled, but not with other
materials in normal recycling stream
Not necessarily biodegradable
82
Compostable
Compostable plastics
Degradable due to a biological process occurring
during composting and are converted into CO2,
water, and biomass
There are no toxic side effects
Conform to an officially recognised standard
(EN 13432)
There are no commercial composting sites in SA
83
Get more on:
http://www.pro-europe.org/files/
Factsheet_on_bioplastics_230309.pdf
84
Biodegradability?
Technologists mimic nature by using the
environmental forces of heat, oxygen and sunlight
to cause degradation leading to biodegradation
In direct sunlight from 30 June to 25 Feb – 8 months; Only the RHS bag was “oxo-biodegradable”
85
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics should all be biodegradable
Biodegradable plastics are available, at a price, but
do not biodegrade in landfill sites. Most plastics are
photo-degradable, i.e. they are degraded by the UV
rays of the sun and break up into smaller pieces
which become incorporated into the soil with no
harmful effects.
86
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics should all be biodegradable
Biodegradable plastics are available, at a price, but
do not biodegrade in landfill sites. Most plastics are
photo-degradable, i.e. they are degraded by the UV
rays of the sun and break up into smaller pieces
which become incorporated into the soil with no
harmful effects.
…..all of them biodegradable?
87
Plastics are the major cause of litter
Facts or Fiction?
88•88
Plastics are the major cause of litter
Post-consumer waste of all types is a
major environmental problem, as well
as a highly visible one.
Littering is an extremely serious
problem in South Africa
89
Facts or Fiction?
Banning thin plastic bags will reduce
litter
May 2003:
• All bags must be thicker than 30µm 20%
• Printing must be less than 50%
90
“Banning” thin plastic bags will reduce litter
Beverage
can
2 litre PET
bottle
Checkers
bag
1955 73 g
1975 56 µm
1979 68 g
1982 30 µm
1985 54 g
1999 31 g 47 g 15 µm
2003 30 µm
91
Facts or Fiction?
Plastics are filling up available landfill
sites
Despite the widespread use of plastics
packaging, analysis of the solid waste stream
shows that plastics represent only 7% by
weight and 18% by volume. Other materials
account for the bulk of waste.
92
% Landfill composition by weight
Plastics are filling up available landfill sites
Food
8,1%
Other
8,6%
Glass
9,7%Metals
9,6%
Plastics
7,2%
Building &
Construction
17,9%
Paper
37,1%
Misc
1,8%
93
Facts or Fiction ?
Plastics use up valuable natural resources
Plastics are a major cause of the greenhouse
effect
Plastics are toxic and harmful to health
Plastics should all be biodegradable
Plastics are the major cause of litter
Banning thin plastic bags will reduce litter
Plastics are filling up available landfill sites
94
95
Discussion points for today
1. Waste Hierarchy
2. Different plastics
3. Facts & Fiction
4. Environmental friendly packaging
5. Questions
96
Environmentally friendly packaging
Ensure packaging can be recycled
If not, minimise material usage
Don’t lie to the consumer – green washing
97
Recycling of packaging
Design for recycling
• Choice of material(s)
• Application of labels
• Additives in material
98PET bottle, PVC sleeve PE-HD bottle, PVC sleeve
Design for recycling
99
Recycling of packaging
Design for recycling
• Choice of material(s)
• Application of labels
• Additives in material
Material identification codes
100
1 PET
2 PE-HD
3 PVC
4 PE-LD
5 PP
6 PS
7 Other, e.g. ABS,
PC, PETG
101
102
Should have said “2” for PE-HD
103
Universal Recycling
Symbol
Material Identification
code
Neither says anything about the recyclability of
the product
Neither indicates if it will be recycled in South
Africa
104
Recycling of packaging
Design for recycling
• Choice of material(s)
• Application of labels
• Additives in material
Material identification codes
Commitment towards
recycling initiatives
105
106
Discussion points for today
1. Waste Hierarchy
2. Different plastics
3. Facts & Fiction
4. Environmental friendly packaging
5. Questions
107
To summarise
1. Packaging is integral part of product
2. Environmental accountability and
sustainability
3. Waste hierarchy
4. Partner with packaging provider and
recycling initiatives
5. Commitment towards spent-product