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A History of Psychology
Ancient Pre-‐Scien*fic
Roots
Objec*ve Introspec*on
Structuralism
Func*onalism
Gestalt
Psychoanalysis
7 Modern Perspec*ves Behaviorism
Ancient Pre-‐Scien*fic Roots • Psychology was more of a philosophical study rather than scien*fic
in its ancient history (from about 500 B.C. to 1850 B.C.E.) • Rene Descartes
– Viewed mind and the body as interac*ve machines • mind could influence the body and vice versa • allowed for both voluntary and involuntary behavior
– Ruled out organs other than the brain (e.g., the heart) as loca*ons of mental func*oning
– Human minds consisted of two kinds of ideas • Innate ideas (i.e., belief in "God") • Derived ideas (i.e., all ideas acquired through experience or reflec*on)
Objec*ve Introspec*on-‐William Wundt
• Wilhelm Wundt, known as the father of psychology, founded the first psychology research lab in Germany to study the mind scien*fically.
• Wundt believed that in order to study the thoughts, emo*ons, and experiences that make up the mind, students had to learn to think objec*vely about their own thoughts – a process known as objec&ve introspec&on. – Objec*ve refers to accurate, unbiased observa*ons; and introspec*on refers to self-‐examina*on
Structuralism • Wundt’s student Edward Titchener developed the viewpoint of
structuralism, which focused on studying the structure of the mind. • Titchener believed consciousness could be broken down into
individual emo*ons and sensa*ons, related both to physical senses as well as one’s own thoughts.
• Margaret F. Washburn was Titchener’s student and became famous for being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology and for her book The Animal Mind. Washburn a_empted to study experimentally the processes of the mind that occur in animals.
The Animal Mind excerpt: • “Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the
same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man: both are derived by inference from observed behavior. The ac*ons of our fellow man resemble our own, and we therefore infer in them like subjec*ve states to ours: the ac*ons of animals resemble our less completely, but the difference is one of degree, not of kind… We know not where consciousness begins in the animal world. We know where it surely resides—in ourselves; we know where it exists beyond a reasonable doubt—in those animals of structure resembling ours which rapidly adapt themselves to the lessons of experience. Beyond this point, for all we know, if may exist in simpler and simpler forms un*l we reach the very lowest of living beings”
Func*onalism • William James focused on how consciousness relates to and func*ons everyday life rather than on studying the structure of consciousness.
• Func&onalism is the viewpoint developed by James that studies how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.
• James was influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selec*on as it relates to the heritability of behaviors that aid survival.
• James’s student Mary Whiton Calkins was the first female president of the American Psychological Associa*on
Structuralism vs. Func*onalism • h_p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SW6nm69Z_IE
• Assignment: Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast structuralism and func*onalism – Complete in your own words – Include advantages and disadvantages for both – Use visual cues like pictures, icons, designs, fonts, or layout to make it aesthe*cally appealing and easy to understand
**Use textbooks or Internet for addi*onal informa*on as necessary DUE MONDAY