7/14/2011

1

Course IntroductionTransportation – II ,

BE, Civil, IV/I

Course Outline•Full Marks : 125•Theory : 100•Internal: 20•Final : 80•Practical: 25•One day field visit

Books and References

- Transportation Engineering I course manual by: Parthamani Parajuli

- Highway Engineering I & II by C A O’Flaherty

- Highway Engineering : :S.K. Khanna: C.E.G. Justho

Course Outline

1) Introduction to Transportation Planning and Engineering2) Highway Surveys3) Geometric Design of Highways4) Hill Roads5) Highway Drainage6) Highway MaterialLaboratories

CH-1 : Introduction

Transportation system

-defined as the application of technology and scientific principles

-to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation

-to provide the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods.

A transportation system consists of

- Fixed facilities: physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute the network of links and nodes

- Flow entities: Units that traverse the fixed facilities Vehicles considered only in terms of their generic characteristics such as size, weight and acceleration and deceleration capabilities rather than their specific technological design

- Control system:Vehicle control, Flow control

Modes of transportation

7/14/2011

2

Secondary Modes

Ropeways

Belt Conveyors

Canals

Initially cities were pedestrian oriented

Private transportation—horseback and animal drawn carriage

Public transportation –in the form of sedan chairs in European cities and rickshaw in Japan

First public transportation –Pascal—horse drawn service in Paris

Cable car

History of urban transportation system Commuter rail roads—between suburban areas and cities during peak hours

Underground steam engine rapid transit—1863 London

Motor bus for urban transportation system—IC engine—1920—transition to the hybrid trolley bus system first

Private automobile

-Taxi

Rapid transit—all exclusive right of way system

- Light rail transit and buses—operated in mixed traffic

- Personal rapid transit

7/14/2011

3

Articulated System:- flow units can be connected to form trains

- articulated bus (bandy bus)

- Dual mode system—vehicles can operate on street under manual control and on automotive guide ways

- Demand responsive system: Taxi , Dial a ride

Maglev Train

Light Rail Transit

Cable Cars

Articulated Bus Jitney Services

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Continuous planning

Part of overall regional and national transportation infrastructure

Policy decision at one level may have severe effects onproposed plans Transportation plan affect its ownenvironmental when implemented. This change ofenvironment will modify the demand—invalidates the criteriaand input used in the initial formulation of the plan.

Prime determinant of trip generation activity—land use

Types of planning1. Short term2. medium term3. long term

Short/medium termless complexNo great demand on construction activitiesNo large scale capita l requirementsConcerned with obtaining maximum capacity or optimal operation from existing facilities

Long termComprehensive and strategic transportation planningVery complex problemhuge financial expenditureinvolves large and extensive construction programsaffects the economic, social and natural environmentsDesired solution can only be achieved through carefullyconstructed policy making at the multi levels of governmentand administration involvedCould be solved best through systems approach

7/14/2011

4

System approachSystem analysis•forces and strategies needed for the achievement of an objective.•Clear evaluation of the combinations of all the elements of problem and thoseSystem engineeringOrganizing and scheduling the complex strategies from problem solution and development of proceduresTackling the problem considering all facets of the problemUse of scientific methodsWorking as per predetermined sequenceScientific decision

Elements of long term transportation planning

*3 basic elements

1. Forecast the demand

2. Description of economic, social and environmental changes

3. An evaluation of the system in terms of benefits and dis-benefits

Land use transportation model

Calibration phase: models are built and tested using data from a base period

Projection phase: determine future transport demand based on socio-economic projection for a design year.

Types of Transportation Model •Population model•Economic activity model•Land use model•Trip generation model•Trip distribution model•Modal split model•Traffic assignment model

No. of models have been developed that relate changes in land use to such independent variables as:•Accessibility to employment•Percentage of available vacant land•Land value•Intensity of land use•Measures of zone size•Amount of land in different uses

Road Transport

Focus of IOE transportation engineering I course is on road transportation only.

Advantages of Road Transport• Wide geographical coverage• Large influential area• Low capital investment• Door to door service• Flexibility• Quick and assured deliveries• Highest employment potential• Low cost of packaging• Personalized travel and service• Economy• Safety

DisadvantagesSafety

Land coverage

Environmental pollution

Economy

Energy consumption

Parking

7/14/2011

5

Highway engineering and its scopeThe science which deals with:planningdesignconstructionoperation andmaintenance of roads and roadway facilities

for the convenience of road traffic is known as HIGHWAYENGINEERING.Answers the questions as:How highways are planned and designed? how they are constructed andmaintained? Answers to each of these questions contribute to the development of the subject.

Continue……..

Development, Planning and location

Highway design

Materials, Construction and maintenance

Traffic operation and its control

Roadside development, landscaping and other road furniture

Economics, Finance and administration

Continue……..

Modern RoadsDifferent types of bituminous roads

Cement concrete roads

Nepal Road Standard:

Classification Criteria

Traffic Flow

Location / Function

Tonnage

Historical Development of Roads and Road Construction in Nepal

7/14/2011

6