INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING

AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Prof. Dr. Abudeif A. Bakheit

Geology Department. – Faculty of Science

Assiut University

This representation was prepared from

different power point representations about

remote sensing and its applications.

What is Remote sensing?

•“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).

•This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying that information.

1- Aerial Photography

2- Multispectral Images

3- Active and Passive Microwave and LIDAR

• Balloon photography (1858)

• Pigeon cameras (1903)• Kite photography (1890)• Aircraft (WWI and WWII)• Space (1947)

Images: Jensen (2000)

NOAA- Resolution:1.1x1.1 km

30x30 m LANDSAT TM - Resolution:

IKONOS - Resolution: 1x1 m

QUICKBIRD -Resolution: 0.7m x 0.7m

NOAA: USAOrigin

:1.1x1.1 kmResolution(4bands)

:Temporal ResolutionTwice daily

1:1,000,000Scale

Egypt

Landsat-TM7

: USAOrigin

: Resolution30x30 m

(multispectral)15x15 m

(panchromatic)

:Temporal ResolutionEvery 16 days

1:100,000Scale1:50,000

Egypt, The Pyramids

IKONOS

: USAOr igin

: 1x1 mResolution

:Temporal Resolution11 days

1:5,000Scale

QuickBird

USANationality:

Resolution: 0.7m x 0.7mPanchromatic

:Temporal Resolution5 days

1:2,500ScaleAlexandria

Image: Bainbridge Island, WA courtesy Pudget Sound LIDAR Consortium, 2005

SRTM Information:11-day mission, February 2000, collected 80% of the Earth’s land surface (60ºN to 56ºS latitude)

Products:• 30-meter product available for USA areas• 90-meter product for USA and non-USA areas• Ortho rectified radar images

Absolute vertical accuracy specification:16 meters

Four Basic Components of a RS System:

1. Radiation source (i.e. the sun, radar)

2.Transmission path (i.e. atmosphere, vegetation canopy)

3. Target (i.e. river, soil)

4.Sensor (i.e. multispectral scanner, photographic film)

SPECTRAL LIBRARIES

- ASTER – Library, 2000 spectra of minerals, rocks, soils, man-made materials, water and snow: http://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov,Range of spectra 0.4-14 µm.

- USGS Spectral Library, 500 minerals and plants:http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib04/spectral-lib04.html,Range of spectra 0.2-3.0 µm.

SENSORS

Three main types of sensors used• Optical (Visible/IR)• Radar (Microwave)• LiDAR (Mostly NIR)

Different types of sensors are:• Gamma radiation • Aerial photography• Multispectral scanners • Thermal sensors• Microwave sensors • Lasers

Spatial Resolution

Source: Jensen (2000)

Temporal Resolution

Time

July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3

11 days

16 days

July 2 July 18 August 3

Remote Sensing data costs

1. image rectification (i.e. atmospheric effects, radiometric or geometric distortions etc.)

2. image enhancement (e.g. contrast-, edge-enhancement, color composites or ratio's)

3. information extraction (supervised and unsupervised classification)

IMAGE PROCESSING

Three groups of image processing/ analyses activities can be recognized:

UNSUPERVISED CLASSIFICATION

-A set of N clusters is arbitrarily located in band space. In some systems, these locations are randomly assigned.

-Pixels are then assigned to their nearest cluster location. After all pixels have been assigned, a new mean location is computed.

-The last two steps are iteratively repeated until no significant change in output is produced.

Remote Sensing applications

• Remote Sensing applications-Monitoring Changes in Cultivated Lands

Egypt, New Cairo

• Remote Sensing applications-Plotting and Updating Maps

الطائرات الهيكلية والحقيقية

• Remote Sensing applications

في مجال األرصاد الجوية

• Remote Sensing applications

تسجيل وتتبع العواصف

• Remote Sensing applications

السيول والفيضانات السيول والفيضانات

• Remote Sensing applications

رصد العؤاصف الترابية وسحب الدخان

• Remote Sensing applications

• Remote Sensing applications-Monitoring Environmental Polluted Areas

• Remote Sensing applications-Monitoring Sand Dunes Movements

Ras Mohamed

• Remote Sensing applications-Monitoring Changes in the shore lines

GISGISFunnelFunnel

DATABASE

MapImage

Digitalproduct

GPSTextdata

Tabulardata

Map

MapImage

Suggested TextsSuggested Texts

-Jensen, J. R. 2000: Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective. Prentice-Hall Inc.

-Susan,N. U., 2004: Remote sensing for natural resourcesmanagement and environmental monitoring, J. Wiley.

Introduction to Remote Sensing from BEO CD-ROMhttp://telsat.belspo.be/beo/noflash/menu_ nl.htmhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/start.html