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All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007
Introduction to WiMAX
WIMAX Network Engineering Training
Ahmed El-Gebaly
PSS & TI / Network Engineering
Weeks 31 & 32, 2007
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20072 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Agenda
1. What’s WiMAX
2. WiMAX Market description
3. WiMAX standardization
4. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solution
5. WiMAX PHYsical layer description
6. Capacity Calculation
7. MAC layer description
8. MAC layer network procedures
9. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Product description
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20073 | Introduction to WiMAX| August 2007
1. What’s WiMAX
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20074 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
What’s WiMAX?
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
It is a substitution to fixed line broadband access technologies as ADSL.
And substitutes the cellular technology by mobile VoIP
There are a lot of business models for WiMAX:
• BWA (Broadband Wireless Access) technology for rural areas where no fixed lines are available or very costly
• Coverage of cities with BWA in competition to fixed lines, as an equivalent to WLAN with larger coverage
• Backhauling of WLAN / WiMAX Hot Spots by using the microwave properties of the WiMAX technology
• Broadband 4G mobile technology with mobility up to 120km/h
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20075 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
2. WiMAX Market description
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20076 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketMarket Drivers
It is going Broadband It is going Wireless
• Increasing demand for multimedia data hungry applications
• Multiple types of usage: professional, entertainment, radio &TV
Broadband Wireless Access
• Access to services everywhere with every terminals
• Means to address copper-less areas
• End-user’s readiness to pay “mobile” premium
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20077 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketMarket Drivers
VOIP: A strong telecommunication industry trend
High Speed Internet:•Peak rate: 4 Mbps DL, 512 Kbps UL, unlimited volume
Mobile TV:•Few broadcast channels and 100+ unicast channels for unlimited usage.
Mobile Gaming:Full interactivity, low latency for both server-based or peer-to-peer gamers.Leveraging the location+presence+speed info to enhance level of the game
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20078 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketMarket Drivers
Next Billion users
• Combine BB connectivity and voice enabled services (VoIP)
• Kiosk, residential and nomadic
Enable new mass market Enable new mass market
Convergence on WiMAX 802.16e
Next generation Mobile Broadband users
“End-user is expecting low cost voice and
internet connectivity”
“Operators want to address untapped customer base”
“User is ready to pay premium for a new breed of applications”
“ Operators want to get more value from existing customer base
• Broadband in the pocket (e.g. mobile office, gaming)
• Mobile IPTV in addition to Voice, Data, Video
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 20079 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketDefinition of Services
Fixed Wireless DSL• DSL Services for fix end user location (home, office)
• Indoor or Outdoor CPE (Customer Premise Equipment)
• Main Feature Improvements : NLOS, Indoor Applications and Full Plug & Play Modem
Internet in The Pocket• Main Features Improvements : PCMCIA and embedded chipsets
• Nomadicity• User authentication and service authorization across multiple base stations.
• No support for application or session continuity (no handovers/no resources reservation)
• Portability• User authentication and service authorization across multiple radio access
technology
• Supports session continuity (no real time applications)
• Reservation of resources in nomadicity
• Full Mobility• Support for real-time applications such as voice via session continuity.
Wifi
Like
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200710 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketAccess Systems: WiFi versus WIMAX
WAN
(Internet / Intranet)
NetworkAccessSystem
NetworkAccessSystem
userLAN
user
user
user
userLAN
user
long(er) distances short distances
high capacity medium capacity
QoS mandatory QoS not mandatory
licensed frequency bands unlicensed frequency bands
scheduled access contention based access
IEEE 802.16 IEEE 802.11
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200711 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX market Access Technology is evolving towards Higher Bandwidth
ADSL, ADSL2plus
Fiber
GSM/GPRS
Mobility
Bandwidth
Cable
EDGE
DVB-SSatellite
UMTS
UMTSR5 & R6
WLAN802.11
802.16 WiMAX
CDMA2000 1X
CDMA2000EV-DO
CDMA2000EV-DV
VDSL
Dial-up
DVB-S2Satellite
Beyond 3GAnd 4G
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200712 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX market Access convergence
Fixed operators expanding
Mobile operators expanding
Fix
ed
op
era
tors
Mob
ile o
pera
tors
2
1
1
4
DSL
2G/3GEDGE/HSDPA
Fixed On the pause Full Mobile
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200714 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX marketCPE prices
2006
50$
2007 2008 2009
100$
150$
200$
250$
Yearly sales (k units)
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Pricerange
x
x
x
PCMCIA
x
Low Cost CPE
Embedded
Multi-users CPE
Simple CPE
Outdoor CPE
2 phones4 PC
WiFi
1 phone
1 PC
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200715 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
3. WiMAX Standardization
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200716 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardizationIEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.16IEEE 802.16(Dec. 2001)(Dec. 2001)
IEEE 802.16aIEEE 802.16a(Apr. 2003)(Apr. 2003)
IEEE 802.16-2004IEEE 802.16-2004(July 2004)(July 2004)
IEEE 802.16-2005IEEE 802.16-2005(December 2005)(December 2005)
FWA > 11 GHz
•FWA <11 GHz•OFDM•AAS optional •64QAM optional
Rev.d•UL sub-channeling•AAS definition mechanisms
•BPSK mode
Rev.e•Scalable OFDMA•Smart antenna•IP Mobility (handover)•Power save Mode•MIMO ready
LOS Near LOS Non LOS
Installation required at CPE side (outdoor antenna)
FixedFixed
Outdoor CPE(indoor only proprietary)
FixedFixed
No CPE InstallationNLOS
Improved penetration & coverage
Fixed, Nomadic, MobileFixed, Nomadic, Mobile
20052005
Plug Fest Real tests
20062006
Rev-DRev-D Rev-ERev-E
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200717 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Main aims• Like WiFi for 802.11• Interoperability (IOT)• Certification• Technical platform• Promotion
Principles• Support IEEE 802.16 standard • Propose and promote access profiles for their IEEE 802.16
standard
WiMAX standardization WiMAX Forum Principles
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200718 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization Profiles of the standard
802.16e• SOFDMA• mobility• AAS•……
standard
802.16-2004• OFDM• OFDMA• AAS• TDD• FDD• ……
standard
802.16
standard
802.16a
standard
802.16gstandard
• OFDM• TDD• …
profile x
• mobility• …• AAS
profile y• SOFDMA
Certification lab.
certification&
interoperabilitytests &
procedures
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200719 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization Profiles of the standard-Example
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200720 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization WiMAX Forum member companies
More than 385 companies among which Equipment/System Suppliers• Main
−Alcatel-Lucent, Siemens-Nokia, ZTE, Motorola, Huawei, Nortel, Cisco, Ericsson, Samsung
• Others−Airspan, Alvarion, Aperto, SR Telecom, WiLAN, Navini, Airnet, Proxim, Redline, Marconi
• Components Suppliers−Intel, Andrew, Analog Devices, Fujitsu, Filtronic, Broadcom
• Operators−France Telecom, Deutsche Telecom, British Telecom, Telenor,
Telefonica, −Korean Telecom !−ATT, PCCW, Qwest, Nextel, Sprint, SBC, Dishnet−Eircom, Euskaltel, Cellcom
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200721 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization 802.16 IEEE standard overview in IEEE 802
IEEE 802.15 -Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN ETSI HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11 -WirelessLAN
ETSI HiperLAN
IEEE 802.16 -WirelessMAN
ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.20(proposed)
3GPP, EDGE (GSM)
IEEE 802.15 -Bluetooth
WAN
MAN
LAN
PAN ETSI HiperPAN
IEEE 802.11 -WirelessLAN
ETSI HiperLAN
IEEE 802.16 -WirelessMAN
ETSI HiperMAN & HIPERACCESS
IEEE 802.20(proposed)
3GPP, EDGE (GSM)
WRANIEEE 802.22
IEEE 802 : the LAN/MAN Standards Committee
6 Working Groups
• IEEE 802.15−WPAN – Personal
• IEEE 802.11−WLAN - Local
• IEEE 802.16−WMAN - Metropolitan
• IEEE802.20−Wireless Mobility
• IEEE 802.22−WRAN - Regional
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200722 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization 16(e) vs. 16(d) profiles
• 16e has more valuable feature set • For real cellular design• More powerful radio features available (e.g. Sub-channelling, CTC, SOFDMA, …)• Common set for better interop.
• Only 16e provides mobility• Handover• Idle mode, Power saving
•16d mandatory feature set is 16a based
• Optional: Sub-channelling, CTC,
STC, AAS …
IO: Interoperable Option (i.e. optional in BS, mandatory in terminal)
FTG(802.16-2004)
MTG(802.16-2005, 802.16e)
PHY layer OFDM 256 SOFDMA
Duplexing FDD/TDD TDD
BW 3.5, 7, (10) MHz 3.5, 5, 7,8.75, 10 MHz
FEC Convolutional CodesConvolutional Turbo Codes
Sub-channeling No Yes
AAS NoYes (IO)
Alcatel day one
MIMO No 2x2 STC and SM (IO)
Mobility No Yes
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200723 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization Why 16(e)?
802.16 2004 802.16 e
3 or 4 (depending on spectrum), 1At least 3Frequency reuse
Optional in BS (Alcatel supported feature)
Mandatory in CPE (minor impacts on CPE)
Optional in standard
Not included in profile
Smart antenna
128FFT/1.25MHz ~2048 FFT/20MHz256 FFTScalability
SOFDMAOFDM
(Bandwidth waste for small packets)Modulation
TDDMainly FDD, TDD
(More interoperability cases)
Duplexing mode
Up to 120 Km/hNoMobility
Idle modeNoPower save
Outdoor + Indoor CPEs +
PCMCIA + embedded chipset
Outdoor CPE mainly
Indoor CPE sometimes as 802.16e
CPE
NLOS (Non LOS)
Better Indoor & Cellular coverage
Better Outdoor FWA performance
Near LOS
Optimized for Outdoor
Fixed Wireless access
Coverage
802.16e advantages
Mass market Coverage
Optimized spectrum
Usage
CPE cost
Interference reduction
Evolution
Simpler interoperability
More CPEselection
Mobility
IOT enabler
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200724 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX standardization Why 16(e)? (2)
802.16e
SOFDMAMultiple access OFDM
=improvedRange
SOFDMAScalable OFDM
=improvedThroughput
Handover
=Improved
Mobility
Idle Mode
=Longer
Usage
Always with Advanced Antenna systems
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200725 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
4. Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solution
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200726 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Solutions
A.7387 (W1) based on 16dFixed w-DSL
Near LOS deploymentOutdoor Directive CPE antenna
OFDM256 – FDD
A.9116 (W2) based on 16e
Nomadic / cellular
NLOS deploymentOmni CPE antenna
SOFDMA – TDD
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200727 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent Standalone solution
OMC-R
WACBS
WiMAX RANWiMAX RAN
Outdoor CPE
Indoor CPE
INTERNETINTERNET
HA
Pure IP Network
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200728 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
802.16e Access Network ArchitectureElements Description
• MSS, SS and CPE: Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS), Subscriber Station (SS) or Customer
Premise Equipment (CPE) all mean the user equipment.
• BS stands for Base Station and controls the air interface between RAN and SS. It implements the physical and MAC layers.
• The WiMAX Access Network Controller (WANC) bundles, controls and concentrates the BSs
network elements.
• The Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC-R) collects:−Performance Counters−Alarms−Network Statistics
• The Authentication, Authorization and Accounting (AAA) server is responsible to ensure
the billing and services of the user.
• The Home Agent (HA) is in charge of handling the Mobile IP protocol.
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200729 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
5. PHYsical layer description
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200730 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16-2004 / 802.16e A technical digest
IEEE 802.16d
• PHY Layers−Single Carrier
−OFDM 256
IEEE 802.16e
• PHY layers− Single Carrier
− OFDM 256
− SOFDMA, multiple FFT
− AAS
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200731 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHY IntroductionWhy OFDM?
ISI
Inter Symbol Interference
• Function of
Symbol duration−Delay spread
ISIt
Mobile/NLOS
environment
• Multipath
• High delay spread
t
+
t
High data rates
• Short symbol duration
−Ts = 1/BW
• 16 QAM, 64 QAM, …
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200732 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction OFDM - the Basic Idea
OFDM is the right technology to handle multipath:
• Built in guard time to mitigate Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
Tx Rx
symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1t
symbol #1symbol #2
ISI
symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1t
symbol #1
symbol #2
ISI
Guard time is defined to absorb the ISI period
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200733 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction Relation between Bandwidth and Symbol duration
• Bandwidth of a carrier and symbol duration are reciprocal
• Wide carrier bandwidth means short symbol time (transmission resource is the frequency – you cannot change physics)
• Narrow carrier means long symbol duration
BandwidthTsymbol
1
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200734 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
symbol #1
symbol #1
symbol #1
symbol #1symbol #1symbol #1
•High data rates imply high symbol rates (Baud rate)
•High symbol rates imply short symbols (in the time domain)
OFDM - the Basic IdeaInter-symbol Interference (ISI)
•Multipath effects
• B receives multiple copies of same symbol, shifted in time
•For same multipath delays, short symbols encounter more significant ISI than long(er) symbols
•To minimize the ISI , and therefore increase resistance to multipath effects (better system operation in multipath generating environments), long symbols should be used in the transmission channel
•But long symbols means low symbol rate (Baud rate) and therefore, low channel capacity . . .
A B
t
symbol #1
symbol #2
symbol #1
symbol #2
t
ISI
ISI
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200735 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
• To increase the overall channel capacity, the symbols will be transmitted as independent streams, carried by multiple carriers
• Multichannel overall capacity remains, since longer symbol duration is compensated by more carriers (relation between bandwidth and symbol time)
OFDM - the basic ideaFrequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
t
symbol #1 symbol #5 symbol #9 symbol #13
t
symbol #2 symbol #6 symbol #10 symbol #14
t
symbol #3 symbol #7 symbol #11 symbol #15
t
symbol #4 symbol #8 symbol #12 symbol #16
on frequency #1
on frequency #2
on frequency #3
on frequency #4
One broad carrier
1 2 43 5 6 87 9 10 1211 13 14 1615
t
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200736 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Introduction Comparison GSM - OFDM
f f
BW allBW all
BW carrier
Overall spectrum 200 kHz 200 kHz
Carrier bandwidth 200 kHz 50 kHz
Symbol duration 5 µs 20 µs
Symbols per carrier 1 1
Parallel transmitted symbols 1 4
Symbols transmitted in 1 sec. 200 k 200 k
GSMGSMNarrowban
dNarrowban
d
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200737 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
• The spectrum of the FDM signal is the superposition of channel spectra
• As channel spectra have components on ALL the frequencies, Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) occurs, affecting the energies present on the carrier frequencies
OFDM - the basic ideaInter-channel Interference (ICI)
To minimize ICI, carriers have to be located well apart in the frequency domain, which implies low spectral efficiency . . .
f f
The RED carrier encounters ICI from both the BLUE and the BROWN carriers
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200738 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaTime Domain / Frequency Domain useful Fourier transforms
sin t
sin t +
sin 2t2
Signal
(time domain)
Graphic representation(time domain)
t
t
t
t
Mathematicalrepresentation
Signal
(frequency
domain)
T
T
A
ff
A
ff 2f
Fourier series components
Fourier Transform (FT)
Inverse Fourier transform (IFT)
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200739 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaTime Domain / Frequency Domain useful Fourier transforms
Signal
(time domain)
Graphic representation(time domain)
t
t
t
Mathematicalrepresentation
Signal
(frequency
domain)
T
T
A
ff
A
f
Fourier series components
Fourier Transform (FT)
Inverse Fourier transform (IFT)
3f 5f
sin t +
sin 3t3
+
sin 5t5
••1T
2T
envelope
sin xx
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200740 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaTime Domain / Frequency Domain useful Fourier transforms
Signal
(time domain)
Graphic representation(time domain)
t
Mathematicalrepresentation
Signal
(frequency
domain)
T
A
f
Fourier series components
Fourier Transform (FT)
Inverse Fourier transform (IFT)
••1T
2T
envelope
sin(x-fc)x-fc
fc fc
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200741 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
f
•To increase spectral efficiency, the carriers will be selected so that each carrier frequency will not encounter any influence from any other channels spectra
•The spectrum of each channel has to have null points (zero crossing) at the frequencies of ALL the other carriers used in the system
OFDM - the basic ideaOrthogonal FDM (OFDM)
OFDM allows high density of carriers, without generating ICI
f
f=1/Tb
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200742 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaSummary
3 Problems & 3 Solutions
Cyclic Prefix (increase symbol duration) but still low channel capacity
TX in parallel over different subcarriers But ICI
Orthogonality by FFT
ISI
Channel Capacity
ICI
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200743 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
with Cyclic Prefix
t
w/o Cyclic Prefixt
OFDM - the basic ideaCyclic prefix
• CP protects against ISI• CP used for synchronisation (guaranted by orthogonality)• CP reduces Inter Channel Interference (subcarriers orthogonality maintained)
copypaste
CP
No ISI
ISI No ISI
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200744 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM symbol (Time Domain)
IFFT creates the OFDM waveform useful symbol time Tb
A copy of last Tg of useful symbol CP (Cyclic Prefix)
• Overcome multi-path while maintaining orthogonality
• Tolerance for symbol time synchronisation
• Tg depends on the environment
Useful symbol timeUseful symbol timeCPCP
Tg Tb
Ts
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200745 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM principle
Seri
al to
para
llel
Modulator
~ f1
Modulator
~ f2
Modulator
~ f3
+
• High data rate
• Short bit duration
• Lower data rate
• Longer symbol duration
• fn=n.Df
• Orthogonal subcarriers
Ts = 1/BW
Ts_FDM = N / BW
Ts = Ts_FDM / N
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200746 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
QP
SK
/QA
Md
e-m
ap
pin
g
Seri
al to
para
llel
FFT
Para
llel
to s
eri
al
removecyclic prefix
OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM implementation
Complex OFDM baseband system
Data generator Q
PS
K/
QA
Mm
ap
pi n
g
Seri
al to
para
llel
IFFT
Para
llel
to s
eri
al
add cyclic prefix
Channel
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200747 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
OFDM - the basic ideaOFDM Advantages / challenges
• Bandwidth spectral efficiency
• Frequency diversity: Tolerant to• Frequency selective fading,
• Narrow band interferences
• Signal processing made digitally in the frequency domain• iFFT/FFT
• Simple implementation
• Flexibility• Adaptive bit loading
• OFDMA / SOFDMA
• Peak to average ratio
• Multiple Access unavailability.
• Mobility (Doppler Shift)• Keep sub-channels orthogonal
Advantages Challenges
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200748 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHYThe “Real” WiMAX
Features all the goodies of 802.16d
SOFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access
SOFDMA: Scalable OFDM for improved efficiency with large BW
++
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200749 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDM vs. OFDMA
OFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access
Additional flexibility in resource allocation (optimal allocation of time / frequency blocks vs. service, …)
Range extension in DL and UL
Pilot for each allocation blocksFC
HFC
H
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
DL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
UL
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
Pre
am
ble
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
DL part UL part
OFDM
OFDMA
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200750 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDM vs. SOFDMA
SOFDMA: Scalable OFDM
• Higher number of sub-carriers provides higher flexibility / capacity
• Number of FFT points can adapt to channel bandwidth • Similar robustness to multi-path for different bandwidth
• Same range when bandwidth is increased
x2x2
BW
2xBW 2xBW
==
BWOFDM SOFDMA
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200751 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA signal
Data SubcarriersData Subcarriers Pilot SubcarriersPilot SubcarriersDC Subcarrier
Guard band Guard band
OFDMOFDM
SOFDMASOFDMA
* In ODFMA, NFFT may be determined by the SS
The following parameters are used for the OFDM waveform:
• NFFT : number of FFT points: 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048 *• Nused: number of subcarriers used for transmission (pilot and
data)• Sampling frequency: FS = floor (n.BW/8000) x 8000 (BW in Hz)• Sub-carrier spacing: f = FS / NFFT
• Useful symbol time : Tb=1/ f• CP time: Tg = G x Tb • OFDM symbol time: TS=Tb+Tg
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200752 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA PHY Parameters
Parameter
Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)Nb of data subcarriers
Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)Nb of pilot sub-carriers
Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)
Nb of higher frequency guard sub-carriers
Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)
Nb of lower frequency guard sub-carriers
1/4; 1/8; 1/16; 1/32G
28/25 or 8/7 n
Variable: depends on FFT size and subchanneling mode (FUSC, PUSC, …)NUSED
Variable 2048, 1024, 512, 128NFFT
Value
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200753 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Description
4 Types of subcarriers:
Data Subcarriers: Used for data transmission
Guard Subcarriers: Allow the signal to naturally decay
Pilot Subcarriers: Used for channel estimation
DC Subcarrier: Center frequency of the channel (not modulated)
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA - Number of symbols per frame (1/2)
Increase bandwidth and FFT size
• Same OFDM symbol duration
• Same Guard time (same robustness)
• Same number of symbols per frame
• Same radio throughput, with the same radio protection
Bandwidth 3,5 MHz 7 MHz
FFT size 512 1024
Useful symbol time Tb
128 µs 128 µs
G 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4
Gard Time Tg 4 µs 8 µs 16 µs 32 µs 4 µs 8 µs 16 µs 32 µs
OFDMA Symbol Time: Ts
132 µs
136 µs
144 µs
160 µs 132 µs136 µs
144 µs
160 µs
5 ms frame size 37 36 34 31 37 36 34 31
10 ms frame size 75 73 69 62 75 73 69 62
20 ms frame size 151 147 138 125 151 147 138 125
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA - Number of symbols per frame (2/2)
Bandwidth 5 MHz 10 MHz
FFT size 512 1024
Useful symbol time Tb
89,6 µs 89,6 µs
G 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4
Guard Time Tg 2,8 µs 5,6 µs11,2 µs
22,4 µs
2,8 µs 5,6 µs11,2 µs
22,4 µs
OFDMA Symbol Time: Ts
92,4 µs
95,2 µs
111 µs 112 µs92,4 µs
95,2 µs
111 µs 112 µs
5 ms frame size 54 52 49 44 54 52 49 44
10 ms frame size 108 105 99 89 108 105 99 89
20 ms frame size 216 210 198 178 216 210 198 178Increase bandwidth and FFT size
• Same OFDM symbol duration
• Same Guard time (same robustness)
• Same number of symbols per frame
• Same radio throughput, with the same radio protection
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA – Summary
• Robustness to multipath
System Channel FFT Size Tb TG TS
802.16e5 MHz 512 89,64 µs 11,2 µs 100,84 µs
10 MHz 1024 89,64 µs 11,2 µs 100,84 µsx2x2 ==
• Trade off coverage/throughput
B MHz
2xB MHz
x 2Throughput
Link Budget =16e SOFDMAChannel
BandwidthFFT size
3,5 MHz 512
5 MHz 512
7 MHz 1024
10 MHz 1024
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• Subchanneling mode controls the mapping of the physical resources – the sub carriers – to the logical resources – the sub channels of an OFDMA frame
• Permutation mechanism is designed to minimize the probability of hits between adjacent sectors/cells by reusing subcarriers, while frequency diversity minimizes performance degradation due to fast fading characteristics of mobile environments.
• Permutation schemes divided into:• Full and partial subchannel usage modes• Distributed (Use the full spectral diversity of subcarriers) and adjacent permutations (assign adjacent sub carriers to a subchannel)• Uplink and Downlink modes
• Some examples of distributed permutation
• FUSC (Fully Used SubChannelisation); all sub carriers can be assigned to each subchannels. It gets all the benefit from spectral diversity
• PUSC (Partially Used SubChannelisation); Channel is divided into three segments at max. It still benefits from spectral diversity with respect of segmentation.
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Subchanneling / Permutation
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Permutation concept
f
Red carriers form one logical subchannel
Blue carriers form one logical subchannel
PUSC (distributed)
f
Red carriers form one logical subchannel
Blue carriers form one logical subchannel
Yellow carriers form one logical subchannel
AMC (adjacent)
Subchanneling defines the mapping of subcarriers into subchannels, pilot to data and
guard carrier mix!
Subchanneling defines the mapping of subcarriers into subchannels, pilot to data and
guard carrier mix!
Slot:It is the minimum resource size assigned to a connection in the time domain.
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation
DL PUSCPartial usage of sub-channel•Distributed permutation
•The symbol is first divided into ‘basic clusters’ and DC carriers are allocated
•Pilot and data carriers are allocated within each cluster
FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128
DC sub-carrier 1 1 1 1
Guard sub-carrier (left) 184 92 46 22
Guard sub-carrier (right) 183 91 45 21
Nused 1681 841 421 85
Data subcarriers (total) 1440 720 360 72
Carriers / cluster 14 14 14 14
Clusters 120 60 30 6
Carriers / subchannel 24 24 24 24
Subchannels 60 30 15 3
Odd Symbols
Even Symbols
Data carrier
Pilot carrier
14 subcarriers
FrequencyFrequency
Tim
eTim
e
Cluster
•1 cluster = 14 subcarriers / 1 OFDM time symbols •1 subchannel = 2 clusters / 2 OFDMA time symbols•1 slot = 2 subchannels x 2 OFDMA time symbols
DL PUSC: Allocation vs. FFT size
1 Slot=
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WiMAX 802.16eOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation (2)
UL PUSC One uplink PUSC slot = 1 sub-channel x 3 OFDMA symbols
= 48 data sub-carriers and 24 fixed-locations pilots
= 6 tiles of 4 pilot sub-carriers and 8 data sub-carriers
Possibility to divide into 3 segments
•Concatenation of 2, 3 or 6 slots
Data carrier
Pilot carrier Freq
uen
cyFr
eq
uen
cy
TimeTime
One Tile
FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128
DC sub-carrier 1 1 1 1
Guard sub-carrier (left) 184 92 52 16
Guard sub-carrier (right) 183 91 51 15
Nused 1681 841 409 97
Data subcarriers (total) 1120 560 272 64
Subchannels 70 35 17 4
Carriers / UL PUSC slot 72 72 72 72
Tiles 420 210 102 24
Tiles per subchannel 6 6 6 6
UL PUSC: Structure vs. FFT size
1 Slot=
•1 Tile = 12 subcarriers * 3 OFDMA time symbols •1 slot= 1 subchannel = 6 tiles * 3 OFDMA time symbol
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WiMAX 802.16eOFDMA Downlink Subcarrier allocation (3)
UL/DL AMCSame permutation for uplink and downlink
Adjacent allocation of sub-carriers within a subchannel•A bin = 9 adjacent subcarriers ( 8 data, 1 pilot)•Fixed pilot position
•Types of subchannel = N(bin)xM(symbols) (with NxM=6)
Regular AMC allocation uses the subchannel type 2x3•6 contiguous bins during 2 bins in frequency and 3 symbols in time•1subchannel = 48 data carriers + 6 pilots
Fre
qu
en
cy
Fre
qu
en
cy
Data carrier
Pilot carrier
One bin
t
f
1 Subchannel=
FFT Size 2048 1024 512 128
DC sub-carrier 1 1 1 1
Guard sub-carrier (left) 160 80 40 10
Guard sub-carrier (right) 159 79 39 9
Nused 1729 865 433 109
Pilots 192 96 48 12
Data subcarriers 1536 768 384 96
Bands 48 24 12 3
Bins / band 4 4 4 4
Data carrier / subchannel 48 48 48 48
AMC: Structure vs. FFT size
AMC is optional and is mainly used
with AAS systems
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Channel Coding: Process
Channel coding process for regular and repetition coding transmissionChannel coding process for regular and repetition coding transmission
Repetition should only be applied to QPSK modulation
Data to transmiton sub-channel
Data to transmiton sub-channel
Symbols to map
on sub-channel
Symbols to map
on sub-channel
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Channel Coding: Randomization
Performed on all data transmitted on UL and DL except the FCH and Preambles
Randomizer initialized on each FEC block (data in)
Data byte to be transmitted, entered sequentially into randomizer, MSB first.
Randomization bits, combined in an XOR operation with serialized bit stream of each FEC
block (data in), as shown in figure below
Pseudo Random Bits Sequence (PRBS) generator: 1+X14+X15
Initialization vector: [LSB] 011011100010101[MSB]
151413121110987654321
LSB MSB
Data in Data out
XOR
XOR
PRBS generator for data randomization
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYOFDMA Channel Coding: Randomization(2)
b0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9b10b11b12b13b14
0001110110 10101LSB MSB LSB MSB
LSB MSB
Creation of the OFDMA randomizer initialization vector
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Rate 1/2 2/3 3/4
X 1 10 101
Y 1 11 110
XY X1Y1 X1Y1Y2 X1Y1Y2X3
WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CC with puncturing
Mother code: rate ½
Puncturing generates several coding rates out of one convolutional coder by sparing out redundancy bits
Convolutional encoder rate 1/2Convolutional encoder rate 1/2
Puncturing patternsPuncturing patterns
Rate = net bits / gross bitsRate = net bits / gross bits
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CTC (1/2)
Mainly used with H-ARQ• Input bits are fed alternatively to A and B, starting with the MSB of
the first byte being fed to A
• Step1: the encoder is fed the sequence in the natural order (switch in position 1).It’s the C1 encoding
• Step2: the encoder is fed the interleaved sequence (switch in position2). It’s the C2 encoding
• CTC interleaver principle differs from the one described later on…
CTCinterleaver
CTCinterleaver
Constituentencoder
Constituentencoder
AB
1
2
C1
C2
Y1
Y2
Switch
W2
W1
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYChannel Coding: CTC (2/2)
The polynomials for the register inputs X and parity outputs Y , W are as followed
• Feedback branch X: 1 + D + D3 • Y parity bit: 1 + D2 + D3 • W parity bit: 1 + D3
CTC constituent encoder
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Bit Interleaving
Block interleaving
• block size = number of encoded bits of block
Two step permutation
• Adjacent coded bits are mapped onto non adjacent subcarriers
• Adjacent coded bits are alternatively mapped on LSB / MSB of the constellation
To avoid long runs of lowly reliable bits
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY Modulation Techniques /Introduction
Data modulation:
After interleaving, data bits are entered serially in the constellation mapper
Modulations supported: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
Constellation mapped data should be subsequently modulated onto all allocated
data subcarriers
Pilot modulation:
Pilot subcarriers should be inserted into each data burst to constitute the
symbol
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•Symbol is a sinusoidal signal (carrier) with specific parameters dictated by the data bit(s), transmitted for a finite period of time
•Carrier parameters do not change for the duration of the symbol
•Even if the symbol itself is comprised of one single frequency (the carrier), the fact that it is transmitted over a finite period of time generates an infinite spectrum, centered on the carrier frequency
Unmodulated carrier
Modulated carrier (symbols)
Time domain Frequency domain
A
ffc
A
f••1T
2T
fc
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Modulation Techniques / Symbol
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•2 QAM (BPSK)•Two symbols are defined (1 amplitude; 2 phases)
•Every symbol transmitted over the transmission channel represents (carries) 1 message bit
•Baud rate = bit rate•Transmission channels limited bandwidth limits the amount of symbols per second (Baud rate) that can be transmitted
•To increase the bit per sec (bps) capacity of a channel, while keeping the Baud rate at the low values imposed by the channel bandwidth, the symbols will carry (represent) more than one single bit. Symbols will represent n-bits, increasing the channel capacity by a factor of n
•The price paid is the presence of multiple symbols in the channel, increasing the probability of incorrect symbol identification at the receiver
Q
I-1 +1
0 1
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Modulations (1/3)
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modulation technique
nu
mb
er
of
sym
bols
nu
mb
er
of
bit
s
per
sym
bol
bit
rate
/ B
au
d
rate
number of
am
plitu
des
ph
ases
constellation
generated using
nr.
of
cosin
e
am
plitu
des
nr.
of
sin
e
am
plitu
des
2QAM (BPSK)
12 1/1 1 2
Q
I-1 +1
0 12
(1 bit)0
4QAM (QPSK)
24 2/1 1 42
(1 bit)
2
(1 bit)
01 11
00 10
Q
I-1 +1+1
-1
16QAM 416 4/1 3 124
(2 bits)
4
(2 bits)
not all combinations
are used
0010 0110 1110 1010
0011 0111 1111 1011
0011 0101 1101 1001
0000 0100 1100 1000
Q
I-1-3 +3+1
+3
+1
-1
-3
WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Modulations (2/3)
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modulation technique
nu
mb
er
of
sym
bols
nu
mb
er
of
bit
s
per
sym
bol
bit
rate
/ B
au
d
rate
number of
am
plitu
des
ph
ases
constellation
generated using
nr.
of
cosin
e
am
plitu
des
nr.
of
sin
e
am
plitu
des
64QAM 664 6/1 9 528
(3 bits)
8
(3 bits)
not all combinations
are used
000101 001101 011101 010101 110101 111101 101101 100101
000111 001111 011111 010111 110111 111111 101111 100111
000110 001110 011110 010110 110110 111110 101110 100110
000010 001010 011010 010010 110010 111010 101010 100010
000011 001011 011011 010011 110011 111011 101011 100011
000001 001001 011001 010001 110001 111001 101001 100001
000000 001000 011000 010000 110000 111000 101000 100000
000100 001100 011100 010100 110100 111100 101100 100100
Q
I-1-3-5-7 +7+5+3+1
+3
+5
+7
+1
-1
-3
-5
-7
WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Modulations (3/3)
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY BS time synchronization
• It is recommended that all BSs be time synchronized to a common timing signal
• The synchronizing reference should be a 1 pps timing pulse and a 10 MHz frequency reference, typically provided by a GPS receiver.
• If loss of network timing signal, BSs should continue to operate and should automatically resynchronize to the network timing signal when it is recovered.
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY OFDMA Frame structure
802.16e OFDMA TDD
subchannellogicalnumber
DL ULTTG RTG
Preamble
DL-MAP
FCH
DL Burst#1
DL Burst#3
UL Burst#2
UL Burst#1
UL Burst#4
Preamble
DL-MAP
FCH
DL Burst#4
#6 #7 #8 #9 ..... ..... #23 #24 #25 #26#2 #3 #4 #5#1#0 #27 #28 #29 #30 ..... ..... #45 #46 #47 #2 #3 #4#1#0
DL Burst#2
DL Burst#5
DL Burst#7
ULMAP
compressed
DL/UL
sub-
map
DL-MAP
FCH
compressed
DL/UL
sub
-
map
#1
compressed
DL/UL
sub-
map
#2
RangingSub-channel
UL Burst#7
UL Burst#6
UL Burst#9
1
2
3
14
15
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
3
16
17
15
.
.
.
.
.
.
DL AAS-Zone(TUSC)
UL AAS-Zone(PUSC)
DL Burst#6
UL Burst#3 UL Burst#8
DL PUSC Zone UL PUSC Zone
ULBurst#5
ULBurst#10
AASRang.Sub-chan.
Typically 50 or 100 µs
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts
Each frame is in the dimension of milliseconds
Every DL frame opens with a Preamble for Synchronization and is followed by
channel and frame descriptions in FCH, DL_MAP and UL_MAP
The MAPs indicate the activity to be executed by BS and SS during the “frame”
• Preamble: Used as a synchronization and equalization tool. Transmitted on all subchannels always in the first symbol of the frame In case of segmentation, a SS only uses the subchannels belonging to the
dedicated segment Coded in QPSK ½ for reasons of robustness and low sensitivity towards
interference. No UL Preamble
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts (2)
• Frame Control Header (FCH) Transmitted on the first four subchannels directly after the preamble. The FCH determines the length of the downlink MAP (DL_MAP) and is
received by all SSs. Transmitted by QSPK1/2 Allows a CPE to read DL-MAP, UL-MAP, DCD and UCD
• DL MAP indicates: List of Connection Identifiers (CIDs) in each downlink burst (CIDs which BS
will transmit during the following frame). The exact moment in time when the transmission will occur The physical parameters to be used by BS for each CID (modulation type,
FEC coding rate, etc.)(DL Channel Descriptor - DCD) Synchronization information Base Station ID (BSID)
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY General concepts (3)
• UL MAP indicates: Beginning of uplink grants per SS – each burst has only one SS in uplink Exact moment in time when the transmission has to occur Type of information to be transmitted during the allocated interval (data,
management, requests to transmit in the next frame, etc.) Physical parameters to be used by each CID when transmitting to BS
(modulation type, FEC coding rate, etc.)(UL Channel Descriptor - UCD)
• Transmission time allocations are based on requests received by BS during
previous frames.
TTG: Transmit Transition Gap between the downlink and the
uplink subframes.
RTG: The Receive Transmit Gap enables the BS to switch from receive
to transmit.
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY UL-MAP/DL-MAP Principle
Preamble
FCH
DL-MAP
UL-MAP DL-Data
Preamble
FCH
DL-MAP
UL-MAP DL-Data
Preamble
FCH
DL-MAP
UL-MAP DL-Data
UL-Data
Initial Ranging
UL-Data
Initial Ranging
UL-Data
Initial Ranging
Frame n-1
Frame n+1
Frame n
Frames
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY DCD / UCD
DCD (Downlink Channel Descriptor)• Transmitted at periodic interval (not every frame)
• Characteristics of DL physical channel (BS Tx power, radio access, BS max TX power,…)
UCD (Uplink Channel Descriptor)• Transmitted at periodic interval
• Characteristics of UL physical channel
• Ranging and BW requests windows
Crucial for network entry
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• Segment subdivision of available OFDMA channels Several segments in DL and UL Each segment contains all MAC management messages One segment is allocated at least a non empty subchannel-group, up to all
subchannels
• IDcell identifies the particular BS segment Define mapping and permutations Coding scheme CDMA codes
WiMAX 802.16e PHY Data mapping 802.16e
Pre
am
ble
FCH
FCH
FCH
MAPMAP
BurstBurst Burst
Burst Burst
MAPBurstBurst
MAP
MAP Burst
Segment 0
Segment 1
Segment 2
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6. Capacity Calculations
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WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
Assumptions:
The DL-MAP & UL-MAP will be ignored for simplicity
Since calculations will be done for W2
Then,
BW= 5 MHZ
FFT size= 512
Over sampling factor (n)= 28/25 (WiMAX Forum)
Cyclic prefix (G)= 1/8
RTG = TTG = 60 uSec (RTG is given by WiMAX Forum)
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Outputs:
Sampling Frequency: FS = floor (n.BW/8000) x 8000 (BW in Hz) =5.6 MHZ
Carrier Spacing: f = FS / NFFT
=10.9375 KHZ
Useful symbol time : Tb =1/ f =91.429 uSec
Guard period: Tg = G X Tb = 11.429 uSec
Then, total time symbol: Ts= Tb+Tg =102.857 uSec
WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
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WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
Then,
No. of Symbols per frame= Frame Duration / Symbol duration (Ts)
= (5000 – 60 – 60)/ 102.857
= 47 Symbols
= 46 Symbols w/o Preamble
Then,
TTG= 5000- (RTG + no. of symbols X symbol duration)
= 105.714 uSec (the new TTG value)
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WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
46 Symbols
TTG=105.714 uSec RTG= 60 uSec
Should be divisible by 2 Should be divisible by 3
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WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
For TDD ratio 2:1
30 Symbols 15 Symbols
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WiMAX 802.16eCapacity Calculation
All calculations are on the QPSK with ignoring the coding rate, then:
No. of Subchannels=15
No. of data Subcarriers / Subchannel= 24
Total no. of Subcarriers= 24x15
No. of bits per Symbol= 2
Total no. of bits per time instant= 24x15x2
Total no. of bits per second= 24x15x2x(1000/5)= 144 Kbps
Total no. of bits in DL= 144x30 = 4.32 Mbps
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WiMAX 802.16e PHYSOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (1/3)
Bandwidth 3.5 MHz 5 MHz
G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32
BPSK- 1/2 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,7 1,9 2,0 2,1
QPSK- 1/2 2,4 2,7 2,8 2,9 3,4 3,8 4,0 4,2
QPSK- 3/4 3,6 4 4,2 4,4 5,1 5,7 6,0 6,2
16QAM -1/2 4,8 5,3 5,6 5,8 6,9 7,6 8,1 8,3
16QAM -3/4 7,2 8 8,5 8,7 10,3 11,4 12,1 12,5
64QAM -2/3 9,6 10,7 11,3 11,6 13,7 15,2 16,1 16,6
64QAM -3/4 10,8 12 12,7 13,1 15,4 17,1 18,1 18,7
Channel code rate taken into account / MAC overhead needs to be removedNet throughput is shared by all users in the sector and in UL/DL (TDD mode)
* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC
Radio net throughput (*) in Mbps
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (2/3)
Bandwidth 7 MHz 10 MHz
G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32
BPSK- 1/2 2,4 2,67 2,82 2,91 3,43 3,81 4,03 4,15
QPSK- 1/2 4,8 5,33 5,65 5,82 6,85 7,62 8,06 8,31
QPSK- 3/4 7,2 8 8,47 8,73 10,28 11,42 12,1 12,46
16QAM -1/2 9,6 10,67 11,29 11,64 13,71 15,23 16,13 16,62
16QAM -3/4 14,4 16 16,94 17,46 20,56 22,85 24,19 24,93
64QAM -2/3 19,2 21,63 22,59 23,27 27,42 30,46 32,26 33,23
64QAM -3/4 21,6 24 25,41 26,18 30,85 34,27 36,29 37,39
* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC* DL: FUSC, OFUSC, AAS/AMC ; UL: OPUSC, AAS/AMC
Channel code rate taken into account / MAC overhead needs to be removedNet throughput is shared by all users in the sector and in UL/DL (TDD mode)
Radio net throughput (*) in Mbps
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WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (3/3)
Bandwidth 7 MHz 10 MHz
G 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32
BPSK- 1/2 1,75 1,94 2,06 2,12 2,50 2,77 2,94 3,03
QPSK- 1/2 3,5 3,89 4,12 4,24 5,00 5,55 5,88 6,06
QPSK- 3/4 5,25 5,83 6,18 6,36 7,50 8,33 8,82 9,09
16QAM -1/2 7 7,79 8,24 8,49 10,00 11,11 11,76 12,12
16QAM -3/4 10,5 11,67 12,35 12,73 14,99 16,66 17,64 18,18
64QAM -2/3 14 15,57 16,47 16,97 19,99 22,21 23,52 24,23
64QAM -3/4 15,75 17,5 18,53 19,01 22,49 24,99 26,46 27,26
*** UL: PUSC*** UL: PUSC
Radio net throughput (***) in Mbps
WiMAX 802.16e PHY SOFDMA: Physical layer net bit rate (3/3)
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 200792 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
ExerciseAnswer the Questions
1. What’s the reason of the high rates in WiMAX
2. QAM16 & QAM64 (Advantages and disadvantages)
3. What are the main disadvantages of FDM and how does it eliminated in OFDM
4. What are the improvements that made OFDM an excellent choice for radio transmission
5. What is the role of cyclic prefix
6. How is multiple access done in OFDMA
7. What is Scalability, and what are its advantages
8. What are the subcarrier types defined for a channel
9. What is the role of permutation schemes
10. What is the role of MAP messages
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7. MAC Layer description
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WiMAX MAC Layer Reference Model / SSCS
SSCS = Service Specific Convergence Sublayer
Resides on top of the MAC CPS
Utilizes the services provided by the MAC CPS via the
MAC SAP
Functions:
Accepts and classifies higher-layer PDUs
Processes higher-layer PDUs according to the
classification
Delivers/receives CS PDUs to/from the appropriate MAC
SAP
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WiMAX MAC LayerClassification
MAC SDUs encapsulate higher-layer PDUs which are classified and associated to a
connection
Classification = process by which a MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection for
transmission.
Classification facilitates the transmission of MAC SDUs with the
appropriate QoS constraints
It consists of some protocol-specific packet matching criteria (destination
IP address, for example), a classifier priority, and a reference to a CID
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WiMAX MAC layer Classification function (DL)
Every MAC SDU is mapped onto a particular connection for transmission (CID) between MAC peers
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WiMAX MAC layer Classification function (UL)
The process of classification facilitates the PHS process
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WiMAX MAC layer Packet Header Suppression (PHS)
• Optional feature ATM PHS (identify VPI/VCI with CID) Packet PHS (see below)
• Helpful with small packets (VoIP, ATM, …)
DataUpper layer header
Classify packet with header suppression rules
Rule# Rule1 If IP: 192.0.0.1, remove IP address2 If VLAN 3, remove VLAN tag3 If VoIP IP+UDP+RTP towards user
n, remove header… …
256 Max number of rules
If rule append PHSI (8 bits, index the rule)
PHSI Data
MAC SDU
Transmission
PHSI
Upper layer header
Add missing part with the indexed rule
RX Site
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MAC Common Sublayer
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MPDU = MAC Protocol Data Unit• The data unit exchanged between the MAC layers of the base station and
the subscriber station
• The MPDU contains: Fixed length Header Variable length Payload CRC (only one per burst)
• Each DL burst contains a number of MPDUs equals the number of connection in this burst.
• Only one MPDU in the UL burst. CRC
MPDU Structure
Burst Structure
WiMAX MAC layerMAC PDU
Payload
Payload
Payload
Payload
MAC Header
MAC Header
MAC Header
MAC Header
CRC
CRC
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MSDU= MAC Service Data Unit• The Ethernet packet that is classified to a proper MAC
connection (i.e. packets coming from higher layers).• The payload of each MPDU can contain one of the
following: A number of packed MSDUs. A single MSDU. A fragment of a single MSDU.
WiMAX MAC layerMAC SDU / Fragmentation & Packing
The purpose of Fragmentation and Packing is to carry traffic more efficiently over the MAC
connection (i.e. air interface).
Before being transmitted, each MAC SDU may be • packed – packet gathered with other MSDUs into a larger packet
• fragmented -packet cut into smaller packets
• Remain as it is.
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Packing is concatenating MSDUs into a single payload of an MPDU
Reducing overhead by eliminating the need for a full MAC Header for each MAC SDU transmitted.
Packing Sub Header (PSH) is added before each MSDU in the MPDU.
The PSH includes a Length field that specifies the length of the following MSDU.
MSDU
MSDU MACHeader
PSH MSDU PSH MSDU PSH
MSDU MSDU
MPDU
X bytes Y bytes Z bytes
LEN=X LEN=Y LEN=Z
WiMAX MAC layer Fragmentation & Packing
Packing
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• In order to utilize the allocated transmission opportunity efficiently, a MAC SDU may be fragmented and transmitted in separate MAC PDUs, which may be transmitted in different frames. • A Fragmentation Sub Header is added before each MAC SDU fragment.• A Packing Sub Header (PSH) is added before each MAC SDU if more than one fragment
are packed in the same PDU.• The PSH includes a fragmentation control (FC) field that determines that the MSDU fragmented and also specify if the fragmented MSDU is in the beginning, middle or end of the original MSDU
MSDU
MSDU fragments
MACHeader
PSH MSDU fragment
MACHeader
FSH MSDU frag
MACHeader
PSH
MPDU MPDU MPDU
Un-fragmented MSDU
FC=10 FC=11 FC=01
WiMAX MAC layerFragmentation & Packing
Fragmentation
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Field Size, bits
Notes
FC 2
Fragmentation Control
Indicates the fragmentation state of the payload:
00 = no fragmentation
01 = last fragment
10 = first fragment
11 = continuing (middle) fragment
Length 11 The length in bytes of the MAC SDU or MAC SDU fragment, including the three-byte Packing sub-header
BSN 11 Block sequential number for the first ARQ block in the MAC SDU or MAC SDU fragment
Packing Sub-Header (PSH) Structure
WiMAX MAC layer Fragmentation & Packing
PSH Structure
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WiMAX MAC layer MAC Header Description (Generic UL/DL)
MAC Header6 Bytes
MAC Payload (optional) CRC (optional)
Type (6)
EC
(1)
HT (1
)
ESF(1
) C
I (1)
EKS (2)
RSV
(1)
LEN MSB (3)
LEN LSB (8) CID MSB (8)
CID LSB (8) HCS (8)
bit#5 Mesh subheader#4 ARQ feeback payload#3 Extended Packing or fragmentation
subheaders#2 Fragmentation subheader#1 Packing subheader#0 DL: Fast feedback allocation
subheaderUL: Grant management subheader
Data / Management (DL/UL)
CI CRC indicatorCID Connection identifierEC Payload encryption controlEKS Encryption key sequenceHCS Header check sequenceHT header typeLEN Length in bytes of the MAC PDUType special payload typesESF Extended subheader
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WiMAX MAC layer MAC Header Description(2)
Management (UL)
No Payload
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Background communications (FTP, email etc).
t Max sustained traffic rate t Traffic priority
BE (Best Effort)
High speed internet access with guaranteed BW (e.g. 512 kbps Internet access).
cMin traffic ratecMax sustained traffic rate cTraffic priority
NRT-VR (Non-Real Time variable rate)
VoIP with silence suppression, streaming, gaming (Similar to VBR in ATM)
aMin traffic rateaMax sustained traffic rate aMax latencyaTraffic priority
RT-VR (Real Time Variable Rate)
VoIP without silence suppression, Circuit emulation. (Similar to CBR in ATM)
mTraffic ratemMax latency mTolerated jitter
UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service)
Example of applicationsQoS parameterData delivery services
Background communications (FTP, email etc).
t Max sustained traffic rate t Traffic priority
BE (Best Effort)
High speed internet access with guaranteed BW (e.g. 512 kbps Internet access).
cMin traffic ratecMax sustained traffic rate cTraffic priority
NRT-VR (Non-Real Time variable rate)
VoIP with silence suppression, streaming, gaming (Similar to VBR in ATM)
aMin traffic rateaMax sustained traffic rate aMax latencyaTraffic priority
RT-VR (Real Time Variable Rate)
VoIP without silence suppression, Circuit emulation. (Similar to CBR in ATM)
mTraffic ratemMax latency mTolerated jitter
UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service)
Example of applicationsQoS parameterData delivery services
WiMAX MAC layer Quality of Service – Radio Interface
SF is a MAC layer connection defined by
• QoS parameters values
• A medium access scheduling mechanism (UL & DL)
BTS
MS
Service flows end points
Service flow types
BE data services only are supported by W2 and UGS will be supported starting W2.1
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WiMAX MAC layer Quality of Service – SF types
Pre-Provisioned:Well suited for initial deployment
Subscription defines a list of fully defined service flows
No flexibility (no other SF than those pre-defined)
Simpler charging/ billing system
Dynamically created SF:Future deployments
Subscription defines as envelope of QoS parameters
Flexibility allowed Any service flow within the envelope can be used
Sophisticated charging/ billing system is used
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Introduction:
The ARQ allows detection of the transmission failures and retransmission of the lost packets.
Optional, Can be enabled/disabled per BS.
ACK piggybacked or Stand Alone, Maximum window size 1024
WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Automatic Repeat reQuest
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007110 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
MAC Header
PSH PSH1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BSN=1 BSN=9
9 10
11
12
13
14
15
Last ARQ block can be smaller than
256
MAC Header
PSH 16
BSN=16
17 18 19 20 21 22
MSDU MSDU
23
MSDU
MPDU n
MPDU n+1
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Transmitter mechanism
Each MSDU is divided into ARQ blocks of 256 bytes (for the ARQ calculations)
The transmitter marks each MSDU with a serial number, in the BSN field in the Packing
Sub Header (PSH).
This serial number is corresponding to the Serial Nr. of first ARQ block in the MSDU.
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• The TX Window defines the number of blocks to be transmitted (=256 blocks).
• The transmitter is expecting to receive an acknowledgment for the transmitted
blocks within the TX Window.
• The TX Window is advanced according to the number of the block that were already
acknowledged.
• Unacknowledged block will be retransmitted.
Tx Window
Transmitted blocks not acknowledge
Acknowledged blocks Outstanding blocks
Potential blocks to be transmitted
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Transmitter mechanism
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• The acknowledgement is done accumulatively.
• The receiver collects the blocks and sends ARQ feedback (acknowledgement) to the transmitter.
• The feedback is sent to the transmitter in first opportunity.
• The acknowledgement is related to the whole group of blocks that were received correctly since last ARQ feedback (in this case the feedback will include the Serial Nr. of the last block).
• The Rx window is advanced to the first un-received block.
Rx Window
Un-received blocks
Received and acknowledged blocks
Received blocks not ACKLast ACK
Outstanding blocks
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Receiver mechanism
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Transmitter sends blocks 200-205.
Receiver receives blocks 200-205.
Tx Window
Sent blocks 200-205 (no ACK)
Acknowledged blocks Outstanding blocks
Transmitter
Rx Window
Last ACK block=199
Received blocks 200-205
Receiver
Acknowledged blocks
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Example (1/3)
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Receiver sends ACK for 205
RX window is advanced to block 206.
Tx Window
Sent blocks 200-205 (no ACK)
Acknowledged blocks Outstanding blocks
Transmitter
Rx Window
Last ACK block=205
Received blocks 200-205
Receiver
Acknowledged blocks
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Example (2/3)
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Tx window is advanced to 206
Tx Window
Sent blocks 200-205 (ACK)
Acknowledged blocks Outstanding blocks
Transmitter
Rx Window
Last ACK block=205
Received blocks 200-205
Receiver
Acknowledged blocks
206
WiMAX MAC layer ARQ / Example (3/3)
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WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
• HARQ is based on pre-emptive redundancy coding
• Data is encoded and split into 4 or more sub packets
• Each packet holds redundancy
• Only one packet is sent first -> might be possible for RX side to decode packet already fully
• If possible -> ACK otherwise NACK
• HARQ mechanism has higher efficiency in terms of throughput
H-ARQ can be used to mitigate the effect of channel and interference fluctuation. H-ARQ renders performance improvement due to SNR gain and time diversity
achieved by combining previously erroneously decoded packet and retransmitted packet, and due to additional coding gain by IR (Incremental Redundancy)
H-ARQ can be used to mitigate the effect of channel and interference fluctuation. H-ARQ renders performance improvement due to SNR gain and time diversity
achieved by combining previously erroneously decoded packet and retransmitted packet, and due to additional coding gain by IR (Incremental Redundancy)
SPID=´01´
SPID=´10´
SPID=´11´
payload
SPID=´00´
Contain some payload bits and some other parity bits} CTC Encoder
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WiMAX MAC layer Radio Link Control / Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ)
Different possible HARQ modes:
• Incremental redundancy:
Different block retransmitted (different puncture pattern)
Received signals depunctured then combined
• Chase Combining:
Same burst retransmitted, combined newly received with formerly received
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007118 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
ExerciseAnswer the questions
1. What is classification
2. What is PHS & what are PHS benefits
3. What are the types of MAC header
4. Name 3 QoS parameters for a service flow
5. What are the SF states & SF types
6. What are the differences between the ARQ &
H-ARQ
7. What are the types of H-ARQ mechanism.
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8. MAC Layer Network Procedures
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Network Procedures Network entry & Initialization
3.Initial rangingTransmit CDMA based Ranging-Request to set correct power level, accurate frequency and
correct transmission timing
1.Scan downlink channel
2.Obtain uplink parameters from UCD
4.Exchange capabilities
e.g. Max. TX power the MS can transmit per modulation scheme, also the current
transmission power
5.Authorization & Authentication
AK Exchange
6.Registration SS gets CID for its
management messages, becoming manageable
7.IP connectivity via DHCP
8.Provisioned connections
Synchronized with DL
broadcast zone
Contention allocation for initial
ranging
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Network Procedures Network entry & Initialization (2)
MSS BS WACCertificate
ServerAAA Server DHCP Server HA
Scanning and synchronization 1
DL-MAP, DCD, UCD, UL-MAP (obtain
downlink and uplink parameters) 2
RNG-REQ (SS MAC address) 3
RNG-RSP (Basic and Primary
Management CIDs) 4
SBC-REQ (basic capabilities) 5
SBC-RSP 6
SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC
address) 7
SS-Associated-Rsp 8
Authentication, authorization 9
SS-User-Profile-Ind 10
PKM: Key exchange 11
REG-REQ 12
REG-RSP 13
Preprovisioned BE service flow creation14
SS-User-Profile-Rsp 15
Ww
Synchronization & obtaining UL&DL parameters
Initial Ranging
Capabilities exchange
Notifies the WAC by ranging
Registration
Providing keying materials to BS
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Network Procedures Ranging - Introduction
•Ranging has the purpose of monitoring and adjusting•Power level and
•Timing offset of the SS in relation to the BS
•Two types of ranging:•Initial ranging
•Periodic ranging
•Initial ranging appears in case:•Network entry
•Synchronization lost
•Two ranging areas are available in the UL Subframe for each type.
•These areas are dynamic according to the number of active users.
•The ranging area is the area including both ranging types.
•Also the BW requests are transmitted using this subchannel.
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Network Procedures Ranging – Introduction (2)
Initial ranging
BW request
Ranging subchannel, CDMA based
access
• Ranging subchannel attributed by the BS in UL-MAP
• Ranging done by CDMA codes
• Best way to avoid collision
• 255 CDMA codes in 4 subsets Initial ranging Periodic ranging BW request Handover (i.e. initial ranging to target BS)
+ +Periodic ranging
Handover+
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Network Procedures Network Entry Process
BS
Course frequency fixing, scheduled receiving
mode, start MAP decoding
In search mode
CPE
Synchronization phase
Send map containing CDMA
Initial Ranging area with a
broadcast Connection ID (initial ranging region)
MAP
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Network Procedures Network Entry Process (2)
BS CPE
Broadcasts RNG-RSP withTime and Power
Correctionsand original Ranging Code
andRanging Slot
Ranging Code
RNG-RSP
Transmit randomly selected Initial Ranging code in a randomly selected Ranging Slot from available Ranging Region
Receive RNG-RSP message with Ranging Code and
Ranging Slot matching sent
values. Adjust Time and Power
parameters
Initial Ranging phase
If Status=Success
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Network Procedures Network Entry Process (3)
BS CPE
Send map containinganonymous BW
allocationwith original Ranging Code and ranging slot
MAP
RNG-REQTransmit RNG-REQ and
continue with regular Initialnetwork entry
Initial Ranging phase(2)
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Network Procedures Initial Ranging procedures
•CPE perform DL synchronization and extract UL parameters.
•Then, transmits a CDMA code selected randomly.
•Upon receiving the code by BS, it sends a ranging response with the
detected code identifying the ranging slot granted.
•The CPE uses that slot to send a RNG_REQ.
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Network Procedures Power control during initial ranging (1)
BS defines its transmitted power during the DCD in DL “BS_EIRP”
Since, UL path loss DL path loss for TDD systems
Then, UL path loss BS_EIRP – RSS
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Network Procedures Power control during initial ranging (2)
The maximum transmitted power by MS is:
PTX_IR_MAX = EIRxPIR,max+ BS_EIRP - RSS
Where:
MS should transmit the first CDMA code by power less than PTX_IR_MAX with e.g. -10dB
Calculated by CPE
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Network Procedures Power control during initial ranging (3)
Start IR
Wait for IR
allocation
Send IR CDMA Code
RNG_RSPReceived?
no
no
PTX_IR_MAX reached?
Increase TX_PWR by
1dB
Adjust timing & PWR according to
RNG_RSP
Wait for allocation
Send IR burst RNG_REQ
Status “Success
”?Power adjust
successful sync. mode
End IR
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
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Network Procedures Periodic Ranging
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Network Procedures Periodic Ranging
CPE chooses randomly a Ranging Slot to perform the ranging.
Then it chooses randomly a Periodic Ranging Code and sends it to the BS.
Upon receiving the code by BS, it sends a ranging response with the detected
code identifying the ranging slot granted.
The Ranging Response message contains all the needed adjustment (e.g., time,
power, and possibly frequency corrections)
If CPE does not receive a response, the MS sends a new CDMA code at the next
appropriate periodic Ranging transmission opportunity and adjust its power
level up to PTX_IR_MAX.
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Network Procedures Bandwidth Request Mechanisms
No BW request needed in case of BE, only grant for data or request
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Network Procedures Bandwidth Request Mechanisms (2)
BSCPE
UL-MAP
CDMA Code
CDMA_Allocation_IE
BW_RequestMAC PDU
UL-MAP
MS synchronizes on the DL extracting the initial ranging region from the
UL-MAPMS selects a BW CDMA code and transmits it to the BS in ranging region
BS assigns a BW request slot for the MS
MS transmits a BW request MAC PDU through
the allocated slot
BE
Also BW request can be piggybacked in the data PDUs
Packet Sent
Polling
Granting
N Frames
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Network Procedures Mobility management – Handover types
• Intra WAC handover• Handover between base stations keeping the same Access Controller (WAC) as
anchor point (AC). No change of Mobile IP foreign Agent.
• Inter WAC handover• Handover between base stations leading to a change of Access Controller (WAC).
Requires a binding update with the Home Agent (HA)
802.16e
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
HA
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
BS
BS
BS
Corporate
IMS
Internet
intra WAC
inter WAC
Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent
802.16e
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
HA
WAC(proxy MIP/FA)
BSBS
BSBS
BSBS
Corporate
IMS
Internet
intra WAC
inter WAC
Seamless handover HA: Home AgentFA: Foreign Agent
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Network Procedures Mobility management – Inter WAC Handover
HA
WAC 1 WAC 2
BS A BS B
Proxy MIP/FA Proxy MIP/FA
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Network Procedures Mobility management – HO steps
Handover is based on 5 functional steps
• Cell reselection (scanning)
• Handover initiation & preparation
• Handover execution CPE disconnected from the network
• Network re-entry After this step CPE can send/receive packets to/from the network
• HO Cancellation.
Break before make approach
• With resources reservation before handover
Handover is « MS initiated network controlled »
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HO Steps 1) Cell Selection - Building the neighbour BSs list
If CINR (neighbor BS) > CINR (serving BS) + Hysteresis margin
for time-to-trigger durationThen
Add neighbor BS to list of possible target BS
Time
CINR
hm
hm : Hysteresis marginttd : Time to Trigger
ttd
Add BS2 to list ofpossible target BS
BS1
BS2
Time
CINR
hm
hm : Hysteresis marginttd : Time to Trigger
ttd
Add BS2 to list ofpossible target BS
BS1
BS2
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MSS Serving BS BS1 BSn
MOB_NBR-ADV(BS1-Param, ...,
BSn-Param) 1
DCD (Trigger Type, Function,
Action) 2
MOB_SCN-REQ(BS1 ID, …, BSn ID) 3
MOB_SCN-RSP(Report Mode, Scan duration = N frames, Start Frame = M frames, Interleaving Interval = P
frames, Scan Iteration = T,
Scanning Type, HMAC/CMAC) 4
M frames
scanning (iteration 1, N frames) 5
P frames
scanning (iteration 2, N frames) 6
(T-3)xN + (T-2)xP frames
Scanning (iteration T, N frames) 7
• Scanning is used to evaluate the neighbor BS and build a list of
the proposed target BSs
•Trigger Type: CINR Measeurement
•BS allocates to the CPE the scanning periods and defines the
start of every period
•The CPE is requested by the BS not to proceed in IR with any
neighbor BS
•During Scanning the CPE should stop sending UL packets and the BS should buffer the DL packet.
HO Steps:1) Cell selection (Scanning)
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MSS Serving BS Target BS WAC
MOB_MSHO-REQ(BS list) 1
SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC @, BS list, MSS basic
capabilities) 2
Target BS
selection 3
SS-HO-Preparation-Req(MSS MAC @, MSS basic capabilities, MSS IP
@, User profile, Keying Material) 4
SS-HO_Preparation-Cnf(MSS MAC @, Action time, Service Level
Prediction) 5
DL data path switching for
NRT services 6
SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time,
Service Level Prediction) 7
MOB_BSHO-RSP(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level
Prediction, Resource Retain Type,
Resource Retain Time) 8
Time
CINR
MS initiates handover
Serving BS
Threshold
Time
CINR
MS initiates handover
Serving BS
Threshold
Intra WAC HandoverHO Steps 2) HO Preparation phase
Resource Retain Timer:
Duration during which serving BS
(prior to handover) keeps MS
context to support handover
cancellation by MS
Resources are reserved(admitted)
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Intra WAC Handover
MSS Serving BS Target BS WAC
MOB_HO-IND(mode="HO", Target
BS ID) 9
SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC @, Target BS ID) 10
DL data path switching for
RT services 11
SS_HO_Execution_Cmd(MSS MAC
@) 12
CDMA Ranging 13
RNG-REQ(MSS MAC @, Ranging Purpose Indication,
HMAC/CMAC tuple) 14
RNG_RSP(HO process optimization, PKMv2 SA-TEK-
Challenge, CID Update) 15
SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(tBSID, MSS MAC @, return code="HO
success") 16
SS_Association-Ind(MSS MAC @,
Cause="HO") 17
SS_Association-Rsp 18
SS_Release-Cmd(MSS MAC @, Cause="HO") 19
SS_Release-Ack 20
PKM-REQ(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Request) 21
PKM-RSP(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Response) 22
Connection established 23
HO Steps 3) HO Execution phase
Network Re-Entry
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Inter WAC Handover
MSS Serving BSServing
WACTarget BS Target WAC
MOB_MSHO-REQ(BS list) 1
SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC
@, BS list, MSS basic capabilities) 2
Inter-WAC control connection establishment 3
Target BS
selection 4
SS-HO-Preparation-Ind(MSS MAC @, sBSID, tBSID, MSS basic capabilities, HA IP @, anchor WAC IP @, MSS IP @,
User Profile, Keying material) 5
SS-HO-Preparation-Req(MSS MAC @, MSS basic capabilities, MSS IP
@, User profile, Keying materials) 6
SS-HO_Preparation-Cnf(MSS MAC @, Action time, Service Level
Prediction) 7
SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time,
Service Level Prediction) 8
DL data path switching for
NRT services 9
SS-HO-Preparation-Rsp(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level
Prediction) 10
MOB_BSHO-RSP(Target BS ID, Action Time, Service Level
Prediction, Resource Retain Type,
Resource Retain Time) 11
HO Steps 2) HO Preparation phase (2)
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MSS Serving BSServing
WACTarget BS Target WAC
MOB_HO-IND(mode="HO", Target
BS ID) 12
SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC
@, Target BS ID) 13
DL data path switching for
RT services 14
SS_HO_Execution_Ind(MSS MAC @, Target BS ID) 15
SS_HO_Execution_Cmd(MSS MAC
@) 16
CDMA Ranging 17
RNG-REQ(MSS MAC @, Ranging Purpose Indication, HMAC/CMAC tuple) 18
RNG_RSP(HO process optimization, PKMv2 SA-TEK-Challenge, CID Update) 19
SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return
code="Success") 20
SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return code="Success") 21
SS_Association-Ind(MSS MAC @,
Cause="HO") 22
SS_Association-Rsp 23
PKM-REQ(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Request) 24
PKM-RSP(PKMv2 SA-TEK-Response) 25
Traffic resumption 26
Inter WAC HandoverHO Steps 3) HO Execution phase (2)
Network Re-Entry
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During this phase the MS is disconnected from the network and so cannot
receive or send data (due to break before make strategy).
All CPE context (encryption keys, MS capabilities, and service flows description)
were provided to the target BS during the handover preparation phase.
If disconnection appeared between the tBS and CPE then all routed data is lost.
NW Re-entry occurs at:
1. Intra WAC Handover (Intra WAC Re-entry)
2. Inter WAC Handover (Inter WAC Re-entry)
3. Idle mode termination
HO Steps 4) Network Re-entry
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4) NW Re-entry1. Intra WAC NW Re-entry
MSS New BS Old BS WAC AAA Server DHCP server HA
Scanning and synchronization 1
DL-MAP, DCD, UCD, UL-MAP (obtain
downlink and uplink parameters) 2
RNG-REQ (SS MAC address) 3
RNG-RSP (Basic and Primary
Management CIDs) 4
SBC-REQ (basic capabilities) 5
SBC-RSP 6
SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC address) 7
SS-Associated-Rsp 8
SS-Release-Cmd 9
SS-Release-Ack 10
Re-Authentication 11
SS-User-Profile-Ind 12
PKM: Key exchange 13
REG-REQ 14
REG-RSP 15
Preprovisioned BE service flow creation16
SS-User-Profile-Rsp 17
SS-IP-address-Ind 18
SS-IP-address-Rsp 19
DHCP RENEW or DHCP INIT 20
Ww
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4) NW Re-entry2. Inter WAC NW Re-entry
MSS New BS Old BS New WAC Old WAC AAA Server DHCP server HA
Scanning and synchronization 1
DL-MAP, DCD, UCD, UL-MAP (obtain
downlink and uplink parameters) 2
RNG-REQ (SS MAC address) 3
RNG-RSP (Basic and Primary
Management CIDs) 4
SBC-REQ (basic capabilities) 5
SBC-RSP 6
SS-Associated-Ind (SS MAC address) 7
SS-Associated-Rsp 8
Authentication 9
SS-User-Profile-Ind 10
PKM: Key exchange 11
REG-REQ 12
REG-RSP 13
Preprovisioned BE service flow creation14
SS-User-Profile-Rsp 15
DHCP RENEW or DHCP INIT 16
SS-IP-address-Ind 17
SS-IP-address-Rsp 18
MIP registration 19
Accounting-Start 20
SS-Release-Ind 21
SS-Release-Rsp 22
Accounting-Stop 23
MIP De-registration 24
MIP second registration 25
Ww
In case of multipleBinding is not supported
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MSS Serving BSServing
WACTarget BS Target WAC
MOB_HO_IND(HO Cancel) 1
SS_HO_Execution-Ind(MSS MAC@,
HO Cancel) 2
Connection re-established 3
SS_HO_Execution-Ind(MSS MAC@, Target BS ID, HO
Cancel) 4
SS_HO_Execution-Rsp(Return Code = "Success") 5
SS-Release-Cmd(MSS MAC@, Cause "HO Cancel") 6
SS-Release-Cmd(MSS MAC@,
Cause "HO Cancel") 7
SS-Release-Ack 8
SS-Release-Ack 9
HO Steps5) HO Cancellation
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Mobility management Handover Performances
Session disruption during handover is between 90 and 110 ms• MS disconnected from network «due to break before make strategy »
• Allows to provide seamless handover for non real-time applications
• VoIP user can experience a short « cut »
« Simple Mobility » as defined by Wimax Forum is supported
• Mobility usage defined by Wimax Forum: Nomadicity Simple mobility (handover below 150 ms) Full mobility (handover below 50 ms)
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Network Procedures Channel Quality Measurements
Two methods:
• RSSI / CINR measurements via MAC message CPE sends the REP-RSP dependent on REP-REQ only
• RSSI / CINR measurement via CQICH (W2 MR1) CPE sends the REP-RSP periodically on a pre-negotiated period with the BS (but
that requires implementation of the CQICH region in the UL)
RSSI and CINR statistics and response implementation is mandatoryRSSI = Receiver Signal Strength IndicatorCINR = Carrier-to-Interference-and-Noise Ratio
All measurements are done on the Preamble
All measurements are averaged before reported The measurements reported by CPE are used in the power control and
Handover algorithms.
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The following data is present in the CQICH_Allocation_IE:Period (P):
A CQI feedback is transmitted on the CQICH every 2^p frames.
Frame offset:
The frame at which the SS starts reporting measurements.
Duration (d):
A CQI feedback is transmitted on the CQI channels indexed by the CQICH_ID for
10 x 2d frames.
BS MS
CQICH_Allocation _IE -Succession of RSSI (CINR)measurements on DL preamble in OFDMA frame-Estimates mean and Standard deviation of RSSI (CINR).
REP-RSP
Network Procedures Channel Quality Measurements
or REP-REQ
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Uplink PC only is defined
Why no DL PC?
•Very useful in a network for minimizing interference•Different approaches in IEEE 802.16e for interference
reduction
BS always transmit at almost the maximum power level•consequences:
All SSs get their highest possible modulation rates
Minimum transmission time
High interference (high transmission power) for a short period of time
Network Procedures Power Control algorithm - Introduction
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Network Procedures Power Control algorithm – Introduction (2)
The goal is to adjust the Tx power so that the best available coding scheme is
achieved (best rates).
Two types of network configurations:
1) Single Cell configuration: (the one used by W2)• No interference between neighbour cells is present• UL power control will rely on RSSI measurements for simplicity.
2) Multi Cell configuration:• Interference between neighbour cells is present• Advanced UL power control based on RSSI and CINR measurements• Compare RSSI with CINR and adapt modulation / FEC coding
according to interference situation
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Network Procedures PC/ Minimum RSSI and normalized SNR
A burstprofile is defined by: •Modulation (QPSK,16QAM,64QAM)•Channel coder•Coding rate (1/2...3/4)
Each burstprofile is applicable for a certain RSSI range
Burst profile (Modulation and coding rate)
Minimum signal Level (RSSI)according to
WIMAX standard
NormalizeC/N
QPSK 1/2 -86 6
QPSK ¾ -84 9
16QAM 1/2 -79 12
16QAM 3/4 -77 15
64QAM 2/3 -72 20
64QAM 3/4 -71 21
The CPE changes its transmit power automatically if the burst profile changes
These values are dependent on channel BW
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Network Procedures PC/Definition of terms
Noise Floor (N)
Signal Level (S)
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
RSSI max : Signal Level if MSS transmits max. TX power
MSS TX power headroom
RX Level (RSSI)
frequency
A definition of terms
MSS TX power control range:Min.45dB(OFER : 60dB?)
RSSI min : if MSS has min. TX power
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Network Procedures PC/ Current TX power vs. measured RSSI
MSSBS
Current measured RSSI
Current TX power level
Max. RSSI Max TX power level
Path loss
Path loss = Current TX power level – Current measured RSSI
Max RSSI = Max TX power level – Path loss
MSS TX power headroom = Max RSSI – Current measured RSSI
= Max TX power level – Max. RSSI
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Network Procedures PC/ Noise floor and signal level
Due to the noise figure NF of the receiver and implementation loss, the noise level referenced to the demodulator is:
N = N + NF + Impl.Loss = -107dBm +9dB +5dB = -93 dBm
(*) N is also dependent on channel BWN = -174 dBm/Hz + 10*log(BW / 1Hz)Each modulation type requires a minimum SNR for proper
demodulation . The signal level S for proper demodulation for a given burstprofile is then:
S = N + SNR = -93dBm + 9dB = -84dBm .
The target CINR for QPSK ¾ is 9dB from the table.
Hence the target RSSI for QPSK 3/4 is –84 dBm
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Network Procedures PC/ Burst profile state machine
Closed Loop
Power Control
Closed Loop
Power Control
Burst Profile
selectionManagement
Burst Profile
selectionManagement
RSSI or CINR out of range
Burstprofile selected
Check MSS TX power headroom. Change burstprofile if headroom is sufficient.
MSS Adjusts TX power : Use RSSI target table or CINR target table for the selected burstprofile
Select new burstprofile according BS and MSS capabilities
Sufficent / Insufficent TX power headroom
During MSS network entry the burstprofile is QPSK. After entry is finished, an initial burstprofile should be selected.
MSS network entry
MSS network entry finished
This mechanism is done using Correction and Action Profiles CAPs
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Network Procedures PC/ Burst profile state machine requirements
Try to select the BP with the highest modulation rate.
Check always if the MSS TX power headroom is sufficent to change to higher
modulation rate
If the BP cannot be changed, then apply power control and keep the current BP.
Avoid to change the BP too often. Once a BP is selected, it should be valid for a
specific time (MSS min. Headroom)
Notify the user application if a new BP has been assigned.
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Network Procedures PC/ List of Correction and Action Profiles (CAPs)
RSSI [dBm]
CAP#0
CAP#1
CAP#2
A CAP element defines a range of RSSI where a specific burst profile should be used.
A list of CAP elements is used to cover all possible RSSI values.The list is presented by CAP#0 to CAP#N
CAP#0•Referred to as lowest CAP•Defines lowest RSSI values•Designed for lowest modulation rate•Designed for lowest coder rate
CAP#N
CAP#N•Referred to as highest CAP•Defines highest RSSI values•Designed for highest modulation rate•Designed for highest coder rate
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Network Procedures
PC/ CAP description
CAP #n
RSSI [dBm]
No power adjustment is needed.
MSS TX power must be decreased
MSS TX power must be increased
The CAP element sub-devides an RSSI range into smaller intervals. If the burstprofile should not be changed, then the CAP describes the action to be applied
R1
R2
R3
R4
The CAP is defined by:
• Minimum MSS power headroom• Mode : use RSSI or CINR• RSSI thresholds R1..R4• CINR threshold C1..C4• Action codes for R1..R4 / C1..C4• max. step size for power correction value
Select CAP#n+1
Select CAP#n-1
Action
Action Codes:
SELECT_HIGHER_BPSELECT_LOWER_BPINCREASE_TX_POWERDECREASE_TX_POWERNO_ACTION
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Network Procedures PC/ Example
QPSK 1/2
16QAM 1/2
No power adjustment Increase / DecreaseMSS TX power
Increase / Decrease MSS TX power orSelect another burstprofile
CAP #0
CAP #1
-123
-40
-86
-79
RSSI [dBm]
-81
-74
Calculation done by MAC:
MSS Power Headroom for 16QAM1/2 = 23dBm – (-10dBm) = 33dB
Distance to next CAP= -79dBm – (-86dBm) = 7dB
If MSS Power Headroom > (Distance to next CAP + min. MSS Headroom) then { select new burstrpofile from next CAP } Else { perform closed loop power control to keep CAP }
Distance to next CAP
-81
-78
RSSI = -82dBm using QPSK 1/2MSS max TX power for 16QAM1/2: 23dBmMSS current TX power : -10dBmMSS min.headroom : 9dB
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Network Procedures PC/ Example (2)
RSSI excellent, no correction value
RSSI low, increase power
RSSI out of range , select new burstprofile
RSSI out of range , select new burstprofile
RX Level RSSI
time
RSSI high , decrease power
For each burstprofile there is an RSSI target table.
Decision is : power controlIncrease/Decrease power, but check if less robust Burstprofile is possible.
Decision is : If possible select new burstprofile, else decrease power
Decision is : If possible increase MSS power, else select more robust burstprofile
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Network Procedures
PC/ Limitations
•There are some situations where the BP cannot be changed to higher modulation rates:
The MSS TX power headroom is not sufficient. Then the decision is to keep the selected BP and to decrease the power.
•There are some situations where the BP cannot be changed to lower modulation rates:
The selected BP is already QPSK ½. Then the decision is to keep the selected BP and to increase the power.
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Idle mode is the CPE activity of scanning the network at discrete intervals.
Idle Mode allows the CPE to become periodically available for DL broadcast
traffic messaging without registration at a specific BS.
Idle Mode benefits CPE by removing the active requirement for HO, and all
Normal Operation requirements.
Idle Mode allows the CPE to conserve power and operational resources.
And benefits the network and BS by providing a simple method for alerting the
CPE to pending DL traffic directed toward the CPE.
Network Procedures Idle mode mechanism
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Paging Controller
The BSs are divided into logical groups called paging groups to offer a contiguous
coverage regions in which the MS does not need to transmit in the UL, yet can be paged in
the DL if there is targeted traffic.
Restriction in W2.1, only one paging group can be defined for the entire WiMAX
RAN.
CPE in idle mode are managed by a Paging Controller located in the WAC.
The paging controller is in charge of:
1) Storing CPE context for CPE idle mode.
2) Receiving incoming IP packets for CPE in idle mode and generating a paging request to notify these CPE that data are pending in the network and so network re-entry has to be done.
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Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities
Idle mode is comprised of the following activities/stages:
•MSS Idle mode initiation
•Cell selection
•MSS paging unavailable interval
•MSS paging listening interval
•BS broadcast paging message
• Idle mode termination
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MSS Idle mode initiation:
It begins when MSS sends DREG-REQ to BS and receive DREG-CMD (PC ID is included in
DREG-CMD).
The Paging Controller in the serving WAC retains certain MSS service and operational
information useful for expediting a future MSS network re-entry from Idle Mode.
The MSS should maintain an Idle Mode Timer
The Paging Controller should maintain an Idle Mode System Timer
Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities (2)
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Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities (3)
• Cell Selection:
−During CPE paging unavailable interval, CPE may engage in cell selection to obtain a new Preferred BS. Scanning intervals are defined by BS.
−A Preferred BS is a Neighbour BS that the CPE evaluates and selects as the BS with the best air interface DL properties.
−The Preferred BS may be the CPE’s previous Serving BS.
• MSS Paging Unavailable Interval:
−During this Interval the MSS may power down
−Scan Neighbour BSs and re-select a Preferred BS.
−MSS can conduct ranging or perform other activities for which the MSS will not guarantee availability to any BS for DL traffic.
−Then the MSS should return to the MSS Broadcast Paging Message time synchronization stage.
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Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities (4)
• MSS Paging Listening Interval
−While MSS synchronize to preferred BS, the MSS should decode any serving BS Broadcast Paging message during the entire BS Paging Interval.
−If the MSS does not elect to terminate the MSS Idle Mode, it should return to MSS Paging Unavailable Interval.
• BS Broadcast Paging message
−An MSS notification message indicating either the presence of DL traffic pending (sent on the broadcast CID)
−One of the following action codes should be included: 0b00: no action required 0b01: perform Ranging to establish location and acknowledge message 0b10: perform initial network entry 0b11: Reserved
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Network Procedures Idle Mode comprised activities (5)
•Idle mode termination:
Idle Mode may only be terminated through:
−MSS re-entry to the network due to pending traffic.
−Expiration of the Idle Mode System Timer
−MSS decision
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update
Location Update is the process performed by the MSS to establish its
location inside the RAN while in Idle Mode.
Two types of location update:
1) Secured Location Update: If the MSS shares a valid security context with the target BS
(If the MSS didn’t change its PC)
2) Unsecured location Update:• For an MSS and target BS that do not share current, valid security
context.
• Location Update is done using the Network Re-Entry from Idle Mode method.
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update
Location update triggering conditions:
MSS is paged
Timer update
Power down update
At any time upon MSS decision
Paging Group update (not supported in W2)
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update Request
1) First the MSS should perform CDMA ranging.
2) Then MSS sends RNG-REQ containing the following information:
• Indication that MSS is not performing HO or NRE from Idle Mode
• Indication that MSS is performing Location Update from Idle Mode
•The last connected PCID sent in the DREG-CMD by sBS.
•Power down indicator if that was the cause of Location Update.
3)On reception of a Location Update Request, the WAC should check if the PCID included in RNG-REQ fits its own WAC ID.
• In case PCID == WACID, the PC continues with secured location update.
• In case PCID <> WACID, the PC continues with unsecured location update
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Location Update Acknowledgement
1) If the MSS is authenticated, the preferred BS answers with a RNG-RSP message including the following information:
• MSS MAC address• Location Update response: Should be set to 0b01 = “Success of Idle Mode Location Update” • Power down response:Indicates the MS’s Power Down Location Update result.
− 00= Failure of Power Down Information Update.− 01= Success of Power Down Information Update.
2) The preferred BS should report to the PC the final status of the Location Update only if it is secured and successful.
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Network Procedures Idle Mode/ Paging
•Paging occurs when there is pending DL traffic targeted to the MSS.
•The PC broadcasts the paging request to all BSs that belong to the Paging Group that MSS has located in during the last Location Update procedure.
• The BSs which receive the paging request synchronizes the sending over-the-air of MOB_PAG_ADV message with PAGING OFFSET, PAGING CYCLE and the
current frame number.
• The BS buffers the paging requests messages till the next paging interval.
•The MSS should be in the Paging listening interval.
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Network Procedures
Idle Mode/ Paging
Paging Timer duration = PAGING_CYCLE_MSS x Frame duration + Paging
Retry Correction + Margin
•The PC should manage repetition of Paging Request if no response is received from the MSS.
•PC should manage a Paging Timer as well as a Paging Retry Count.
•Until the MSS re-enters the network from Idle Mode or maximum Paging Retry Counts is reached, the PC should buffer DL packet targeted to the MSS.
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Network Procedures
Idle Mode/ Paging
Several MSS may be paged at the same time, so the BS should build the
MOB_PAG-ADV message including all the MSS to be paged at a frame.
One MOB_PAG-ADV message per frame should be sent by the BS.
In case not all MSS paged in one MOB_PAG-ADV message, the BS should
include the unpaged ones into the next MOB_PAG-ADV message.
The BS should repeat this operation until the first of the two following conditions is
met: 1) All the MSS are paged
2) The end of the BS Paging Interval is reached.
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Advanced Radio Techniques
WiMAX requirements:
Large transmission bandwidth (up to 10 MHz)
High-level modulations (64 QAM)
WiMAX solutions:
SOFDMA (previously described)
AMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding)
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WiMAX 802.16e AMC – Adaptive Modulation & Coding
Selection of optimal transmission mode• Among a set of modes
−BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM• According to local radio conditions
−RSSI & CINR• Per user
QPSK16QAM64QAM
Throughput definitions
• Maximum throughput per sector• Highest modulation scheme & lowest error protection
−64QAM 3/4
• Mean throughput offered per sector• Contribution of different modes over the cell area
• Depends on CINR distribution across the cell0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cove
rage
pro
babi
lity
(%)
QPS
K 1/
2
QPS
K 3/
4
16-Q
AM 1
/2
16-Q
AM 3
/4
64-Q
AM 2
/3
64-Q
AM 3
/4
Done by Power control
Mechanism
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9. Alcatel-Lucent Product description
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A9100 WiMAX solutionComponents of WIMAX RAN
Dedicated equipment
• Alcatel 9116 Base Stations
• Alcatel 9160 WiMAX Access Control
• Alcatel 1353-WR OMC
Other core equipment that are necessary to provide functionality (can be shared)
• Home Agent : anchor point in mobility handling
• DHCP & DNS server : IP address allocation and address resolution
• AAA server : authentication, authorization and accounting
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base Station
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationHighlights
The flexible solution for all radio sites constraints
• Compact equipment
• Indoor & Outdoor
• Site options
High end radio features
• 35dBm Output Power & TDD System
• Integrated AAS
All frequency bands
• 2.3, 2.5, 3.3 and 3.5
Easy to operate thanks to Plug & Play approach
Evolium future proof architecture towards Multistandard
The most compactWiMAX Base Station
High PowerHigh Radio Features
802.16e35 liters only
Extended to
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationHighlights
High end radio features
• 802.16e Air Interface Compatible−High Modulation Schemes (up to 64QAM) for an optimized spectrum efficiency
• High end radio features for boosted performances−Integrated AAS, beam forming
−UL Subchanneling
−Convolutional Coding
−Turbo Code
Efficient radio resources management
• Efficient Packet acknowledgement−ARQ
• Fast Radio Channel Allocation
High Throughput
• Up to 10MHz Channelization in release W2.1
• Up to 20MHz Channelization in release W3
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Power SupplyAC/DC
NEMO – Network & Modem
RFCOQuad RF Converter
4 Tx/Rx RF
conversion
LMT
Alcatel 9116 Base Station
Filte
r
LNA
PA
Filte
r
LNA
PA
Filte
r
LNA
PA
Filte
r
LNA
PA
LAN 2
LAN 1
SW programmable
Component Implementation
BTS ManagementO&M
MACLayer
802.16e
PHYLayer
802.16e
IP /
Eth
ern
et
Tra
nsp
ort
4 x
DA
C /
AD
C
GPSReceiver
TimingUnit
Inte
rface
Con
necti
on
En
try B
ox
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationInternal Architecture
FEU
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationNetwork & Modem Module (NEMO)
Main functionalities
• Transmission−IP convergence sub-layer, transport to WAC, OMC and Core servers
• 802.16e MAC
• 802.16e PHY
• Digital to analogue conversion in Tx and vice versa in Rx
• Synchronisation (GPS)
• O&M
Implementation (SW programmable)
• O&M on Micro-controller
• MAC on a dedicated Network Processor
• PHY on combination of DSP & FPGA
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationOther Modules
RFCO – Quad RF Converter
• In both ways signal is converted on an intermediate frequency IF
• 4 functions implemented to serve 4 antennas−Future evolution with usage of direct up/down conversion
FEU - Front End Unit
• Power Amplifier
• Low Noise Amplifier
• RF Filter−Preventing spurious emission
−Providing sufficient adjacent channel rejection
• Rx/Tx antenna switch for TDD operation
Power Supply AC 110V/220V, DC 24V/48V
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007188 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationArchitecture view
2 FEUs
2 FEUs
Power Supply
NEMO
Quad RFCo
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007189 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationRadio Features
Frequency Bands
• 3,5 GHz licensed bands (3.3-3.4 GHz; 3.4-3.6 GHz; 3.6-3.8 GHz)
• 2,5 GHz licensed bands (2.3-2.4 GHz; 2.5-2.7 GHz)
Radio channel bandwidth and FFT sizes (SOFDMA)
• From 3.5 MHz to 10.0 MHz
• 512, 1024 FFT
Duplexing Mode
• TDD, 5ms frame with DL/UL Frame ratio from 1/1 to 3/1
Modulation
• QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM for both Downlink and Uplink
Error Correction Coding
• Convolutional Code (CC), Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC)
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationRadio Features (2)
Automatic Repeat Request• Standard ARQ,
Radio• 35 dBm per antenna element (PAR < 7.5dB)• RX Sensitivity –95 dBm for QPSK 1/2 and
7MHz channel, with CC• LNA Noise Figure : 3 dB
Permutation Schemes• UL PUSC• DL PUSC
QoS• BE
subchannellogicalnumber
DL ULTTG RTG
Preamble
DL-MAP
FCH
DLBurst#1
DLBurst#3
UL Burst#2
UL Burst#1
ULBurst#4
Preamble
DL-MAP
FCH
DLBurst#4
#6 #7 #8 #9 ..... ..... #23 #24 #25 #26#2 #3 #4 #5#1#0 #27 #28 #29 #30 ..... ..... #45 #46 #47 #2 #3 #4#1#0
DLBurst#2
DLBurst#5
DLBurst#7
ULMAP
compressed
DL/UL
sub-
map
DL-MAP
FCH
compressed
DL/UL
sub
-
map
#1
compressed
DL/UL
sub-
map
#2
RangingSub-channel
ULBurst#7
ULBurst#6
ULBurst#9
1
2
3
14
15
13
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
2
3
16
17
15
.
.
.
.
.
.
DL AMC 2*3-Zone UL AMC 2*3-Zone
DLBurst#6
UL Burst#3 ULBurst#8
DL PUSC Zone UL PUSC Zone
ULBurst#5
ULBurst#10
AASRang.Sub-chan.
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Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationAntenna Configurations
2 Configurations
• 4 antennas for 4Rx/4Tx−Benefit all Multiple antenna processing features
−Housed in a single radome
• 2 antennas for 2RX/1Tx−Diversity Algorithm optimized configuration
−Individual radome or cross polarized antenna
• GPS Antenna−For TDD synchronisation
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007192 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Special featuresAAS features
Beamforming-AAS -> Alcatel solution for A9100• Adaptive and dynamic beam forming towards each user
−Beam formed by compensating amplitude and phase−Null steering possible: interference suppression
• Antenna spacing ~ l/2: compactness• Only BS side• Advanced support for OFDMA AAS is available through IEEE 802.16e
−16e profiles has the hooks to support BF-AAS efficiently
MIMO• Transmit / Receive on multiple antennas same or different flows
−Spatial Diversity schemes: improved link quality−Spatial Multiplexing schemes: maximised data rate and system capacity
• No Beam-forming
• MIMO support for OFDMA has strongly evolved in IEEE 802.16e−16e profile supports 2x2 MIMO in DL and collaborative MIMO in UL
BS MSM N
MxN channels
BS MSM N
MxN channels
Alcate
l Solu
tion
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007193 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
U s e r x
s t r o n g i n t e r f e r e r
Multiple antenna processing
• AAS beamforming algorithm with 4 array elements (sub-wavelength)−Capacity increase: Up to 40% throughput gain
−Coverage enhancement: Twice less sites
−Interferences reduction: Higher coverage probability
• 2RX/1TX Diversity for 2 antennas configuration
• Further release−MIMO
Link Budget+11 dB DL+5 dB UL
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationAlcatel Smart antenna benefits
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007194 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base StationSmart Antennas
Typical Characteristics
• Bands & Radio−2.3-2.7GHz−3.3-3.8GHz−Gain : 17dBi−Opening : 90°
• Mechanics•2.5GHz
1350x360x110 10kgs
•3.5GHz 1000x240x80 8kgs
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007195 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent WiMAX Base Station All Installation Types
Antenna in Mast
Rooftop Outdoor
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007196 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent A1353 WiMAX OMC-R
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007197 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ Overview
Capable up to 2000 cells Advanced supervision facilities Open interface to A9155 Radio Network Planning (RNP) tools
Built-in Performance database Innovative A9159 Radio Network Optimizer (RNO) embedded
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A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ Architecture
WACBS
SNMPInterface
SNMPInterface
Navigation Navigation
BS NEM WAC NEM
OMC-RWiMAX
A9155 Radio Network Planning
(RNP) tool
NEM: Network Element Manager (SW)LMT: Local Management Terminal (PC)
LMTLMT
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007199 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R & NEM Role
The Network Element Manager (NEM) is used at the equipment site for commissioning and maintenance requiring physical actions (e.g. board replacement, re-cabling).
NEM can be used from the OMC-R WiMAX site, for detailed maintenance of a single equipment.
The WiMAX OMC-R provides equipment level services via the NEM and Network level services with full WiMAX RAN scope.
• physical and logical resource supervision
• software management application
• hardware and software inventory (scanning)
• performance monitoring and QoS analysis
• radio network configuration
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007200 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R Advanced services
WiMAX Base Station and WAC Plug & Play
• Simplified NE commissioning on site using a wizard running on LMT
• Once the commissioned BS/WAC is connected to the network, it is automatically created at OMC level
WiMAX Base Station and WAC software management from the OMC-R WiMAX
• Upgrade, backup via software plans with immediate or planned execution
Import of WIMAX RAN operational configuration
• From the A9155 Radio Network Planning (RNP) connected to the interface provided by OMC-R
A9159 Network Performance Optimizer (NPO) embedded in the OMC-R
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A9100 WiMAX solution OMC-R/ All services from one terminal
Icon Box
Equipment view
SupervisionNetwork topology
QoS
Software
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007202 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-RRoot Screen
Screen open after logging
All O&M functional areas are reachable from this screen
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007203 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Topology Management
BS and WAC creation• Plug & Play approach
NE modification/deletion
NE list• Powerful &
customizable filters
Export in XML format
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007204 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Supervision Management
NE Start / Stop supervision
NE administrative state
Display of NE:
• Animated with colors
• Colors depending on status
• Powerful & customizable filters Filters saved/recalled by operator
Multi-NE commands
Integrated Navigation
• From this view navigation to alarms, software, equipment,…of the selected NE(s)
Export of supervision data to html or XML or Excel format
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007205 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Equipment Management
Provided by BS/WAC NEM
Local access to the NE
• With LMT (portable PC)
Remote Access from OMC
NE hardware configuration
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007206 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Centralized Software Management
Update SW of NEs
• Applicative and firmware
Two versions in NEs
• One active, one stand-by
Software Plans
• Multi-NEs scope
• Download, activate, accept, reject
• Immediate or planned execution
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007207 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
A1353 WiMAX OMC-R Alarm Management
Powerful & customizable filters
•Filters saved/recalled by operator
Current and Historical views
Customizable severity
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007208 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Performance Management A9159 Network Performance Optimizer
A9159 NPO offers full range of facilities for
• Efficient planning and optimization of the network
• Usage Statistics
• Detailed investigation of a past problem
• Real-time analysis
A9159 NPO runs on the WiMAX OMC-R platform
• NPO is also used for Alcatel GSM and UMTS RAN solutions
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007209 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Performance ManagementA9159 Network Performance Optimizer (2)
Permanent network-wide QoS monitoring
• Definition of Permanent Measurement Campaigns (PMCs)
• New NEs automatically added to existing PMCs
• Raw measurements stored in OMC-R database
• Raw measurements consolidated in pre-defined or flexible indicators
• Reports with tables and graphs
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007210 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Performance ManagementA9159 Network Performance Optimizer (3)
Flexible indicators
• Starting from the rawmeasurements, the user can define the aggregation intoa flexible indicator.
• Definition of the set ofraw measurements and the formula to consolidate them.
• Flexible indicatorscan be saved andrecalled by the user.
• Use of templates todefine the flexibleindicators
Performance data can be exported via XML or in ExcelTM sheet
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007211 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
End user devices’ (CPE) description
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007212 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
CPE DescriptionDevices categories
Three main end-user devices are developed by ZyXEL:
•PC Card, for Nomadic and Mobile usage
•Self install Indoor CPE, for Fixed Wireless Access and Portable usage
•Self install Outdoor CPE, for Fixed Wireless Access usage
•VoIP PDA will be embedded by the mid of 2007 as shown.
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007213 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
CPE DescriptionDevices Overview
Type PC CardIndoor, Self
installIndoor, Self
install
Indoor gateway with Outdoor
self install unit
Usage Nomadic, Mobile Fixed, Portable Fixed, Portable Fixed
Services Data Data, Voice Data, Voice Data, Voice
Connectivity
PCMCIA1 x Ethernet
plug
4 x Ethernet plugs
WiFi 802.11b/g
4 x Ethernet plugs
WiFi 802.11b/g
Tx Power23dBm + 2dBi antenna gain
27dBm + 6dBi antenna gain
27dBm + 6dBi antenna gain
23dBm + 14dBi antenna gain
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007214 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
CPE DescriptionPCMCIA
Product concept: • Nomadic and Mobile WiMAX modem for PC
WiMAX air interface:
• 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz versions
• 3.5MHz, 5MHz, 7MHz, 8.75MHz and 10MHz bandwidth
• 802.16e efficient air interface, including: − AAS beamforming according to WiMAX Forum profile
− CTC (Convolutional Turbo Code)
− Up to 64QAM modulation in downlink, and 16QAM in uplink
• 23dBm transmit power with 2dBi antenna gain
• Mobility up to 120 km/hr
• Support up to 5 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007215 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
CPE DescriptionIndoor Simple CPE, Multi-users CPE
Product concept: • Fixed Wireless Internet access with embedded VoIP• Two different products:
− Simple CPE, targeting single user− Multi-users CPE, bringing higher connectivity option, including
WiFi
WiMAX air interface:
• 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz and 3.5GHz versions• 3.5MHz, 5MHz, 7MHz, 8.75MHz and 10MHz bandwidth• 802.16e efficient air interface, including:
AAS beamforming according to WiMAX Forum profile CTC (Convolutional Turbo Code) Up to 64QAM modulation in downlink, and 16QAM in uplink
• High range thanks to 27dBm transmit power with 6dBi additional antenna gain
• Support up to 5 Mbps downlink, 2 Mbps uplink
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007216 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
CPE DescriptionOutdoor CPE
Product concept: • Fixed Wireless Internet access with embedded VoIP and WiFi access
point.
• High gain outdoor directive antenna for large cell range (up to 15 ~20 km) and enhanced spectrum usage.
• Easy installation, can be done by the end-user himself.
Main features:• The Outdoor CPE share same features as the Multi-users indoor CPE (IP
networking with 4 Ethernet plugs, WiFi, VoIP with 2 POTS plugs, …) with following exceptions:
23dBm transmit power 14dBi directive antenna, 30° elevation and 30° azimuth
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007217 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Alcatel-Lucent’s Internal Roadmap and Strategies
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007218 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Internet in the PocketWiMAX Roadmap
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY SEPTAUG OCT NOV DEC
2007 2008
W2 Release
MobilityVoIPSmart AntennasIMS - NGNEnd to End Solutions
W2 Release
MobilityVoIPSmart AntennasIMS - NGNEnd to End Solutions
802.16e standard
TerminalsPCMCIA, CPE Indoor, CPE Outdoor2.3, 2.5, and 3.5Ghz
802.16e standard
TerminalsPCMCIA, CPE Indoor, CPE Outdoor2.3, 2.5, and 3.5Ghz
W3 Release
Capacity & CoverageEnhanced MobilityExtended ServicesEnlarged Base Station portfolio
W3 Release
Capacity & CoverageEnhanced MobilityExtended ServicesEnlarged Base Station portfolio
W2.1
5MHz and 10MHz2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHzSmart AntennasVoIP – NGNMobilityAuthenticationEnd to End Solutions
W2.1
5MHz and 10MHz2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHzSmart AntennasVoIP – NGNMobilityAuthenticationEnd to End Solutions
Base Station
Access Control
Operation & Maintenance
High Capacity WAC
Multi WBS
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
700MHzDemonstrator
Light WBS
W4 Release
Performance & Capacity
W4 Release
Performance & Capacity
W3
Enhanced Mob.IMS VoIP QoSHigh Capacity WACO&M enhancements
W4 – Q2 08
Enhanced MIMOMulti CarriersSpectrum efficiencyNew devices (embed)700 MHz SolutionMulti-hopReuse1Interference Cancel.
W3 MR1
7MHz*, 8.75MHz*Video ServicesWholesaleQoS ClassesMIMO
TerminalsUSB Dongle, PCI Express
* : Features under
assessment
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007219 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
Internet in the Pocket W2 release WiMAX Roadmap /INTERNAL
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY SEPTAUG OCT NOV DEC
2007 2008JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
W2MR1
System features• Full integrated RAN
• High Speed Internet
• Network Entry
• QoS BE
• IP Addressing
• IP-CS
• Unicast
• Nomadicity
• Mobility intra WAC
Radio Features• 5MHz –512FFT
• PUSC UL/DL
• 16QAM DL/UL
• Fix DL/UL Ratio
• GPS Synchronization
• Rx Diversity
W2MR1
System features• Full integrated RAN
• High Speed Internet
• Network Entry
• QoS BE
• IP Addressing
• IP-CS
• Unicast
• Nomadicity
• Mobility intra WAC
Radio Features• 5MHz –512FFT
• PUSC UL/DL
• 16QAM DL/UL
• Fix DL/UL Ratio
• GPS Synchronization
• Rx Diversity
Operation & Maintenance
• Equipment Configuration
• Alarm Management
• SW Management
• Operator Security Management
• Local Maintenance Terminals
• OMC Data Back Up Restore
• SNPM v3
• Plug & Play NEs
• Radio Management
W2.1
System features• E2E VLANs transport
service
• Charging data in WAC
• HA less for FWA
• Authentication
Radio Features• AAS UL
• Turbo Code
• 10Mhz - 1kFFT
• 64QAM DL
Operation & Maintenance
• Performance Management
• Performance Indicators
• QoS Monitoring
• OMC 600cells
W2.1
System features• E2E VLANs transport
service
• Charging data in WAC
• HA less for FWA
• Authentication
Radio Features• AAS UL
• Turbo Code
• 10Mhz - 1kFFT
• 64QAM DL
Operation & Maintenance
• Performance Management
• Performance Indicators
• QoS Monitoring
• OMC 600cells
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007220 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY SEPTAUG OCT NOV DEC
2007 2008JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
W3 MR1
Services• Enterprises Services
LL, Corporate VPN
• IP Mobile TV, VoD (w/ QoS)
• Wholesale
• Enhanced mobility
enhanced perf
System Features• New QoS Class
RT-VR, NRT-VR, ERT-VR
• Authentification methods
EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA
WiMAX Certification wave 1
Radio Features• 7 Mhz*, 8.75MHz*
• ARQ, H-ARQ, DL-FUSC,
• MIMO DL STBC
• UL & DL AMC 2*3
• DL BF (inc. UL DL BF in AMC 2*3)
• Support of STC zone
• Dynamic CTC
• Prog UL/DL ratio
W3 MR1
Services• Enterprises Services
LL, Corporate VPN
• IP Mobile TV, VoD (w/ QoS)
• Wholesale
• Enhanced mobility
enhanced perf
System Features• New QoS Class
RT-VR, NRT-VR, ERT-VR
• Authentification methods
EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA
WiMAX Certification wave 1
Radio Features• 7 Mhz*, 8.75MHz*
• ARQ, H-ARQ, DL-FUSC,
• MIMO DL STBC
• UL & DL AMC 2*3
• DL BF (inc. UL DL BF in AMC 2*3)
• Support of STC zone
• Dynamic CTC
• Prog UL/DL ratio
O&M• Network Perf.
Optimization
QoS management enhancements
QoS Alerters
• Remote Inventory
• O&M enhancements
•OMC alarms
W3 MR1 ed
Support of Multi WBS
W3 MR1 ed
Support of Multi WBS
W3
Services• Enhanced mobility
macro mobility
LU, Idle, Paging
System Features• New QoS Class
UGS
• Authentification methods
EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA
• Encryption
WAC• High capacity (up to 10 Gb/s)
• WAC redundancy
Radio Features• Fast feedback (CQICH)
• 1x1 segmented PUSC DL & UL
• 64QAM DL
• PHS
W3
Services• Enhanced mobility
macro mobility
LU, Idle, Paging
System Features• New QoS Class
UGS
• Authentification methods
EAP-SIM/EAP-AKA
• Encryption
WAC• High capacity (up to 10 Gb/s)
• WAC redundancy
Radio Features• Fast feedback (CQICH)
• 1x1 segmented PUSC DL & UL
• 64QAM DL
• PHS
O&M• O&M enhancements
•BS reparenting
•Multi-release management
• Radio Traces
• OMC 2k cells capacity
• Cartographic Display
• Automatic Diagnosis
• RNP Interface
• Pay as you grow mecanisms
Internet in the Pocket W3 release WiMAX Roadmap /INTERNAL
All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007221 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY SEPTAUG OCT NOV DEC
2007 2008JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
New Terminals
New devices (embed)
New Terminals
MIMOPCMCIA, Indoor CPE,Outdoor CPEUSB DonglePCI Express
Terminal Features7MHz, 8.75MHz
W2MR ed W2.1 W3 W3 MR1 W4
New Terminals
Indoor CPE 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz
New Terminals
Indoor CPE 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz
New Terminals
Indoor CPE – 27dBm 2.5GHz, 2.3GHzPCMCIA 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.5GHz
New Terminals
Indoor CPE – 27dBm 2.5GHz, 2.3GHzPCMCIA 3.5GHzOutdoor CPE 2.5GHz
New Terminals
Multi-Users CPE 2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz
New Terminals
Multi-Users CPE 2.5GHz, 2.3GHz, 3.5GHz
Terminals FeaturesW2.110MHz ChannelizationSW Download
Terminals FeaturesW2.110MHz ChannelizationSW Download
New Terminals
Indoor CPE – 27dBm 3.5GHz
New Terminals
Indoor CPE – 27dBm 3.5GHz
Internet in the Pocket WiMAX terminal Roadmap /INTERNAL
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All Rights Reserved © Alcatel-Lucent 2007223 |Introduction to WiMAX | WIMAX NE training w.31/32 2007 223 | WiMAX Architecture and Dimensioning in W2.1 | March 2007
PSS&TI - Network Engineering
E-Mail: [email protected]
Forum: http://aww-forum.net.alcatel.com/viewforum.php?f=53
NE Quickplace: http://aww.quickplace.alcatel.com/QuickPlace/mnd_pcs-psf/
PageLibraryC12570D0006048F2.nsf/h_Toc/9af0a6d9c05146c3c125714000445a62/?OpenDocument
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www.alcatel-lucent.comThank you!!