W A T E R E N E R G Y N E X U S

W A T E R C H E M I C A L E N E R G Y

Introduction to Vortex Process Technology

IdeabehindtheTechnology?

Technology

VortexProcessTechnology

generatesstrongvortexmotionincontrolled

environments

Operations

Mountedindifferentapplications

Nomovingparts

Noneedforenergysources

Effectiveness

Non-adheringlimeparticles

Removesairbubbles

Decreasesviscosity

Increasesconductivity

Increasesheatcapacity

• Thedesigncausesafluidtoformintoanorderedvortexmovementresultinginbeneficialchanges

• Isalow-energy,highefficiencybiomimeticdisruptivetechnologythatimproveswaterquality,reducesrelatedenergyusageandimprovesprocessoperations initstargetedapplications

• IsapatentedtechnologydevelopedinSwedenbyWatreco A.B.SwedenwithinternationalpatentsDistributedworldwidebyH20Vortexs.a.r.l.LuxembourgandinNorthAmericabyCypressLtd.

• Primaryapplicationsofthistechnology include• Physicalwatertreatmentincoolingtowers• WatertreatmentforicemakingforIceRinksandotherenduses• Aerationforwater/waste,rivers,aquaculture

• ObservedbenefitsbasedonexistingcustomersusingVPTandpublishedMeasurementandVerificationprojectsinclude:

1. WaterSavings2. EnergySavings(ElectricandNaturalGas)3. Processimprovements(improvedO2ppm,productivity/yield,etc)4. ChemicalSavings

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VORTEX PROCESS TECHNOLOGY (VPT)ENABLES A FLUID TO FORM INTO AN ORDERED VORTEX MOVEMENT

WhatisVPT?

• Pre-former:Inletofthevortexgeneratorprovides smoothoutwarddirectionoftheflowthrough toroidalmotion towardasetofwell-definedchannels.Channels:Thefluid isdirectedthroughasetofchannels,eachwithvortex-forming geometry.Eachchanneldeliversaveryhighvelocitystreamofvortexflowtangentiallyintoavortexchamber.

• Vortexchamber:Vorticesfromthechannelsformastrongandstablevortexflow.• CausingastronglyreducedpressurealongthevortexaxiswithaverylowcentralpressureThereisveryhighpressureattheperiphery andalmostvacuuminthecentre.

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TechnologyDescriptionVortexProcessTechnology(VPT)

• Micro-bubblesinwaterpulledintotheextremelow-pressurechamber.Micro-bubblesthatarepresentmigratetowardsthecenterwherethelowestpressureisandaccelerateddue tothepressuregradienthttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWcBEPlj2-I

• Thebubblesexpandandcombineinthecenterwithavery lowpressure• Thestronghydrodynamic forcecreatescavitationchangingthewaterbalanceandaffectsthecalciumcrystalsinthe

water• Asbubblesareremovedadecreaseinviscosityof5%-17%occurs.• Heatcapacity:+5%foriceand+3%forliquidwater• Controlled Cavitation: leadstotheformationoflimeparticlesinhardwater.Theprocessresultsinlowpressureandhigh

temperaturemicro-zone(solubilityofCaCO3decreases)causingthedissolvedcalciumandcarbonateionstoreactandformcolloidalcalciumcarbonatecrystals.ThisincreasespHandallowstheparticlestoactasincubationsitesfordissolvedcalciumandcarbonateionstogrowon, inlieuof,metalsurfaces.

• Fragmentation:Alreadyformedlimeparticlesfragmentastheymovethrough thepressuregradientsandshearforces• Precipitation- nuclei formation:

• Calciumbicarbonate(CaHCO3)2 inthewaterisforcedtoprecipitateoutintheformofcalcite(CaCO3)– primarilyaragonitecrystalswhichhaveminimalscalingproperties– doesnotprecipitateonwarmsurfaces

• Suchparticlesactasseeds(crystallizationnuclei)fornewlimegrowth.Newlimeformationwilladdtothelimeparticlesratherthancauselime-scalingontheequipment.

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TechnologyDescription

• Aerationofwater(introducing oxygenintowater)isanimportantandcentralpartinseveralwatertreatmentprocesses, rangingfromwastewatertreatmenttoaquaculture.

• Byintroducingoxygenandthevortexmovement,itispossible tocontrolthegrowthofalgaeinreservoirsfordrinkingwaterorgreywaterponds byonly theuseoftheairandwithoutanychemicals

• Inwastewatertreatment,itismainly usedtokeeptheaerobicprocessefficientwhenthebacteriaarefeedingonthewaste.

• Within aquaculture,itisvitalforaerationandmixingofnutrientsforgrowthandlivingconditions.

AERATION- MUNICIPALWASTE WATER &AQUACULTURE:FLOWMIX

• WiththeFlowMix technology,waterispumped throughandairisdrawnintothedeviceandmixedwiththewaterflow.

ExampleInstallation• Watrecohasdeveloped asystemthathasbeentestedinthefield, intheriverDommeln,Eindhoven. Thefirstsystemconsistedof10FlowMixunits,workinginparallelandiscapabletointroduce28– 33lbs ofoxygenperhour.

• Alargersystemisplanned forthesamelocationin2016tointroduce550lbsofoxygenperhour.

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TechnicalBackground

MarketFocus– RiverAeration

Location: Dommel River,EindhovenNetherlands

TypeofInstallation: Flowmix

Date: April-August 2014

Application: RiverWaterQualityImprovementProblemStatement: Improveoxygenlevelsandwaterqualityafter

rain/effluentoverflows

ü Aerationcapabilityprovenü Lowenergyusageconfirmedü Underwaterinstallation– novandalismü Robusttechnologywithstandingdirtandtypicalriverpollutionü Friendly tolocalecosystem

Implementationapproved,contract awardedtoWatreco foraerationoftheDommel River.

Summaryandfullreportsavailableuponrequest

MarketFocus- Agriculture

Industry: Irrigation- AgriculturalIndustryApplication: VortexTreatedWatertoenhanceproductivityofcropsFeature: EliminationofLimeandAirbubblesBenefits: Increaseofabsorptionofthenutrientsbyplants=increaseplant

growth,plantviability,cropyield,weight,shelflife.

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Utility Programs

Customer Energy Advisor

Emerging Technology Vetting

Customer Services 24/7/365

SoCalGasClearIce– basedonIVGtechnologySDG&EZeroEnergyLossDrainAirCompressorsSDG&EandSoCalGasGasCoolingXcelEvaporativepre-coolingCAState-wideThermalEnergyStoragePilot

CalPolyCentralPlant– EnergyStorageLAColdStorage,CityofHope– CoolingTowersATTDataCenter– PeakLoadReductionCityofEdina,MN- GasandElectricSavingsSateofNevada– M&VforallPerformanceContracts

VPTTechnology– SCE,ERPIExtremeLowNH3ZEROGWPRefrigeration- SCE,DirectEvaporativePre-Cooling - XcelCirculatingBlockHeatersforGensets – EPRISolaroptimizationwithDCstorage

BoulderCounty IncentiveProgramsGeneral800#,onlinechatand“helpdesk”supportWeb-basedatabases,customeronlinedashboards,workflowmanagement,customdatabaseandutilitysolutions

Operatingsince1990andfocusedonenergyandutilitymarketshttp://www.cypress-ltd.com

AboutCypress

• Thewater-energynexushasbeenafocusofSouthernCaliforniaEdisonandthePUCevenpriortotherecentCAdraught

• Reducingwaterusage,theabilitytore-useblowdownwaterandmonitoringperformancecosteffectivelyarepriorities

• Ourdiscussionfocusisonwatercooledcoolingtowersandareviewofaphysicalwatertreatmenttechnology(PWT)thathasapositiveimpact

ü SiteBenefits:Reducedwater,energyandchemicalusageü PotentialSystemBenefits:Reducedembeddedenergyfor

waterdistributionandtreatment

• ExampleCA: EPRIestimatesthat6,985GWhor~35%outofthetotal20,061GWhoncoolingandrefrigeration isused inwatercooledequipment

• Ifonly30%oftheCAcooling towerswereabletoincreasetheirCOC from3to5estimatedwatersavingsisover625millionsgallonsannually– andthisdoesnot includeanypossiblere-useofblowdown water

2011

2015

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2,184,022,516

104,001,072

-

500,000,000

1,000,000,000

1,500,000,000

2,000,000,000

2,500,000,000

Yr1 Yr2 Yr3 Yr4 Yr5 Yr6

Potential AnnualWaterSavings @MarketAdoptions Ratesof5%/year

(3COC to5COC)

Cumulative AnnualWaterSavings

COOLING TOWERS REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITY TO REDUCE WATER AND ENERGY USE

OverviewCoolingTowers

• Currentlyinstalledby35+customersinintheEU• Recentlyevaluated*bySCE/CypressinCalifornia

atacustomerfacility• Challenge:Demonstratereducedwater,

energyandchemicalusagethroughPWT• Results:Demonstrated3.8%Energy,42%

Water,33%Chemicalreductions• COCfrom1.8to4.2

• EPRIthroughaCECgrantselectedCypressandVPTtechnologyforproject

• PhaseIDetailedevaluationattwolargesites• PhaseIIMarketdevelopment2016– 2018• BasedonVPT-CT

VORTEX PROCESS TECHNOLOGY (VPT-CT)FOR COOLING TOWERS• Successfullydeployedandhasachieved

initialmarketadoptionatinstallationsintheEU:Breweries,FoodProcessing,CommercialOffice,DataCenters,IceRinks,ChemicalManufacturing.

• Example:

• ’AfterdeploymentoftheVPT-CT,theevaporativecondensercanbeoperatedwithoutchemicals.Theapplicationwaswithouttheformationoflimescaling,corrosionormicrobiologicalactivity.

• Byrecyclingthetowerwateritispossibletoachieve100%watersavingsbydeployingrinsewaterfromthebrewery.’

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TechnicalBackgroundVPT-CT

Watersavings• OperatingthecoolingtowersathigherCOC (5- 10)• SavesWaterthoughlowermake-upwater• Dependingonsitewater,canreuseup to100%blow-downwaterforotherpurposessuchasirrigation,lowersewerdischarge

• Earnscustomerwaterincentives

Reducechemicaluse• Reducedoperationalcostsofpurchasedchemicalsandlowerservicecosts

• Reducedtoxicelementsinblow-downwater• Moresustainable,supportsacirculareconomy

SaveEnergy• Betterheattransfer,degradesandpreventscoolingtowerscale

• EmbeddedEnergy:Additionalupstream/downstreamkWh/kWsavingsfromreducedwaterpumpingandwatertreatment

Continuous PerformanceMonitoring• MonitoringandControl systemintegratedwithdeliveredtechnology

• ConsistentwithBestPractices• Webaccessandreports

15%– 40%WaterSavings

50%-95%Reduction Usage/Discharge

2– 4%Reduction-Chillers

ConsistentResults

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WhatareatypicalVPT-CTproject’sgoals?

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Configurations

1)Removesmicro-bubbles ofairresulting inadecreaseinviscosityfrom5-17%andhasbetter heattransfer propertiesScalecontrolandpartial bacteriacellwalldisintegration

• Removesunbound gasses(air,CO2)fromthewaterbyavacuuminthemiddleofthevortex–controlled cavitationduetothedesignoftheunit

• Calciumbicarbonate (CaHCO3)2inthewaterisforced toprecipitate outintheformofcalcite(CaCO3)– primarilyaragonitecrystalswhichhaveminimalscalingproperties – doesnotprecipitate onsurfaces

4)UV-Cmicrobiological controlsystem

3)Filtering:Byautomatic filtering thecooling watercontinuously, thelimeparticles andother materialisfiltered outofwater.Therearemanuallyandautomaticfilters providedwitharangeof10- 20microns offilter material

Optional Nano Filtration depending on site conditions

2)Eliminates and/orsignificantly reduceslimescale inwatertreatedusingtheVPT-CTsystemsolubleformsofcalciumsuchascalciumbicarbonate (CaHCO3)2 aretransformed intocalcite andaragonite,whichdonotattachtopipes, nozzlesorother surfacesandaremoved.

5)Continuous sPerformanceMonitoring (PBI)Industrial gradeSCADAcontrol panelwithsensorinputs withbothlocaland/orremotemonitoring andtrending tocontrol cyclesofconcentration basedonwaterqualityconditionsincluding conductivity and/orflow-basedcontrols.Automatic blow-down control, Waterflowmonitoring etc.

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SummaryTechnologyProcess- CoolingTowers

• OneoftheCountry’sLargestInvestor-OwnedUtilities– 50,000squaremiles– 14million residents

• 23yearsofEEResults– 23BillionkWhSaved

ü Enough topower3.4millionhomes

ü GHGReduction– 10.4millionmetrictons

ü Equivalentoftaking2.2millioncarsofftheroad

• In2015:857MillionkWhsaved

AboutSouthernCaliforniaEdison(SCE)

AWARENESS

EDUCATIONADOPTION

• Create awareness of policy drivers

• Communicate impacts to customers

• Educate key stakeholders (internal/external)

• Best practice sharing from utilities, market & industry

• Provide incentives that drive adoption

• Yield energy savings/GHG Reduction

SCEApproach

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