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Intro/history of Aquaculture
Aquaculture
The art and science of rearing aquatic organisms (finfish, shellfish, aquatic reptiles, amphibians, and plants) under controlled conditions.
History of Aquaculture • First practiced by the Chinese 3,500 to 4,000
years ago • • • Oysters were farmed in Japan about 3,000 years
ago and by the Romans nearly 2,000 years ago
United States/North America 1850s - first attempt at artificial propagation (Dr. Theodatus Garlick)
- Brook trout- Spring fed ponds (Cleveland, Ohio)
1864 – 1866 - First public hatchery was built in New York
- - Atlantic Salmon fry produced for enhancement efforts on the Merrimac River- High profits -
Intro/history of Aquaculture
1870 - Formation of the “American Fish Cultural Society”
- Began to apply the scientific method to aquaculture production
-
- 19th century –
Intro/history of Aquaculture
Commercial (foodfish) production
• Followed AFS development and used techniques and methods established through government and academic research
• Foodfish production worldwide
1. 2.
Purpose of Aquaculture
Important culture species (3 phyla represented)
1. Mollusca
2. Arthropoda (crustaceans)
3. Chordata
Purpose of Aquaculture
Aquaculture
Important culture species
Chordata
• Channel catfish• Atlantic salmon • • • • Tilapia• Carp
Aquaculture
Aquaculture (fish and shellfish)• Global production has doubled in past 15
years• > 220 species of finfish and shellfish are
farmedUS (commercial finfish):
• Production estimates (1991): 543,770 tons valued at approximately $750,250,000
•
Aquaculture
Catfish - Dominant species cultured in United States
• • In late 1950s the methodology for catfish culture
in the US was developed
• At that time, it was demonstrated that a profit could be made if producers received $1.10/kg
• Today:
•
•
Aquaculture
Rainbow trout
• Important species in the US, Northern Europe, Chile, etc.
• Freshwater•
• Also raised in other regions for food and sport.
• Australia (Tasmania)• New Zealand
Aquaculture
Rainbow trout
Idaho is one of the major trout producing region in US/world.
• Constant temperature (15oC) spring water year-
round
• 1980-3,400 tons/yr. 1990s > 10,000 tons/yr.
Aquaculture
Atlantic Salmon
• Industry has rapidly expanded in last decade• High tech
• Net pen culture (primarily foodfish)
•
Aquaculture
Other commercial species
Ornamental species
• Florida – raise > 100 species• >$100 million/yr (1998)
• Value –
Aquaculture
Carp and Tilapia
• Important species in Middle East, China, Japan, etc.
• Grass Carp (in US)• Aquatic vegetation control•
• Tilapia• Often used as protein supplement for third world
regions•
Commercial Fisheries• Goal – increase or sustain commercially important
species (other than salmon)
Concept• Being re-considered
• • Offspring – increased survivalSpecies• Flounder• Cod• Haddock• Rockfish
Purpose of Aquaculture
Recreational Fisheries• Goal – Stocking for angling public
Put and take• Stock catchable size fish that are available
immediately • Chase hatchery trucks• Recreation for the “non” purists
• Provides some states alternative experience• Seasons that provide proper environmental
conditions• Spring – trout in some states (trout stamp)
Purpose of Aquaculture
Recreational Fisheries
Put-Grow-and take• Stock at small size (fingerlings) allow to grow to
large size • Close harvest of small fish (size restrictions)Ex:• Stock fingerling Northern pike in Midwest• Coho Salmon and SH in Great Lakes (1980s) •
Both approaches provide angling opportunities in waters that may not support sustainable populations
Purpose of Aquaculture
Augmentation
• Used in waters that can support sustainable populations but where fishing pressure results in unbalanced populationsEx:• Largemouth bass
• Fishing lowers bass pop. even though forage base is good
Purpose of Aquaculture
Mitigation/supplementation
• Human activities – destruction or alteration of fish habitat
Ex:•
• Loss of upstream access by anadromous fishes• Decreased access to spawning habitat• Change from riverine to reservoir habitat• Increased turbidity (Ag and industry runoff)
Purpose of Aquaculture
Mitigation/supplementation
• 1938 – Congress passed legislation that mandated for losses of renewable aquatic resources due to reduction of upstream access for migratory salmonids• Results –
“In-kind” mitigation • Impacted species – re-stocked
May also occur if human activities take water body out of production – filling lake for construction
Purpose of Aquaculture
Pacific Salmon (Coho, Chinook, Chum, Pink, Sockeye)
• Primarily reared and released for mitigation purposes
• Pacific Northwest, Canada (BC), Alaska• Great Lakes (1967) – recreational
fisheries
Purpose of Aquaculture
Species Recovery (ESA)
• Habitat• Hydro• Hatcheries
• One action taken to enhance recoveryGenetic diversity – important
• Ex:
• Sockeye Salmon – 1990s to present (Redfish Lake)• Lonely Larry
• Cryopreserved semen for next season• Offspring survival important
Purpose of Aquaculture
Population assessment
• Cultured fish can be marked and used to assess populations in wild• • Recapture of tagged/untagged fish used to estimate
populationsExamples of marking methods:
• • External tags• Fin clips• • • Branding
Purpose of Aquaculture