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INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
◦Personality◦A solid core of traits reflecting the unique essence of a particular human being◦That core of thoughts and feelings inside you that tells you how to conduct yourself.
◦Your personality is more than just an “attitude.” It is what causes you to act and react the way you do.
What you’ve done so far…
◦The Color Code Test◦Red – Power◦Blue – Intimacy◦White – Peace◦Yellow - Fun
◦Reds and Blues spend their lifetimes trying to control others. ◦Whites and Yellows spend their lifetimes refusing to be controlled.
◦This year 85% of employees who lose their jobs can attribute it personality conflict.
Strengths & Weaknesses For each color
◦Red◦Leader, focused,
responsible, committed◦Blue◦Loyal to people,
sincere, honest, moral◦White◦Tolerant, patient,
cooperative, good listener
◦Yellow◦Positive, friendly,
optimistic, open
◦Red ◦Arrogant, bad listener,
tactless, critical of others
◦Blue◦ Judgmental,
unforgiving, suspicious, irrational
◦White◦Timid, lazy, dependent,
directionless◦Yellow◦Uncommitted,
inconsistent, self-centered, rebellious
What do I do with my color?
◦Using your color, write your first name in the COLOR you were matched with
◦Decorate your name
◦Cut it out
◦Tape it neatly on the back of my door
You have siblings?Your Birth Order can often show
about you!
◦Oldest/Only◦Treated like an adult, given more responsibility, an
example, independent.
◦Middle◦Peacemaker, work hard for attention, calm and even-
tempered, good/average student.
◦Youngest◦ Spoilt, strives for attention, matures quickly, easy-going
about school, irresponsible
Chapter One: Introduction, History, and Research Methods
◦What is psychology?◦The science of behavior and mental processes.◦Science – because psychologist use scientific research in their studies to understand more. They collect data and analyze it.
◦Behavior & mental processes – the scope of what psychologists study is so vast. ◦All observable behaviors can be studied as well as mental processes including thoughts, feelings and dreams.
Psychology’s founding fathers:Wilhelm Wundt
◦The “Father” of psychology
◦1879 – first lab devoted to psychological experiments.
Psychology’s founding fathers:
◦1892 – G. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association (APA).◦1905 – Mary Whiton Calkins becomes first woman President of APA.◦1905 – Alfred Binet develops the first intelligence test.
Can any one psychological
perspective answer all of psychology’s
questions?
Psychological Perspectives
◦Psychological perspectives, schools of thought, and psychological approaches are all synonyms for ways psychologists classify collections of ideas.
◦Ex: Look at this real life possibility: Do you help the person who spilled their bags of groceries? Why do some people help when others don’t?
◦Each perspective has an explanation.◦And there are six different ones…
#1: The Cognitive Perspective
◦Popular since the 1960’s.◦School of thought that focuses on how we take in, process, store and retrieve information.◦Focuses on how people think!
◦People involved: James and Piaget
◦Ex: Helping the person with the groceries is a function of how we think about or interpret a situation.◦We may choose to help the shopper because we think it will make us look good to others; or won’t because we think helping might make us look silly.
Psychology's founding fathers:William James
◦1st American psychologist.
◦1st psych textbook author – 1890.
◦Functionalism:◦Goal of psychology
was to study the functions of consciousness, the ways consciousness helps people adapt to their environment.
Psychology’s founding fathers:Jean Piaget
◦Worked on how children develop their thinking abilities.
◦Developmental and cognitive psychologist.
#2: Biological Perspective◦School of thought to focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought, or emotion.◦People involved:
◦Ex: Could remind us that levels of a naturally occurring “feel good” chemical in our brain that could affect helping behavior.◦Those lacking in this element could feel depressed and not help the person with their groceries.
#3: Socio-cultural Perspective◦School of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different settings or situations.◦People involved:
◦Ex: Helping is more likely to occur if you’re with a couple of friends and 50 feet from your front door; and less likely if you’re in a crowded, big-city movie theatre lobby where few faces are familiar.
#4: Behavioral Perspective◦School of thought that focuses on how we learn observable responses.◦Believe people learn certain responses through rewards, punishments, and observation.
◦People involved: Pavlov and Watson
◦Ex: a person who helps has previously observed someone being rewarded for helpful behavior.◦Like y’all and bonus cards?
Psychology’s Founding Fathers:Ivan Pavlov
◦1906 – Pavlov’s dogs◦He studied animal learning and fueled a move in psych toward interest in observable behavior and away from the self-examination of inner ideas and experiences.
Psychology’s founding fathers:John B. Watson◦Launched behaviorism◦Dominant perspective of
the 20th century.
◦Behaviorist perspective:◦Studied only observable
and objectively describable acts.
◦Don’t waste time studying unconscious…can’t see it!
◦Made science more objective and scientific.
◦Today behaviorism focuses on learning through rewards and observation.
#5: Humanistic Perspective◦School of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and capacity for personal growth.◦Healthy people strive to reach their full potential.
◦People involved: Maslow and Rogers
◦Ex: A person who has met their safety/physiological needs (hunger, thirst, shelter) would be able to reach out socially and help another person in need.
More on Humanistic…◦Humanistic psychology
(1960), 3rd force.◦Abraham Maslow and
Carl Rogers◦Emphasized conscious
experience as the proper focus for psychology.
◦Humans have free will and will strive for full potential by making smart decisions.
◦Rejected that humans are controlled by rewards and reinforcements.
◦Maslow’s Hierarchy
#6: Psychodynamic Perspective
◦Contemporary name; formerly known as psychoanalytic perspective.
◦School of thought that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
◦People included: Freud
◦Ex: Helpful behavior results from an unfulfilled childhood wish to have one’s mother accept one’s offer to help.
Psychology’s Founding Fathers:Sigmund Freud◦Stereotypic therapist, with a pen and pencil listening to a patient on the couch.
◦1900, introduced first complete theory of personality… psychoanalysis.
◦Publishes The Interpretation of Dreams.
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective
◦Focused on abnormal behavior, which Freud attributed to unconscious drives and conflicts, often stemming from childhood.
◦Relied on personal observation and reflection instead of controlled laboratory experimentation as its means of discovery.
Problems with Psychoanalysis◦Claimed to be scientific, but relied on self-reported reflections…not scientific methods.◦Died in 1939, many theories have since been disproved and some out of date.◦But some of his ideas are still with us:◦Freudian slip◦Anal-retentive
◦Psychodynamic Theory◦Our unconscious thoughts, inner conflicts, and
childhood experiences significantly affect our personality and behaviors.
New Areas of Psychology!
◦Behavior Genetics:◦Focuses on how much our genes and our
environment influence our individual differences and behavior.
◦Combo of biology and behaviorism.
◦A psychologist interested in behavior genetics might ask two questions: Is there a helpfulness trait? If so, is it triggered into action by growing up in a family that promotes and values helping those in need?◦Yes? – and you have the trait and a family that
promotes it, you will be helpful.◦Thus, helping behavior is a product of learning and
an inherited genetic trait.
New Areas of Psychology!
◦Evolutionary Psych:◦Study behaviors that helped our ancestors survive
long enough to reproduce successfully.
◦Positive Psych:◦Focus: to study and promote original human
functioning.◦Martin Seligman◦Promotes building positive qualities of people, not
repairing the worst things.
Careers in Psychology:
◦Basic research:◦Pure science or research◦Research for the sake of finding new information and
expanding the knowledge base of psychology.
◦Clinical Psychologies:◦Diagnose and treat patients with psychological
problems.◦Largest number of professional psychologists.
Careers in Psychology◦ Applied Research:
◦ Research designed to solve specific practical problems.◦ Marriage counselors, education counselors, organizational counselors,
etc.