Upload
rodger-stevenson
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
INTRODUCTION to Psychological Disorders
“Parents Go On 'Track Watch' After Calif. Teen Suicides”
“Surgery for Mental Ills Offers Both Hope and Risk”
“MDMA-Assisted Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)”
“A rise in mental-health help on campus: Colleges respond as more students seek help for problems small or serious.”
“Ruminative Self-Focus and Negative Affect: An Experience Sampling Study”
“Developmental structure of genetic influences on antisocial behavior across childhood and adolescence.”
Defining abnormality
How would you define a “psychological disorder?”Please get in pairs and follow the
handout instructions
Defining disorder
Key elements of symptoms (according to DSM):• disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or
emotions• associated with significant personal distress
or impairment• stem from an internal dysfunction --
biological, psychological, or both
Criticisms?
DescriptionDescription
CausationCausation
Treatment/OutcomeTreatment/Outcome
Study ofStudy ofPsychologicalPsychological
DisordersDisorders
Understanding Pathology
Describing Disorders
DSM-IV Diagnostic
system for classifying psychological disorders
Various classes of disorders: anxiety, mood, dissociative, etc.
Potential problem of Diagnosis
Diagnoses can become labels Consequences of labeling
Impact on others? (e.g., Rosenhan study)
Impact on self? (“I’m ADHD”)
Stigma 70% of people with diagnosable mental
disorders do not seek treatment… stigma-related?
– HistoricallyHistorically
– Medical modelMedical model
– Biopsychosocial modelBiopsychosocial model
Bio-psycho-social Perspective
Biological(heredity; brain
structures; neurochemistry)
Psychological(maladaptive learning & coping, cognitive biases,
Interpersonal probs)
Socio-cultural(socialization, stressful
life circumstances,social inequities)
Treatment / Outcome
Treatments should stem from:• an attempt to understand multiple
causes• research that has provided
evidence of significant effectiveness for specific problems
(i.e., Evidence-based Treatment, EBT)
DescriptionDescription
CausationCausation
Treatment/OutcomeTreatment/Outcome
Study ofStudy ofPsychologicalPsychological
DisordersDisorders
Case study: Depression
Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Loss of appetite and/or weight loss, or conversely
overeating and weight gain Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Restlessness or irritability Feelings of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt,
helplessness, hopelessness Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions Thoughts of death or suicide or attempts at suicide Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that
were once enjoyed, including sex Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling sluggish
Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood Loss of appetite and/or weight loss, or conversely
overeating and weight gain Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping Restlessness or irritability Feelings of worthlessness, inappropriate guilt,
helplessness, hopelessness Difficulty thinking, concentrating, making decisions Thoughts of death or suicide or attempts at suicide Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities that
were once enjoyed, including sex Decreased energy, fatigue, feeling sluggish
Describing Depression
BiologicalBiological
Mood Disorders – Causal Factors
Heritability estimates (40%) (e.g., twin studies: MZ vs DZ twins -- 3 X risk)
Drugs that affect NTs (e.g., dopamine and serotonin) can relieve depression. Is this a NT-deficit, then?
Brain findings (limbic-cortical dysfunction)
Heritability estimates (40%) (e.g., twin studies: MZ vs DZ twins -- 3 X risk)
Drugs that affect NTs (e.g., dopamine and serotonin) can relieve depression. Is this a NT-deficit, then?
Brain findings (limbic-cortical dysfunction)
Psychological factors (e.g., Cognitive-behavioral explanation)
1Stressful
experiences
4Cognitive and
behavioral changes
2Negative
explanatory style
3Depressed
mood
Cognitive styles
(e.g., attributions, rumination
Socio-cultural factorsPovertyDiscriminationExpectations of what it means to be happyLevel of violence in society (exposure to
trauma)Environmental factors (e.g., sunlight)