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4/5/2019
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purdue.edu/extension
EA/EO
Introduction to raising pastured pork
Valerie ClingermanPurdue Extension‐Knox County
Extension Educator‐Agriculture and Natural Resources
Outline
*Goals*Breed selection*Pasture*Feed/water*Shelter*Pest management *Biosecurity/traceability*Useful tools*Marketing
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About pigs…
• Highly intelligent and social‐equal to or greater than dogs!‐Very curious and explorative‐They will try to communicate with
you‐Can be a curse or blessing, be ready!
NC Cooperative Extension “Pastured Pork Basics”https://stokes.ces.ncsu.edu/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/Pastured‐Pork‐Basics.pdf?fwd=no
Goal settingWhy do you want to do this?
‐Teach youth about livestock ‐Fill your freezer‐Know where your food is coming from/better flavor ‐Space‐Preservation‐Sales/business
Have a mentor!
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Goal setting continued
What are your goals? ‐Breeding/Farrowing‐Feeder pigs/Meat production‐Blend? ‐Crossbred, purebred, heritagebreeds
Goal setting-breed selection
• Breeds characteristics include:*Lard production/leanness*Meat quality*Growth rates*Mothering ability and docility*Large litters*Hardiness to climate/pasture production/durability
Do your homework!
Pork.org
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Advantages and disadvantages of pasture productionAdvantages of pasture in swine production• Lower feed costs on good pasture.• Provides exercise and nutrients needed by breeding sows.
• Lower capital investment per production unit.
• Good use of land not suitable for cropping.
• Better isolation and disease control.• Decreases waste management problems.
• Decreased cannibalism.
Disadvantages of pasture system• More labor required for handling, feeding
and watering.• Possibly greater problems with internal
parasites.• More labor in farrowing.• Possible decrease of crop land.• May require slightly longer for hogs to
reach market.• Lack of environmental control in extreme
weather.
Forages for swine, University of Missouri: https://extension2.missouri.edu/g2360
Horse high, pig tight, bull strong
NC Cooperative Extension “Pastured Pork Basics”https://stokes.ces.ncsu.edu/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/Pastured‐Pork‐Basics.pdf?fwd=noPenn State https://extension.psu.edu/programs/courses/swine/nutrition/forages‐for‐swine/what‐type‐of‐fence‐will‐i‐need‐to‐pasture‐hogs
Need strong perimeter fencing!*Woven wire, high‐tensile, or hog wire can be used*Bottom wires should be 1.5‐2” apart*Fence height at least 40”*Electric wire near the bottom*High tensile: 8‐10 strands, 2nd and 4th electrified
Interior fencing*3‐4 strand hot fence. Make sure fence is consistently on and develop maintenance plan (5‐6” wire spacing nursing pigs)*For sows and growing‐finishing hogs‐10” and 18”*Hog panels—expensive $$$
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Horse high, pig tight, bull strong
NC Cooperative Extension “Pastured Pork Basics”https://stokes.ces.ncsu.edu/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/Pastured‐Pork‐Basics.pdf?fwd=noPenn State https://extension.psu.edu/programs/courses/swine/nutrition/forages‐for‐swine/what‐type‐of‐fence‐will‐i‐need‐to‐pasture‐hogs
Loading or scale area fencing*Needs to be strong and narrow, solid wall best! *Lighting, shadows*Moving objects*Other distractions
*Get at their level‐>300 degrees view
PasturesLegumes-Provide higher protein, calcium, and carotene than grass-alfalfa, ladino, sweet clover, red clover, and lespedeza (alfalfa and ladino probably best)
Perennial grassesOrchardgrass, endophyte-free tall fescue, timothy, and bromegrass
Grass-legume pasture mixes perform as well as legume alone, also reduces risk of loosing legume through heaving and stress kill
Forages for swine, University of Missouri: https://extension2.missouri.edu/g2360
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Stocking rates
Sows with litters 6‐8 per acre
Pigs from weaning to 100 pounds 15‐30 per acre
Pigs from 100 pounds to market 10‐20 per acre
Gestating sows 8‐12 per acre
Stocking rates will depend upon soil fertility, quality of pasture and time of year. Recommended pasture stocking rates are:
These recommendations assume the use of good quality legume pasture under conditions of adequate moisture.
Forages for swine, University of Missouri: https://extension2.missouri.edu/g2360
Rotational grazing
https://cefs.ncsu.edu/wp‐content/uploads/designing‐pasture‐subdivisions‐for‐practical‐management‐of‐hogs‐2015.pdf?x47549
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Woods
• Provides shade and diversity of food• Nut bearing trees can be a “free” food and improve pork
flavor• Paddocks work best in the woods and is needed for
maintaining healthy trees• Monitor tree health• Rotate through paddocks • Broadleaf plants can be planted if enough sunlight
penetration-peas, kale etc. do well in the winter
NC Cooperative Extension “Pastured Pork Basics”https://stokes.ces.ncsu.edu/wp‐content/uploads/2017/07/Pastured‐Pork‐Basics.pdf?fwd=noCornell http://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2016/01/11/pigs‐n‐trees/
https://ucanr.edu/sites/placernevadasmallfarms/Livestock/Swine/
Wallow management
• Pigs don’t sweat, so they roll in mud/water to help regulate temperature/insect management
• They will create a wallow if you do not provide one
• Can sacrifice an area
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Feed
Nutrition needs-grain• Pre‐mixed feed
‐Different blends for the life stage of the animal‐read labels!‐Check quality‐Best if just getting started
• Grinding feed‐Protein‐ soybean meal, cotton seed meal and alfalfa hay‐Carbohydrates‐corn, milo and barley‐Fat‐corn oil, soybean oil, vegetable oil‐Vitamins and minerals‐Other feed additives‐Grinding you own feed requires a lot more equipment, tractor, grinder, feed storage
• Mycotoxins! Get good corn.• Feeders
‐Self feeders‐should have food access 24/7, cover
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Water Needs
Class gallon/pig/dayGestating sow 2 to 3Lactating sow 4 to 5Starting pig (13 to 45 lb) .5 to 1Growing pig (45 to 130 lb) 1Finishing pig (130 to 250 lb) 1.5 to 2
https://animalscience.unl.edu/Extension/Swine/swinenutrition.pdf
Water Pointers*Pigs play *Fresh, assessable, nipple watering systems *Have a plan for winter/summer management
http://porkgateway.org/resource/water‐recommendations‐and‐systems‐for‐swine/
Item 12-30lb 30-75lb 75-125lb 125lb + Breeding herd
Pigs/nipple 10 10 12-15 12-15 12-15
Height, inches 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 30-36
Table 2. Nipple drinker stocking and height recommendations [15].
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Shelter• Mobile shelters
-A-frame-Shade cloth-Pig huts
• Permanent structures-Hoop house-Modified Open Front
-Natural shade(woods)
Needs to be sturdy!
Small Scale/Pasture Raised Pork, J. Humphrey, T. Safranski, University of Missouri
Summer cooling>80 degrees, can have heat stress on pigs over 100lbsProvide:1) Water/misters/wallow2) Shade3) Ventilation/fans4) Adjust feeding times5) Adjust animal handling times
https://extension.psu.edu/keeping‐pigs‐cool‐in‐the‐summer‐heat
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Cold temperaturesPigs up to 50 lbs are very sensitive to cold weather
Provide:1) Shelter2) Reduce drafts3) Heat lamps/mats4) Deep straw bedding5) Plastic/wood/rubber flooring
vs concrete/metal6) Keep pigs dry7) Limit multiple stressors
https://extension.wsu.edu/animalag/content/environmental‐management‐of‐young‐pigs‐during‐cool‐weather/
Issues/management Prevention first!• Buy from reputable breeder• Rest pastures-every third year • Clean/disinfect tools and boots• Vaccinate—withdrawal times—
recordkeeping!• Sick bay• Veterinarian Client Patient Relationship
(VCPR)• Biosecurity practices
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Issues/managementIssues• Soil based parasites/bacteria• Flies/other insects/plants• Diseases-viral (influenza), respiratory• Genetic or injury -neurological• Sun burn/other skin issues• Hernia• Death
http://poisonousplants.ansci.cornell.edu/php/plants.php?action=display&ispecies=swine
RecordkeepingPig identification• Ear tags/notches• Pen/paddock numbers• Appearance (if small enough
numbers)• Tattoos
Daily observations/medical• Write it down!• Document medicines/vaccines
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Traceability-Premise ID Number (PIN)• Indiana requires registration of all premises associated with
livestock that are bought, sold and/or exhibited.• Register through IN State Board of Animal Health (BOAH)• Your information is protected• BOAH uses this in case of an animal health emergency so
they can notify any nearby farms
• More information at https://www.in.gov/boah/
Manure managementIf you have areas to clean out and have excess manure/bedding, remember:• Have a manure management plan • Setbacks/environmental/odor• Clean pens help with pest management• Pen arrangement
• Office of Indiana State Chemist (OISC)‐ regulatory agency‐oversees fertilizer rule in IN https://www.oisc.purdue.edu/fertilizer/forms.html
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BiosecurityBiosecurity‐prevent transmission of disease and disease agents on the farm• Internal‐Prevent disease movement within herd‐Sick pens ‐Sanitize feeders/tools
• External‐Keep disease out‐Boots‐Vehicles‐Visitors
• Rodent/pest control‐Remove feed sources‐Prevent cover/shelter‐Bait/trap
Safety
Human• Minimize time you have to be in pen
‐Feed/water from outside• Cleaning protocol• Training• Emergency contact info.
Pig• Make sure to check feeders, fencing, shelters
• When sick avoid being with pigs (if possible)
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Useful tools
Marketing-Have plan A and B• Meat, piglet, breeder sales only profit option• Stockyards not viable
-PQA+ training-Premise tags
• Meat-direct to consumer or restaurants-Whole/half animals or individual packages-Check local licensing requirements/IN Dept.
of Health• Processors
-Federal vs State Inspected
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Questions?
Valerie ClingermanPurdue Extension‐Knox County4259 N Purdue Rd. Vincennes 47591812‐882‐[email protected]