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Intsia bijuga (vesi)Fabaceae (legume family)
choyo, show, kebuk (Pohnpei); cohu, faux teck (French); dort, thort, zort, zolt, show, wantal (Yap); dort, wantal (Palau); fehi (Tonga); fesi (Rotuma); kwila, iban, mboan, bon, menau (Papua New Guinea); ifilele (Samoa); ifit, ifet, ipil (Guam and Mariana Islands); ipil, Moluccan ironwood, Borneo teak (English); kohu (New Caledonia); kubok, kubuk (Marshall Is-lands); kuren, nityanmis, tuamis (Chuuk); natora (Bislama, pidgin), tora, tor, atora, nator, nâtor (Vanuatu); uâula (Kwaraâae), nyia nwola, vei, nkengia, kivili, huhula, rurula, gugura (Solomon Islands); vesi, vehi, vesiwai, vesi dina (Fiji)
Randolph R. Thaman, Lex A. J. Thomson, Robin DeMeo, Francis Areki, and Craig R. Elevitch
In brIefDistributionâ Primarilyâ inâ Southeastâ AsiaâandâfoundâonâmanyâislandsâofâMelanesia,âMi-cronesia,âandâPolynesia.Sizeâ Typicallyâ reachesâ 7â25â mâ (23â82â ft)â atâmaturity,âusuallyâwithâaâsingleâtrunk.Habitatâ Favorsâ coastalâ andâ lowlandâ forest,âonâwellâdrainedâorâswampyâsites,âespeciallyâonâlimestone,â0â450âmâ(0â1480âft)âwithârainfallâofâ1500â2300âmmâ(60â90âin).Vegetationâ Associatedâwithâmangroves,âlime-stoneâforests,âriverineâforests,âsomeâatollâforestsâonâwetterâatolls,âandâlowlandâcoastalâforests.Soilsâ Growsâinâlight,âmedium,âandâheavyâsoils;âtoleratesâsoilsâwithâimpededâdrainageâandâsea-sonallyâwaterlogged,âshallow,âsaline,âsodic,âandâlimestoneâ(calcareous)âsoils,âoftenâgrowingâonâbareâlimestoneâonâupraisedâlimestoneâislands.Growthâ rateâ Moderateâ growthâ rate,â <1.5â mâperâyrâ(5âft/yr).Main agroforestryâ usesâ Coastalâ protection,âwindbreak,âcoastalâsoilâstabilization,âornamen-tal,âlivingâfence.Mainâproductsâ Timber,âmedicinal,âfuelwood,âandâcraftwoodâforâhigh-qualityâcarving.Yieldsâ Timberâproductionâdataâunavailable.Intercroppingâ Rarelyâ usedâ inâ farmâ cultiva-tion.Invasive potentialâ Notâ consideredâ toâ beâinvasive.
Vesi has a spreading form especially when grown in the open, as seen here in this young tree.
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Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry www.traditionaltree.org
Aprilâ2006ver.â3.1
ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
InTrODUCTIOnAâspreadingâtreeâupâtoâ40âmâ(130âft)âtall,âvesiâ(Intsiaâbijuga) isâundoubtedlyâoneâofâtheâmostâhighlyâvaluedâtreesâinâtheâPacificâislands,âbothâinâtermsâofâitsâtraditionalâculturalâim-portanceâandâitsâvalueâforâcommercialâtimber.âItsâdurable,âeasy-to-work,âattractiveâdarkâred-brownâwoodâisâespeciallyâfavoredâforâuseâinâhouseâbuilding,âfurniture,âandâwoodcarv-ing.âItâisâinâveryâhighâdemandâandâdecreasingâinâabundanceâinâmostâlocationsâdueâtoâoverexploitationâforâhouseâposts,âcanoeâ making,â andâ forâ woodcarvingâ ofâ valuableâ culturalâartifactsâsuchâasâkavaâbowlsâandâweapons,âandâdueâtoâindis-criminateâmodernâcommercialâlogging.âInâadditionâtoâtheâwideâculturalâuseâofâitsâtimberâthrough-outâitsârange,âitâalsoâhasâpotentialâasâaâboundaryâmarkerâorâlivingâfenceâpost,âforâtheâproductionâofâfuelwoodâ(fromâitsâbranchesâwhenâharvestedâ forâ timberâorâwoodcarving),âasâwellâasâforâitsâconsiderableâmedicinalâvalue.Vesiâ toleratesâ aâ veryâ wideâ rangeâ ofâ environmentalâ condi-tions.â Itâ growsâ inâ roughâ limestoneâ terrain,â inâ sandyâ andâmuddyâ coastalâ soils,â andâ onâ theâ innerâ marginsâ ofâ man-grovesâ inâ veryâ dryâ climatesâ asâ wellâ asâ inâ seasonallyâ wetâcoastalâwindwardâhabitatsâandâalongâfreshwaterâstreamsâatâconsiderableâdistancesâinland,âsometimesâalongâridges.âItâ isâ aâ treeâ thatâ shouldâ beâ consideredâ underâ threat.â Hu-manâpopulationâpressure,âextensiveâtraditionalâuse,âandâin-creasingâloggingâandâcommercialâproductionâofâkavaâbowlsâandâotherâartifactsâ forâ saleâ toâ theâexpandingâtouristâmar-ket,âcoupledâwithâtheâlackâofâaâtraditionâofâreplanting,âhaveârenderedâexploitationâofâcurrentâpopulations unsustainable.âThereâisâaâcriticalâneedâforâsystematicâpropagationâandâre-plantingâprogramsâtoâaddressâtheâsituation.Itâ isâ aâ treeâ thatâ shouldâ beâ replantedâ inâ forestryâ andâagroforestryâ schemes,â evenâ thoughâ itâ isâ relativelyâ slowâgrowing.âItâcouldâalsoâbeâconsideredâforâcoastalâreforesta-tionâprogramsâbecauseâofâ itsâ adaptabilityâ toâ coastalâhabi-tats,âandâitâisâanâexcellentâtreeâforâroadsideâplantings,âurbanâareas,âandâtouristâresorts.âItâalsoâhasâconsiderableâpotentialâasâ anâornamental,â givenâ itsâ attractiveâglossyâgreenâ leavesâandâbeautifulâorchid-likeâflowers.âItâcouldâalsoâbeâtestedâonâtheâlargerâwetterâislandsâofâKiribatiâandâTuvalu,âasâitâseemsâtoâgrowâwellâonâsomeâofâtheâwetterâatollsâofâtheâMarshallâIslandsâtoâtheânorthâandâKapingamarangiâAtollâtoâtheâwestâinâPohnpeiâstateâofâtheâFederatedâStatesâofâMicronesia.
DISTrIbUTIOn
Native rangeVesiâ isânativeâ toâ theâwesternâPacificâandâIndo-Malaysianâregion,â fromâ Newâ Guineaâ andâ Palauâ inâ theâ westâ toâ Fiji,â
Tongaâ andâ Samoaâ inâ theâ southeast,â andâ toâ theâ Mariana,âCarolineâandâMarshallâIslandsâinâtheânorthâandânortheastâinâ theâ Pacific.â Itâ isâ foundâ inâ Madagascar,â theâ Seychelles,âIndonesia,â Malaysia,â Thailand,â Philippines,â Papuaâ NewâGuinea,âandâAustralia.âTheâtypicalâhabitatâisâlowlandâareas,âriparianâzones,âorâstrandâandâinnerâmarginsâofâmangroves;âitâ isâ alsoâ foundâonâ limestoneâ soilsâ andâ rockyâcoastalâout-crops.âVesiâisâtheâdominantâspeciesâinâsomeâareasâofâlime-stoneâforestâonâtheâIsleâofâPinesâinâNewâCaledoniaâandâonâtheâlimestoneâislandsâofâKabaraâandâFulagaâinâFiji.
Current distributionItâisâfoundâinâitsânativeârangeâofâMadagascar,âtheâSeychelles,âIndonesia,â Malaysia,â Thailand,â Philippines,â Papuaâ NewâGuinea,â Guam,â Australia,â Newâ Caledonia,â Solomonâ Is-lands,âVanuatu,âFiji,âSamoa,âandâTonga,âandâinâMicronesiaâtoâPalau,âYap,âChuuk,âPohnpei,âandâtheâMarshallâIslands.âInâsomeâislands,âparticularlyâinâtheâeasternmostâextentâofâitsâ range,â itâ couldâbeâanâaboriginalâorâearlyâpost-Europe-an-contactâintroduction;âe.g.,âinâtheâMarshallâIslandsâandâTonga.â Forâ example,â theâ onlyâ reportedâ presenceâ ofâ itâ inâTongaâwasâbyâYunckerâonâtheâuninhabitedâvolcanicâislandâofâKaoâonâ theâmarginâofâ forestânearâanâabandonedâplan-tation,â asâwellâ asâ inâ cultivationâonâotherâ islandsâ inâmoreârecentâtimes.
bOTAnICAL DeSCrIPTIOn
PreferredâscientificânameâIntsia bijugaâ(Colebr.)âO.âKuntzeâTheâbotanicalânameâstemsâfromâtheâwordâintsia,âanâIndianâplantâname;âtheâspeciesânameâbijugaâcomesâfromâtheâLatinâbi,âmeaningâtwo,âandâjuga,âmeaningâyoked,âreferringâtoâtheâpairsâofâjoinedâorâyokedâpinnae.
FamilyâFabaceaeâ(legumeâfamily),âsubfamilyâCaesalpinoideae
Non-preferredâscientificânamesAfzelia bijugaâ(Colebr.)âA.âGrayAfzeliaâcambodiensisâHanceAfzeliaâretusaâKurzAlbizia bijugaâ(Colebr.)âA.âGrayâEperua decandraâBlanco.âIntsiaâcambodiensisâ(Hance)âPierreIntsia amboilensisâDC.âIntsiaâmadagascariensisâThouarsâexâDC.Intsia retusaâ(Kurz.)âO.KuntzeMacrolobium bijugum Colebr.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
Common names
Pacificâislandschoyo,âshow,âkebukâ(Pohnpei)cohu,âfauxâteckâ(French)dort,âthort,âzort,âzolt,âshow,âwantalâ(Yap)dortâ(Palau)fehiâ(Tonga)fesiâ(Rotuma)kwila, iban,âmboan,âbon,âmenau,âarir,âariri,âbabili,âbabrie,â
bat,âbauw,âbendoro,âbon,âduhum,âepna,âferraai,âganam,âgommagome,âhaboe,âhaero,âjep,âkaboei,âamele,âmep,âmilimbu,âpaseh,âpatoem,âpian,âpota,ârang,âraung,ârong,âseka,âtangibe,âwohne,âyambwanâ(PapuaâNewâGuinea)
ifileleâ(Samoa)ifit,âifet,âipilâ(GuamâandâMarianaâIslands)ipil,âMoluccanâironwood,âBorneoâteakâ(English)kohuâ(NewâCaledonia)kubok,âkubukâ(MarshallâIslands)kuren,ânityanmis,âtuamisâ(Chuuk)natoraâ(Bislama,âpidgin),âtora,âtor,âatora,ânator,ânâtor,â
nitortat,ânato,âtou,ânip,âniv,âni-iv,âwe-iv,ânipf,âkimau,âhmau,âumau,ânakumau,âpurkam,âbotpamau,âvumalatora,ânoghuma,âleav,âhive,ântarauvi,âliv,âvutora,ânator,âaivornarat,âekmau,ânokomo,ânokmoâmielâ(Vanuatu)
uâula (Kwaraâae),ânyiaânwola,âvei,ânkengia,âkivili,âhuhula,ârurula,âguguraâ(SolomonâIslands)
vesi,âvehi,âvesiwai,âvesiâdinaâ(âtrueâvesiâ)â(Fiji)
Otherâregionsipil,âipeh,âipilâtandok,âmalapari,âmerbauâayer,âmerbauâ
changkat,âmerbauâlautâ(MalayâPeninsula)ipil,âipil laut (Philippines:âTagalog)merbaoe,âmerbau,âmerbo,âtaritishâ( Java)merbauâ(tradeâname)merkau,âmerkauâajerâ(Sumatra)praduuâthale,âlumpho-thale (Thailand)
FormNormallyâ7â25âmâ(23â82âft)âatâmaturity,âandâinâexceptionalâcasesâreachingâ40âmâ(130âft),âwithâaâspreadingâcanopy;âtheâbrightâ greenâ foliageâ oftenâ growsâ inâ subcrowns.âTheâ treeâgrowsâuprightâinâfullâsunâ(100â75%âsun)âandâspreadingâinâshadeâ(50â25%âsun).âTheâtrunkâcanâattainâ0.5â1âmâ(1.6â3.3âft)âorâmoreâinâdiameter,âwithâsmallâbuttresses.âTheâboleâisâusuallyâstraightâandâlong,âalthoughâitâisâoftenâcrookedâandâleaningâinâcoastalâsituations.âItsâbarkâisâaâdistinctiveâlightâpinkishâtoâreddishâbrown,âweatheringâtoâlightâgray,âsmoothâoverall,âslightlyâdappled,âpeelingâinâirregularlyâsizedâscalesâ(exposingâ freshâ colorâ underneath),â sometimesâ flaky.âTheâinnerâbarkâisâ lightâpinkishâbrownâgradingâtoâlightâyellowâbrownâonâtheâwood;âsapwoodâisâwhite;âheartwoodâisâred-
brown.
FlowersVesi treesâeachâhaveâbothâmaleâandâfemaleâflowerâpartsâ(bi-sexual).âIndividualâflowersâareâmoderatelyâlargeâwithâfourâgreenishâsepals,âcorollaâreducedâtoâoneâlargeâpetal,âthreeâsta-mensâwithâsevenâstaminodes.âTheâpetalâisâwhiteâ(withâredâcenter)âorâpinkâtoâpurpleâorâred.âFlowersâoccurâinâaxillaryâorâ terminalâ corymboseâ panicles.â Inâ PNG,â flowersâ haveâbeenâobservedâyear-round,âwithâaâpeakâinâAugustâaroundâMadang.â Flowersâ areâ reportedâ inâ MayâJuneâ inâ VanuatuâandâOctoberâMayâinâFiji,âandâAprilâNovemberâinâSamoa.âInsectsâ(suchâasâbees),âbirds,âandâwindâareâconsideredâtoâbeâtheâmajorâpollinators.
Top: Pinkish-purple flowers. photo:âR.âDEMEo Bottom: White to rose-purple flowers. photo:âl.âthoMson
LeavesVesiâsâ bright,â shiny,â light-greenâ foliageâ distinguishesâ theâtreeâ fromâ othersâ inâ theâ forest.â Theâ leavesâ areâ pinnatelyâcompound,âusuallyâwithâfourâleafletsâeachâ8â15âcmâ(3.1â4.6â
ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
in)â long,â broadlyâ elliptic,â asymmetricalâ andâ mediumâ toâdarkâgreen.âTwoâterminalâleafletsâareâveryâdistinctiveâandâhanging.âAlthoughâvesiâ treesâ areâ evergreen,â theyâ tendâ toâlooseâtheirâleavesâperiodicallyâdueâtoâinfestationâofâtheâspe-cies-specificâpsyllidâInsnesiaâglabrascuta,âwhereâpresent.â
FruitFruitsâareâthick,ârigid,âoblong,âorâpear-shapedâpodsâupâtoâ10âcmâ(4âin)âwideâandâupâtoâ30âcmâ(12âin)âlong.âEachâpodâcontainsâtwoâtoâeightâdull-brown,ârounded,âflattenedâseedsâaboutâ2â4âcmâ(0.8â1.6â in)âwide,âwithâhardâseedâcoats.âInâPNG,âfruitingâhasâbeenâreportedâinâallâmonths,âwithâaâpeakâinâFebruary.âFruitingâisâreportedâtoâbeâaroundâDecemberâJanuaryâinâVanuatuâandâbetweenâAprilâandâOctoberâinâFiji.âInâSamoaâfruitingâhasâbeenâobservedâinâOctoberâFebruaryâandâ JuneâJulyâ andâ probablyâ occursâ inâ allâ monthsâ ofâ theâyear.
Rooting habit Matureâ treesâ ofâ theâ speciesâ haveâ wideâ buttressesâ which,âwhenâfullyâdeveloped,âmayâexceedâ4âmâ(13âft)âwide.âSomeâ
mayâ alsoâ demonstrateâ aâ slightâ rootâ swelling,â whichâ de-pendsâuponâsiteâconditions.âAsâtheâtreeâbecomesâlargerâitârequiresâsufficientâmineralsâandâsupportâtoâsustainâgrowth.âAâfibrousâsystemâwouldânotâwork,âsoâtheâwoodyârootsâex-pandâvertically,âformingâradialâwallsâ(buttresses)âextendingâoutâfromâtheâsidesâofâtheâtrunk.âThisârootâsystemâenablesâtheâtreeâtoâcoverâtheâlargeâandâoftenâthinâlayerâofâsoilâtypi-calâofâtropicalâenvironmentsâorârock/limestoneâislands.âThisâfeatureâisâconsideredâaâcompetitiveâadvantageâthatâpreventsâtheâ establishmentâ ofâ competingâ individualsâ inâ theâ spaceâoccupiedâbyâtheâbuttressesâandâprovidesâadditionalâtensileâforceâtoâresistâuprootingâduringâcyclones.
Similar speciesInâtheâforestsâofâPalau,âvesiâisâeasilyâdistinguishedâbyâtheâleafâshapeâandâcolor,âwhichâstandâoutâfromâtheârestâofâtheâforestâ canopy.âTheâasymmetricalâ leafletâpattern,âwithâ theâtwoâ terminalâ leaflets,â isâ aâ veryâ strongâfieldâ identificationâcharacteristicâforâthisâspeciesâinâitsânativeâforests.Anotherâ legumeâcloselyâ relatedâ toâvesiâandâsimilarâ inâap-pearanceâisâKingiodendron platycarpum,âwhichâisâendemicâ
Left: Vesiâs paired (even-pinnate) terminal leaflets. photo:âR.âthaMan Right: Immature pod and mature seed. photo:âC.âElEvitCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
toâFiji.âVesiâ canâbeâdistinguishedâ fromâKingiodendronâbyâtheâ slightlyâ moreâ rounded,â almostâ oppositeâ leafletsâ andâterminal,âattractive,âwhiteâandâpinkâtoâpurpleâflowers,âcom-paredâ toâ theâ alternateâ leafletsâ andâ axillaryâ greenâ toâ dullâcream-coloredâflowersâofâKingiodendron.TheâgenusâIntsiaâisâcloselyârelatedâtoâAfzelia,âandâitâisâdiffi-cultâtoâassignâbotanicalâspecimensâlackingâflowersâorâfruitsâtoâeitherâgenus.âIntsiaâdiffersâfromâAfzeliaâbyâIntsiaâsâthreeâfertileâstamens,âitsâflatâseedsâlackingâanâaril,âandâitsâleatheryâpods.
GeneTICS
Distribution of the genus
Theâ genusâ Intsiaâ comprisesâ twoâ species,â I. bijugaâ andâ I. palembanica.â Intsia bijugaâ isâ theâ moreâ widelyâ distributedâspeciesâandâ theâonlyâ speciesâofâ thisâgenusâ thatâoccursâ inâtheâPacificâislandsâtoâtheâeastâofâPapuaâNewâGuinea.âIntsia palembanicaâ isâ widespreadâ inâ Southeastâ Asia,â extendingâeastwardsâasâfarâasâtheâislandâofâNewâGuinea.âSeveralâspe-ciesâformerlyâincludedâunderâIntsiaâhaveâbeenâtransferredâtoâtheâgenusâAfzelia.
VariabilityTheâspeciesâIntsia bijugaâhasâtwoâdescribedâforms,âglabraâandâhirsuta,âwhichâareâconsideredâtoâbeâlocalâmodificationsâofâlittleâsignificanceâ(Smithâ1985).âInâSamoa,âwhereâitâisâusedâasâaâfavoredâhouseâpostâandâforâfurnitureâandâkavaâbowls,âseveralâvarietiesâareârecognizedâbasedâonâwoodâpropertiesâ(color,âhardness,âandâgrainâstraightness),âincludingâifilele ulu,
ifilele oâa, ifilele alaâa,â ifi toa,â ifiâulu, ififatu,âand ifisoga. Theâmostâcommonâareâifiâtoa,âwhichâhasâaâhard,âdarkâgrain,âandâifiââulu,âwhichâhasâaâsmoothâlightâcoloredâgrain. InâKabara,âinâFijiâsâLauâIslands,âwhereâcarvingâofâvesi intoâkavaâbowlsâisâtheâmainâsourceâofâincome,âthereâisâaâsimilarâdiscrimina-tionsâofâintâvesi,âwhichâhasâaâdarkerâandâharderâgrain,âandâvesiâuto,âwhichâhasâaâlighterâcolorâandâsofterâgrainâandâisâeasierâ toâcarve.âVesiâ isâconsideredâtoâbeâoneâofâ theâprior-ityâ speciesâ forâ conservationâ andâgeneticâ improvementâ inâSamoaâdueâtoâitsâlocalâimportanceâforâwoodcarvingâandâitsâthreatenedâstatusâinâtheâwild.âInâFijiâ(KabaraâIsland),âtheâconservationâmanagementâofâvesiârequiresâmonitoringâtheârateâofâ consumptionâbyâ localâpeopleâ throughâkeepingâ re-cordsâofâhandcraftâproductionâandâeducatingâpeopleâaboutâtheâneedâforâconservation.
ASSOCIATeD PLAnT SPeCIeSVesiâ isâ associatedâ withâ mangroves,â coastalâ forests,â lime-stoneâ forests,â riverineâ forests,â andâ lowlandâ coastalâ andâridgeâforestsâonâvolcanicâislands.âItâisâalsoâfoundâinâsomeâatollâforestsâonâwetterâatollsâandâinâareasâofâdegradedâforestâandâinâtreeâgrovesâinâshiftingâagriculturalâareas,âsuchâasâinâNewâCaledoniaâandâVanuatu,âwhereâtheâtreeâisâstillâquiteâcommon.
Associated native species commonly foundCommonlyâassociatedâspeciesâinâlimestoneâforestsâinclude,âdependingâonâtheâlocation,âPisonia grandis,âManilkara dis-secta,â Diospyros elliptica,â Excoecaria agallocha,â Cynometra,âManiltoa spp.,âVavaea amicorum,âPlanchonella grayana, Elat-
tostachys falcata, Polyalthia amicorum,âSantalum spp.,â andâ Ficus spp.â Inâ coastalâ atollâ forests,âwhereâ itâ mightâ beâ anâ introduction,â itâ canâ beâfoundâwithâNeisosperma oppositifolia, Pandanus tectorius,âandâotherâinlandâspecies.âInâmangroveâassociations,âitâcanâbeâfoundâwithâBarringtonia asiatica,âMilletia (Pongamia) pinnata,âInocarpus fagifer, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Thespesia populnea, Xylocarpus granatum,â X. moluccensis,â andâ Heri-tiera littoralis.
Associated introduced speciesInâsomeâareas,âeitherâwhereâvesiâhasâbeenâdelib-eratelyâplantedâorâprotectedâinâfallowâvegetationâorâsecondaryâforest,âsuchâasâinâNewâCaledonia,âitâ canâ beâ foundâ withâ otherâ aboriginallyâ in-troducedâ trees,â suchâ asâ candlenutâ (Aleurites moluccana) andâ ylangâ ylangâ (Cananga odorata).âInâsomeâplaces,âsuchâasâNewâCaledonia,âVanu-atu,âandâVavaâu,âTonga,âvesiâisâsometimesâfoundâ
Vesi in the forest of Palau, itâs bright green foliage clearly standing out. photo:âR.âDEMEo
ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
plantedâ inâ villagesâ inâ houseyardâ gardensâ orâ protectedâ inâtreeâgrovesâ alongâwithâaâ rangeâofâotherâusefulâ cultivatedâspecies.
enVIrOnMenTAL PreferenCeS AnD TOLerAnCeS
ClimateVesiâhasâaâwideârangeâofâenvironmentalâandâclimaticâtoler-ances.âItâprefersâwet,âhotâclimatesâbutâcanâtolerateâannualâdryâseasons.âTheâtreeâoccursâmostâfrequentlyâinâcoastalâandâlowlandâforestâonâwellâdrainedâorâswampyâsites.âItâisâalsoâfoundâ inâ tropicalâ rainforest,â inâprimaryâorâoldâ secondaryâforests,âandâinâopenâforests.âTheâspeciesâalsoâoccursâinâwetâgroundâonâtheâinnerâedgeâofâcoastalâmangroveâswamps.âTheâtreeâgrowsâparticularlyâwellâonâdryâleewardâsidesâofâmainâislandsâorâinâseasonallyâdryâareasâinâdryâforest,âoftenâupâtoâelevationsâofâ450âmâ(1480âft),âbutâisâalsoâfoundâinâcoastalâandâriparianâforestâandâoccasionallyâinâinlandâforestâonâtheâdrier,â leewardâ sidesâofâbothâ largeâ andâ smallâ islands.â Itâ isâ
particularlyâdominantâonâwellâdrainedâlimestoneâsoilsâandârockyâoutcropsâinâcoastalâareasâthatâsufferâfromâdrought.â
Elevationârangeâ0â450âmâ(0â1480âft)
Meanâannualârainfallâ1500â2300âmmâ(60â90âin)
RainfallâpatternâItâgrowsâbestâinâclimatesâwithâbimodalâandâuniformârain-fallâpatterns.
Dryâseasonâdurationâ(consecutiveâmonthsâwithâ<ïżœ0âmmâ[1.ïżœâin]ârainfall)â0â4âmonths,âveryâdroughtâresistant.
Meanâannualâtemperatureâ26â27°Câ(79â81°F)
Meanâmaximumâtemperatureâofâhottestâmonthâ23â33°Câ(73â91°F)
Vest growing in a secondary forest on Isle of Pines, southern New Caledonia. photo:âR.âthaMan
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
Meanâminimumâtemperatureâofâcoldestâmonthâ20â31°Câ(68â88°F)
Minimumâtemperatureâtoleratedâ17°Câ(63°F)
Soils Growsâ particularlyâ wellâ onâ wellâ drained,â high-pHâ (alka-line)âsoils,âparticularlyâlimestoneâandârecentâbasalticâsoilsâ(e.g.,â onâ theâ limestoneâ islandsâofâ easternâFiji,â theâ IsleâofâPinesâinâNewâCaledonia,âandâinâtheâyoungâbasaltâsoilsâofânorth-centralâSavaiâi,âSamoa).âItâalsoâdoesâwellâasâaâripar-ianâspeciesâandâinâpoorlyâdrainedâsoilsâonâtheâ innerâmar-ginsâofâmangroves.âTheâspeciesâisâsaidâtoâpreferâsalineâsoilsâ(i.e.,ânearâcoastalâregions),âalthoughâthereâareâpopulationsâofâvesiâ thatâgrowâwellâ inlandâ inâPapuaâNewâGuineaâandâFiji.
SoilâtextureâTheâtreeâgrowsâinâlight,âmedium,âandâheavyâsoils.
SoilâdrainageâVesiâcanâgrowâ inâ soilsâwithâ freeâdrainageâasâwellâ asâ soilsâwithâimpededâdrainageâandâseasonallyâwaterloggedâsoils.
SoilâacidityâItâtoleratesâsoilsâwithâneutralâandâalkalineâacidityâ(pHâ6.1â7.4+).
SpecialâsoilâtolerancesâVesiâtoleratesâshallow,âsaline,âsodic,âandâlimestoneâ(calcare-ous)âsoilsâandâisâcommonlyâfoundâgrowingâonâalmostâsoil-lessâlimestoneâoutcrops
Tolerances
DroughtItâseemsâtoâbeâparticularlyâtolerantâofâdrought,âespeciallyâtheâ physiologicalâ droughtâ characteristicâ ofâ wellâ drained,ârockyâlimestoneâhabitats.
FullâsunItâgrowsâwellâinâfullâsunâinâexposedâsituations.
ShadeTheâtreeâtoleratesâ0â75%âshade.
FrostVesiâdoesânotâtolerateâfreezingâtemperatures.
WaterloggingItâseemsâtoâwithstandâaâhighâdegreeâofâwaterlogging,âasâitâisâ
aâcommonâcomponentâonâtheâinnerâmarginsâofâmangrovesâandâinâriparianâvegetation.
SaltâsprayItâhasâaâhighâ toleranceâofâ saltâ spray,âalthoughâ itâ isâ rarelyâfoundâinâtheâoutermostâzoneâofâcoastalâvegetation.
WindVesiâisâveryâresistantâtoâwindâdamageâandâwellâadaptedâtoâstrongâgustsâinâcoastalâlocationsâandâonârockâoutcrops.
OtherTheâtreeâwithstandsâtermiteâattack.
Abilities
FixânitrogenTheâtreeâhasâbeenârecordedânodulatingâwithârhizobiaâofâtheâcowpeaâtypeâ(AllenâandâAllenâ1981).â
RegenerateârapidlyVesiâ isâ relativelyâ slowâ growingâ andâ doesâ notâ regenerateâquickly.
Self-pruneTheâ treesâ typicallyâ haveâ aâ mainâ trunkâ freeâ ofâ lowerâ sideâbranches,âindicatingâgoodâself-pruningâcharacteristics.
GrOWTH AnD DeVeLOPMenTGrowthârateâvariesâaccordingâtoâtheâenvironmentalâcondi-tionsâwhereâtheâspeciesâ isâ located.âGrowthâringâboundar-iesâforâtheâspeciesâareâoftenâindistinct,âmakingâgrowthârateâcalculationsâdifficult.â
Growth rateTheâspeciesâisâinâgeneralâslowâgrowing,âevenâafterâanâinitialâphaseâofârapidâgrowth,âandâitâmayâtakeâupâtoâ75â80âyearsâtoâmature.âTrialâplotsâinâtheâSolomonâIslandsâusingâgermi-natedâseedsâorâcollectedâwildingsârecordedâ2âmâ(6.6âft)âperâyearâinâheightâforâtheâfastestâgrowingâindividuals.âInâBogor,âIndonesia,â8-year-oldâseedlingsâattainedâanâaverageâheightâofâ10.7âmâ(35âft)âandâdiameterâofâ15âcmâ(6âin).âTheâaverageâheightâgrowthâincrementâinâSamoaâduringâtheâfirstâ3âyearsâwasâ77âcmâ(30â in)âperâyear,âbutâ thereafterâheightâgrowthâdecreased.âStudiesâbyâWhistlerâinâSamoaâinâ1994âshowedâthat vesiâhadâaâgrowthârateâofâ14â18âmmâ(0.55â0.62âin)âinâdiameterâperâyearâ(overâ14âtoâ22âyears).
Yields Apartâfromâearlyâgrowthâdata,âyieldsâoverâtheâlifeâcycleâofâ
ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
vesiâareânotâknown.âCurrentlyâharvestsâareâprimarilyâfromânativeâstands,âwhichâhaveâledâtoâdepletionâofânaturalâpopu-lationsâtoâtheâpointâofâdisappearanceâofâtheâspeciesâinâmanyâareas.â
Reaction to competition Theâtreeâisâslowâgrowingâcomparedâwithâmanyâpioneerâspe-cies,âandârequiresâgoodâearlyâmaintenanceâtoâkeepâweedsâatâbay.
PrOPAGATIOnVesiâisâeasilyâpropagatedâbyâseedsâorâtransplantedâseedlings/wildlings.âCuttingsâ fromâmatureâ treesâhaveâbeenâsuccess-fullyâpropagated,âalthoughâthisâmethodâisârarelyâused.
Propagation by seed
PropaguleâcollectionBecauseâhealthy,âmatureâvesiâseedsâhaveâaâhardâseedâcoatâthatâ isâ resistantâ toâ germinationâ underâ normalâ circum-stances,âviableâseedsâcanâusuallyâbeâfoundâinâtheirâpodsâorâlooseâonâtheâgroundâunderâtrees.âMatureâseedsâareâmediumâbrownâinâcolorâandâhardâwhenâpressedâwithâtheâthumbnail.âCollectâseedsâfromâunderâtreesâthatâhaveâgoodâhealthâandâform.âHealthy-lookingâ seedsâ lessâ thanâaâ yearâoldâusuallyâhaveâhighâgermination.
PropaguleâprocessingTheâseedsâareâlargeâ(aboutâ160â225âseeds/kgâ[73â102âseeds/lb])âandâareâeasyâtoâcleanâinâwaterâorâaâsieveâtoâremoveâsoilâorâdecayingâorganicâmatter.â
SeedâstorageTheâseedsâareâorthodox,âi.e.,âtheyâretainâviabilityâafterâdry-ing.âBeforeâstoring,âtheâseedsâshouldâbeâwellâdriedâtoâlessâthanâ10%âmoisture.âAtâthisâmoistureâlevel,âtheâseedsâwillâre-mainâviableâforâupâtoâ3âyears,âwhichâcanâlikelyâbeâextendedâbyâ storingâwithâ aâdesiccantâ inâ anâ airtightâ containerâ inâ aârefrigeratorâorâfreezer.âCleanedâandâdriedâseedsârequireânoâspecialâtreatmentâforâlong-termâstorage.
Pre-plantingâseedâtreatmentsWithoutâpretreatment,âmostâvesiâseedsâwillânotâgerminateâinâ aâ timelyâ fashion,â evenâunderâ idealâ germinationâ condi-tions,âdueâ toâ theirâhardâ seedâcoatâ thatâkeepsâwaterâ fromâenteringâtheâseed.âWithoutâspecialâpretreatmentâtoâbreakâtheâimperviousâseedâcoat,âonlyâaâsmallâpercentageâofâseedsâwillâ germinateâ spontaneouslyâ withinâ aâ reasonableâ time.âTheâmostâpracticalâmethodâofâtreatingâtheâseedâcoatâ(scari-fication)âisâtoâfileâorânickâthroughâtheâouterâseedâcoatâonâtheâedgeâofâtheâseedâoppositeâtheâhilumâ(theâsmallâmarkâonâtheâedgeâofâtheâseedâwhereâitâwasâonceâattachedâtoâtheâseedâpod).âAâsmallâtriangularâfileâworksâwell;âevenâmoreâefficientâisâ aâ largeâ nailâ clippers.â Aâ shallowâ nickâ justâ throughâ theâouterâsurfaceâsuffices.âAfterânicking,âsoakâtheâseedsâinâcoolâwaterâforâ24âhoursâtoâensureâtheâseedsâswellâwithâwater.
GrowingâareaSeedsâ germinateâ bestâ inâ fullâ sunlight,â althoughâ partialâshadeâwillâworkâfine.âSeedlingsâadaptâtoâvariousâlightâandâshadeâ levels.âStudiesâofâ theâgrowthâ rateâ (measuredâ inâ in-creaseâinâdryâweight)âatâlightâlevelsâofâ100%,â76%,â47%,âandâ24%âshowedâthatâ76%âgaveâtheâbestâgrowthâofâseedlings.Asâwithâmostâ seeds,âprotectionâ fromâdrivingâ rainsâ isâ rec-ommended,âwhichâisâwhyâaâshadeâhouseâwithâaâtranslucentâplasticâcoverâisâoftenâused.â
Trunks of two vesi trees in well drained portion of a man-grove swamp, Valolo Island, Rewa Delta, southeastern Viti Levu, Fiji Islands.âphoto:âR.âthaMan
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ïżœ
GerminationPlantingâtheâseedsâonâedgeâwithâtheâhilumâdownâhelpsâen-sureâthatâtheâseedâcoatâisâshedâasâtheâgrowingâshootâemerg-es.â Dippingâ orâ dustingâ theâ seedsâ withâ aâ fungicideâ justâbeforeâ sowingâmayâhelpâpreventâ fungalâ infections.âFreshâseedsâgenerallyâhaveâaâgerminationârateâoverâ90%âandâwillâemergeâ7â11âdaysâafterâsowing.
Media/containersBecauseâofâtheârapidâgerminationâandâearlyâgrowthâofâvesiâseedlings,âaâratherâlargeâcontainerâworksâbest.âAâminimumâcontainerâvolumeâofâ250âmlâ(aboutâ1âcup)âisârecommended.âToâ avoidâ rootâ spiraling,â aâ root-trainingâ containerâ isâ best.âTheâpottingâmediumâshouldâbeâwellâdrainedâ toâhelpâpre-ventâ fungalâ diseases.â Inoculationâ withâ aâ selectâ rhizobiaâstrainâshouldâtakeâplaceâwithinâ2âweeksâofâgermination.âIfâaâselectâstrainâisânotâavailable,âaâcowpeaâtypeâinoculantâmayâserveâasâanâadequateâsubstitute,âbutânitrogenâfixationâisânotâguaranteed.â Lowâ availableâ nitrogenâ isâ importantâ toâ en-courageâtheâsymbioticârelationshipâwithâN-fixingâbacteria.âAmpleâPâandâmicronutrientsâalsoâsupportânitrogenâfixationâandâtheâdevelopmentâofâaâsturdyâstem.
TimeâtoâoutplantingSeedlingsâgrowâquicklyâ andâ areâ readyâ forâoutplantingâ inâaboutâ12âweeks.
ApproximateâsizeâatâtimeâofâoutplantingAnâaverageâheightâofâ25â40âcmâ(10â16âin)âisârecommendedâforâoutplanting.âIfâlowâavailableâNâandâhighâPâareâused,âtheâstemâshouldâhaveâbecomeâwoodyâatâ theâbaseâandâhaveâaâdiameterâofâ10â15âmmâ(0.4â0.6âin).âAâstrong,âshortâstemâisâbetterâforâoutplantingâthanâaâtall,âweakâstem.
OtherâcommentsâonâpropagationTheâ treeâ isâ rarelyâ deliberatelyâ plantedâ atâ theâ communityâlevelâinâtheâPacificâislands,âalthoughâreplantingâshouldâbeâpromotedâinâorderâtoâincreaseâpopulationsâinâoverexploitedâareas.
DISADVAnTAGeSVesiâ isâ relativelyâ slowâ growingâ andâ requiresâ goodâ main-tenanceâduringâ theâfirstâ fewâyearsâ toâ reduceâcompetitionâfromâweeds.âForâtimberâproduction,âtheâtreeâisâconsideredâtoâreachâaâharvestableâageâatâ50â60âyears,âwhichâisâaâveryâlongârotationâlengthâforâaâtropicalâtimberâtree.â
Potential for invasiveness Vesiâisânotâconsideredâtoâbeâinvasive.â
Pests and diseasesInsnesia glabrascuta,â aâ species-specificâ psyllid,â isâ problem-aticâ inâGuamâbutânotâ inâPalau.âPhellinus noxius,âaâ fungalâdiseaseâ thatâ inducesârootâandâcrownârotâofâwoodyâplantsâthroughoutâtheâtropics,âisâconsideredâaâmajorâthreatâtoâna-tiveâtreesâincludingâvesiâinâSamoa.âAsâaâcoastalâtree,âvesiâisâexposedâtoâperiodicâcyclones.âDamageâtoâbranchesâcanâfa-cilitateâdisease.âAntsâorâotherâinsectsâeasilyâattackâtheâpods.âCrabsâcanâalsoâdoâsomeâdamageâtoâharvestedâlogsâthatâareâallowedâtoâlieâonâtheâgroundâforâlongâperiods.âTheâspeciesâhasâ beenâ shownâ toâ beâ susceptibleâ toâ theâ followingâ para-siticânematodes:âRotylenchulus,âHelicotylenchus,âMeloidogyne,âCriconemoides,â andâ Hemicriconemoidesâ atâ Laguna,â Philip-pines.âVesiâ wasâ alsoâ provedâ repellentâ toâ termiteâ (Crypto-termes cynocephalus).
Other disadvantagesBecauseâofâitsâlongârotationâtime,âitâisâquestionableâwhetherâvesiâisâanâeconomicallyâviableâtimberâtree.â
AGrOfOreSTrY/enVIrOnMenTAL PrACTICeS
SoilâstabilizationVesiâisâsuitableâforâerosionâcontrol,âespeciallyâalongâcreeksâandâwaterwaysâonâtheâinlandâsideâofâmangroves.
Cropâshade/overstoryTheâtreeâhasâsomeâpotentialâtoâbeâusedâforâcropâshade.
HomegardensItâmakesâaâgoodâshadeâtreeâinâhomegardens,âalthoughâitsâlargeâsizeâmayâmakeâitâunsuitableâforâurbanâareas.
ImprovedâfallowsVesiâcanâbeâusedâtoâregenerateâland,âespeciallyâlandâdegrad-edâbyâgullyâerosion.âInâadditionâtoâbeingâaânitrogenâfixer,âtheâtreeâisâknownâtoâhaveâhighâuptakeâofâsubsoilâcalciumâandâtoâenrichâcalciumâlevelsâinâtheâsurfaceâsoil,âresultingâinâhigherâsoilâpHâ(ICRAFâ2004).
LivingâfencesTheâspeciesâ isânotâcurrentlyâusedâforâplantingâ livingâfenc-esâ andâ isâ unsuitableâ dueâ toâ itsâ spreadingâ formâ andâ slowâgrowthâinâtheâopen.
BoundaryâmarkersVesiâisâveryâeasilyâdistinguishedâfromâotherâforestâtreesâandâsurroundingâvegetationâbyâtheâshowyâleafâarrangementâandâcolor.âTheâspeciesâisâveryâlongâlived,âandâcoupledâwithâitsâ
10â Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
sacredâsignificanceâandâhighâvisibility,âitâisâveryâsuitableâforâboundaryâmarking.
WindbreaksVesiâisâveryâwind-sturdyâandâmakesâanâexcellentâcomponentâinâaâmulti-layeredâwindbreak,âespeciallyâinâcoastalâareas.
SilvopastureTheâtree isânotânormallyâplantedâinâgrazingâareas,âalthoughâsomeâremnantâorâvolunteerâtreesâareâsometimesâfoundâinâgrazingâareasâinâVanuatuâandâNewâCaledonia.
WoodlotVesiâsâsuperbâtimberâmakesâitâaâcandidateâforâaâlong-termâ(50â60âyear)â timberâplanting,âevenâ thoughâ theâeconomicâviabilityâofâvesiâasâaâcommercialâtimberâtreeâisâuncertain.
Nativeâanimal/birdâfoodLittleâ hasâ beenâ writtenâ aboutâ relationshipsâ betweenâ vesi
andâ vertebrateâ andâ invertebrateâ animalâ life,â althoughâ inâOroâProvinceâofâPapuaâNewâGuineaâvesi isâcloselyâlinkedâtoâtheâlifeâcycleâofâtheâworldâsâlargestâbutterfly,âtheâAlexan-draâbirdwingâbutterflyâ(Ornithoptera alexandrae),âwhichâisâlistedâasâendangeredâonâtheâIUCNâRedâList.
WildlifeâhabitatVesiâprovidesâgoodâshelterâandânestingâsitesâforâbirds.
BeeâforageManyâpollinators,âincludingâhoneyâbees,âfrequentâtheâflow-ers.
CoastalâprotectionâVesiâ growsâ wellâ inâ swampyâ coastalâ areasâ andâ onâ coastalâlimestoneâ andâ toleratesâwindâ andâ saltâ spray,âmakingâ itâ aâveryâgoodâtreeâforâcoastalâprotection.
Theâculturalâsignificanceâofâvesiâisâdi-verseâandâisâembeddedâinâmanyâFijianâculturalâ expressionsâ andâ beliefs.âTheâtreeâ itselfâwasâ sacredâamongâancientâFijians,â andâ itsâ hardnessâ andâ seem-inglyâindestructibleânatureâembodiedâadmiredâ humanâ qualities.â Theâ treeâwasâusedâasâtheâmainâpoleâtoâholdâupâtraditionalâtemplesâandâchieflyâburesâ(traditionalâhouses),âtoâbuildâtheâdruaâorâwaqaâtabuâ(sacredâcanoe)âreservedâonlyâforâthoseâofânobleâbirth,âandâtoâmakeâtheâtraditionalâgongâ(lali)âusedâtoâannounceâimportantâevents.âManyânativeâexpressionsâstillâinâuseâtodayâin-corporateâtheâwordâvesiâtoâindicateâaâpersonâofânobleâbirthâorâoneâofâstrongâcharacter.âForâinstanceââsaâciriânaâvesiââ(theâvesiâisâafloat)âisâusedâwhenâbid-dingâfarewellâtoâaâparamountâchiefâandââkaukauwaâvakaânaâvuniâvesiââ(strongâasâtheâvesiâtree)ârefersâtoâoneâofâfirmâcharacter.â Manyâ ofâ theâ artifactsâ de-rivedâfromâvesiâhaveâalsoâmadeâtheirâwayâintoânativeâproverbs,âsuchâasâtheâkaliâ (traditionalâheadâ rest)â usedâ asâ aâtauntâinâquarrelsânaâkaliâoqo,ânaâkaliâoqoriâ(theâheadrestâhere,âtheâheadrestâthere)âmeaningââIfâyouâhaveâpowerâsoâdoâ I.ââ Likewiseâ whenâ kavaâ isâ mixedâ
inâtheâtÄnoaâ(kavaâbowlâderivedâfromâvesi)â andâ presentedâ duringâ ceremo-nialâoccasionsâtheâmixerâwillâcallâoutââeâsaqaâenaâkuroâvesiââ(itâisâcookedâinâtheâvesiâpot).â
KabaraâIsland,âLauTheâislandâofâKabaraâisâoneâofâtheâfewâareasâ inâ Fijiâ whereâ vesiâ standsâ growâabundantly.â Dueâ toâ theâ abundanceâofâ thisâwood,â theâ islandâhasâbecomeârenownedâ asâ theâ historicâ centerâ ofâwoodcarvers.Localâ legendâ statesâ whenâ theâ firstâKabaranâsettlersâarrivedâonâtheâisland,âtheyâ foundâ itâ toâ beâ inhospitable,â aâlimestoneâ landscapeâ lackingâ inâ suf-ficientâ soilâ forâ agriculture.âTheirâ an-cestorâ god,â Berewalaki,â seeingâ theirâplight,â setâ offâ forâ Oloi,â anâ areaâ notâfarâfromâSuva,âtoâbegâforâsoilâtoâtakeâbackâ toâ Kabara.â Theâ inhabitantsâ ofâOloiâagreed,âandâheâbeganâtheâtediousâtaskâ ofâ transferringâ soilâ toâ Kabara.âHeâ madeâ oneâ journeyâ andâ returnedâtoâOloiâforâmore,âbutâonâreturningâtoâKabaraâforâtheâsecondâtimeâheâfoundâhisâpeopleâbakingâtheâsoilâheâhadâpre-viouslyâ brought.â Furiousâ withâ them,âheâangrilyâhurledâ theâbasketsâofâ soilâ
andâ theâsticksâheâwasâusingâ toâcarryâthemâatâtheâisland,âandâitâallâheapedâupâ inâoneâplace.âTheâsticksâ fromâtheâvesiâ treeâ immediatelyâ sproutedâ andâflourishedâ throughoutâ theâ island.âTheâ heapâ ofâ soilâ becameâ aâ hillâ (lo-callyâ calledâDelaiâOloiâorâMountâofâOloi)âandâremainsâtheâonlyâplantingâgroundâ onâ theâ island.â Similarly,â toâthisâ day,â theâ islandersâ considerâ theâvesiâanâancestralâgiftâincapableâofâeverâbeingâdepleted.âAnâ alternativeâ versionâ onâ howâ vesiâcameâtoâbeâonâtheâ islandâ isâ thatâan-otherâancestor,âDaunisau,âwhoâ isâ re-nownedâ onâ theâ islandâ asâ aâ trickster,âbroughtâ itâ fromâ Verata.â Theâ firstâKabaraâ settlersâ setâ offâ fromâ VerataâandâasâtheyâleftâDaunisauâgrabbedâsoilâfromâaâheadland,âwhichâheâtransferredâtoâKabara.âThisâsoilâhadâvesiâtreesâonâit,âandâthisâwasâhowâtheyâmadeâtheirâwayâ toâ Kabara.â Someâ villageâ eldersâclaimâthatâifâoneâgoesâbackâtoâVerata,âoneâwillâfindâaâ fewâvesiâ trees,âwhichâtheyâconsiderâtheâonesâDaunisauâleftâbehind.â(Matavuraâetâal.â2004,âThompsonâ1940)
fIjIAn LOre
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 11
OrnamentalTheâtreeâisâaâhighlyâornamental,âwithâitsâattractiveâbright,âshiny,âlight-greenâfoliageâandâbeautifulâorchid-likeâflower.âItâisâquiteâsuitableâforâlandscaping,âstreets,âandâparks.âTopâpruningâmayâbeârequiredâinâurbanâenvironments.
USeS AnD PrODUCTS
Nut/seedTheâseedsâcanâbeâmadeâedibleâthroughâcarefulâpreparationâthatâincludesâsoakingâinâsaltâwaterâforâ3â4âdaysâandâthenâboilingâthem.
MedicinalInâFiji,âpeopleâoftenâuseâtheâjuiceâextractedâfromâtheâbarkâofâtheâspeciesâforâinternalâinjuries.âAâdecoctionâofâtheâbarkâisâusedâtoâtreatârheumatism,âchills,âdiarrhea,âandâmuscularârigidityâ andâ rheumatoidâarthritisâ inâadultsâ and,âwithâ theâextractsâofâotherâplants,â toâ treatâbrokenâbones.âTheâ juiceâofâtheâstemsâisâreputedâtoâbeâusedâtoâtreatâasthmaâandâtheâjuiceâofâtheâinnerâbarkâtoâtreatâpainsâinâtheâbones,âcolds,âandâinfluenza.âAâdecoctionâofâtheâleavesâisâdrunkâtoâtreatâtheâbodyâwhenâitâisâpossessedâbyâaâspirit,âandâwithâotherâplantâextractsâtoâtreatâtoothacheâandâsoreâtongue.âItâisâalsoâusedâalongâwithâotherâplantâextractsâ toâ treatâ relapseâ fromâanyâsickness,âscabies,âandâheadachesâ(CambieâandâAshâ1994).âMedicinalâuseâisâreportedâfromâtheâReefâIslandsâ(SolomonâIslands),âwhereâitâisâusedâtoâtreatâaâmysteriousâurinaryâcon-ditionâ(veryâdarkâurine),âbelievedâtoâbeâproducedâbyâsorceryâ
carriedâoutâusingâvesi.âItâhasâalsoâbeenâreportedlyâusedâtoâtreatârheumatism,âdysentery,âandâdiarrhea.
Beautiful/fragrantâflowersTheâflowersâareâveryâattractive,âespeciallyâcloseâup,âbutâareânotâknownâtoâbeâusedâforâdecorationâorâasâcutâflowers.
TimberVesiâ isâ anâ excellentâ tropicalâ hardwoodâ tradedâ asâ merbau.âTheâheartwoodâtimberâisâextremelyâdenseâ(641â961âkg/m3â[40â60âlb/ft3]),âhasâlimitedâshrinkageâoverâtime,âandâgoodâinsectârepellentâproperties.âTheâwoodâhasâreasonableâresis-tanceâ toâ saltwaterâ andâ isâ easilyâ cutâ andâworkedâ forâ carv-ing.âItâisâoneâofâSamoaâsâmostâimportantâtimberâspecies,âwithâlargeâstandsâofâitâhavingâbeenâcutâinânorthernâSavaiâiâinâtheâearlyâ 1990s.âConsideredâoneâofâ theâfinestâ timberâ treesâ inâTonga,â itâ isâ veryâ rare,â exceptâ onâ theâ Niuasâ groupâ inâ farânorthernâTonga.âTheâwoodâisâhighlyâprizedâthroughoutâtheâSolomonâIslands,âwhereâitâ isâusedâforâheavyâconstruction,âboatbuilding,âhouseâpostsâandâbeams,âotherâtimber,âfencing,âandâfurniture.âBecauseâofâitsâhighâdurability,âitâwasâselectedâasâoneâofâonlyâfourâtreesâpermittedâforâuseâasâfenceâpostsâwithinâtheâLivestockâDevelopmentâGrantâSchemeâofâtheâmid-1970sâinâtheâSolomonâIslands.âInâVanuatu,âtheâwoodâisâusedâforâgroundâposts,âheavyâaerialâtimbersâinâhouseâcon-struction,âboatâbuilding,âandâfurniture.âBecauseâofâitsâcom-binationâofâwoodâpropertiesâ(strength,âheavyâweight,âandâlowâshrinkage),âtheâwoodâisâveryâsuitableâforâcarving.âItâisâalsoâusedâforâfurniture,âgroundâposts,âandâheavyâconstruc-tionâbecauseâitâisâhardâandâstrong.âTheâwoodâisâtraditionallyâ
Vesi growing in a disturbed limestone forest, Isle of Pines, southern New Caledonia. photo:âR.âthaMan
1ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
usedâforâcanoesâinâtheâSouthâPacific.âAlthoughâvesiâisâseriouslyâthreatenedâdueâtoâitsâoverexploi-tation,âitsâinclusionâinâinternationalâlawâtoâprotectâthreat-enedâspeciesâ(AppendixâIIâofâCITES)âinâ1992âwasâthwartedâbyâMalaysiaâsâobjection.
FuelwoodItâmakesâaâgoodâfuelwoodâbutâisânormallyâconsideredâtooâvaluableâforâthisâuse.âDiscardsâfromâfelledâtreesâareâusedâasâaâsourceâofâgoodâqualityâfuel.
Craftâwood/toolsTheâwoodâisâhighlyâvaluedâforâmakingâhandicrafts,âhouseâparts,âslitâgongsâ(aâtypeâofâdrum),âandâwarâclubs.âTheâwoodâisâconsideredâtheâmostâvaluableâoneâinâSamoa,âandâkavaâbowlsâmadeâ forâ ceremonialâoccasionsâ andâ forâ saleâ toâ touristsâ areâtypicallyâmadeâofâthisâwood.âItâisâusedâtoâmakeâhouseâposts,âcanoeâ keels,â aâ rangeâ ofâ tools,â weapons,â andâ otherâ artifacts,â
suchâasâmalletsâforâbeatingâbarkâclothâinâtheâproductionâofâtapaâcloth.âItemsâmadeâfromâitâinâtheâSolomonâIslandsâin-cludeâwalkingâsticks,âfoodâbowls,âandâcarvings.
Canoe/boat/raftâmakingHistorically,â vesiâ hasâ beenâ usedâ forâ canoeâ buildingâ andâconstructionâofâhouses,âbuildings,â andâ furnishingsâ inâ theâPacific.âInâpre-EuropeanâtimesâTongansâvoyagedâtoâFijiâtoâobtainâ double-hulledâ canoesâ madeâ ofâ thisâ hard,â durableâwood.
Tannin/dyeAâbrownâ andâ yellowâdyeâ canâbeâmadeâ fromâanâoilyâ sub-stanceâpresentâinâtheâwoodâandâbark.
Toxin/insecticide/fishâpoisonAnâinsectârepellentâcomparableâtoâthatâmadeâfromâtheâneemâtreeâ(Azadirachta indica)âcanâbeâmadeâfromâtheâseeds.â
Clockwise from left: One of many vesi trees scattered throughout the limestone island of Kabara, Fiji, showing clear bole; newly felled vesi tree showing the creamy sapwood and toffee-brown heartwood; a 127 cm (50 in) tÄnoa, the largest known carved on Kabara Island. photos:âF.âaREki
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ïżœ
Ceremonial/religiousâimportanceTheâ treeâ wasâ sacredâ amongâ ancientâ Fijiansâ (seeâ textâ box,ââFijianâloreâ).
COMMerCIAL CULTIVATIOnInâtheâPacific,âtheâvaluableâtimberâisâusedâforâexport,âwood-carvingâofâbowls,â clubs,â andâotherâartifactsâ forâ sale,â espe-ciallyâforâtheâtouristâandâhandicraftâmarket,âforâboatbuild-ing,âandâforâfurnitureâmanufacture.
SpacingâforâcommercialâproductionSpacingsâofâ3âxâ4âmâandâ5âxâ5âmâ(10âxâ13âftâandâ16âxâ16âft)âhaveâbeenâusedâinâplantationsâ(Soerianegaraâelâal.â1994).â
ManagementâobjectivesIfâ phosphorusâ isâ aâ limitingâ macronutrient,â fertilizationâwithâ super-phosphateâ orâ rockâ phosphateâ isâ oftenâ neces-saryâforâoptimumâyields.âInâmoreâacidâsoilsâ(e.g.,âlessâthanâpHâ5),âcalciumâdeficiencyâmayâbeâaâmajorâlimitingâfactor,â
whichâ canâ beâ remediedâ byâ additionsâ ofâ dolomiteâ orâ cal-ciumâsulfate.Weedâ controlâ isâ extremelyâ important,â becauseâ theâ seed-lingsâcannotâtolerateâintenseâcompetitionâandârequireâopenâaccessâtoâhighâlightâintensityâforâoptimalâgrowth.âTheâtreeâtendsâtoâbeâselfâpruningâwhenâgrownâcloseâtogether.
DesignâconsiderationsAâ50â60âyearârotationâisârecommendedâforânaturalâstands.âLongerâ rotationsâ haveâ beenâ suggestedâ forâ Malaysiaâ (120âyears).Theâ speciesâ isâ bestâ grownâ inâ polyculture,â plantedâ severalâyearsâ afterâ otherâ fast-growingâ treeâ speciesâ haveâ beenâ es-tablishedâtoâprovideâsideâshadeâandâencourageâbetterâstemâform.âThisâspeciesâisâwellâadaptedâtoâlow-fertilityâsitesâsuchâasâ theâ limestoneâ islandsâofâPalau,â inâpartâdueâ toâ itsâ abil-ityâ toâ fixâ atmosphericâ nitrogen.âThereâ mayâ beâ secondaryâbenefitsâ toâ associatedâ speciesâ fromâ theâ nitrogenâ fixationâofâtheâroots.
EstimatedâyieldsAlthoughâ vesiâ isâ amongâ nativeâ hardwoodâ timbersâ com-monlyâexportedâannuallyâfromâFiji,âSamoa,âandâotherâPa-cificâislandâcountries,âdataâspecificâtoâtheâspeciesâinâtermsâofâvolumeâandâearningsâareâunavailable.â
On-farmâprocessingInâKabara,âLau,âFijiâIslandsââblanksââhewnâinâtheâgeneralâshapeâofâkavaâbowlsâareâtransportedâfromâtheâfieldâonâfoot,âandâ sometimesâ byâ boat,â toâ theâ villages,â whereâ theâ actu-alâ carvingâ andâ finishingâ ofâ theâ kavaâ bowlsâ (tÄnoa)â takesâplace.
MarketsTheâprimaryâmarketâforâvesiâinâtheâPacificâislandsâisâtradi-tionalâhandicraftsâ suchâasâ carvings,â especiallyâhigh-valueâkavaâbowlsâinâSamoaâandâFiji.âInâotherâareasâwhereâthereâisâ stillâ anâabundantâ supply,â itâ isâ anâ importantâ timberâ forâfurnitureâmanufactureâ andâheavyâ structuralâ uses,â suchâ asâsawnâconstructionâtimber,âheavyâdecking,âpiles,âpoles,âandâposts.âThereâisâaâlargeâmarketâforâitsâuseâasâaâdeckingâtimberâinâAustralia.
InTerPLAnTInG/fArM APPLICATIOnSSomeâinterplantingâsystemsâmayâincludeâwindbreak,âfieldâborder,â riparianâ bufferâ tree,â andâ possibleâ interplantingâamongâcropsâthatâareâshadeâtolerant.âVesiâmayâalsoâbeâusedâforâreforestationâonâpoorâsitesâorâinâlimestoneâareas.
Woodcarver carving a kava bowl (tÄnoa) from vesi in Uafato, Samoa, the main Samoan source of kava bowls and other carvings for the tourist market. photo:âR.âthaMan
1ïżœâ Intsia bijugaâ(vesi)â
PUbLIC ASSISTAnCe AnD AGrOfOreSTrY eXTenSIOnExtensionâofficesâ forâ agroforestryâ andâ forestryâ inâ theâPa-cific:âhttp://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html
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âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ïżœ
Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)
Intsia bijuga (vesi)Authors:âRandolphâR.âThaman1,âLexâA.J.âThomson2,âRobinâDeMeo3,âFrancisâAreki1,âandâCraigâR.âElevitch4
1.â GeographyâDepartment,âSchoolâofâSocialâandâEconomicâDevelopment,âTheâUniversityâofâtheâSouthâPacific,âPOâBoxâ1168,âSuva,âFiji;âE-mail:â[email protected].
2.âSouthâPacificâRegionalâInitiativeâofâForestâGeneticâResourcesâ(SPRIG)âProject,âSPCâForestryâProgram,âSuva,âFijiâ(currentâcon-tactâinfo:âIPGRI,âViaâdeiâTreâDenariâ472/a,â00057âMaccareseâ(Fiumicino),âRome,âItaly;âE-mail:â[email protected]).
3.âNaturalâResourcesâConservationâService,âPOâBoxâ6057,âKoror,âPalauâ96940,âUSA;âE-mail:â[email protected].âPermanentâAgricultureâResources,âPOâBoxâ428,âHolualoa,âHawaiiâ96725âUSA;âTel:â 808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-4129;âE-mail:â
[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.Acknowledgments:âTheâauthorsâandâpublisherâthankâDaleâEvans,âDianeâRagone,âandâArtâWhistlerâforâtheirâinput.âRecommended citation:âThaman,âR.R.,âL.A.J.âThomson,âR.âDeMeo,âR.âAreki,âandâC.R.âElevitch.â2006.âIntsia bijuga (vesi),âver.â3.1.âIn:â
Elevitch,âC.R.â(ed.).âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestry.âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âHĆlualoa,âHawaiâi.â<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.
Sponsors: PublicationâwasâmadeâpossibleâbyâgenerousâsupportâofâtheâUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâWesternâRegionâSus-tainableâAgricultureâResearchâandâEducationâ(USDA-WSARE)âProgram;âSPC/GTZâPacific-GermanâRegionalâForestryâProject;âUSDAâNaturalâResourcesâConservationâServiceâ(USDAâNRCS);âStateâofâHawaiâiâDepartmentâofâLandâ&âNaturalâResourcesâDivi-sionâofâForestryâ&âWildlife;âandâtheâUSDAâForestâServiceâForestâLandsâEnhancementâProgram.âThisâmaterialâisâbasedâuponâworkâsupportedâbyâtheâCooperativeâStateâResearch,âEducation,âandâExtensionâService,âU.S.âDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âandâAgriculturalâExperimentâStation,âUtahâStateâUniversity,âunderâCooperativeâAgreementâ2002-47001-01327.â
Series editor:âCraigâR.âElevitchPublisher:âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âPOâBoxâ428,âHĆlualoa,âHawaiâiâ96725,âUSA;âTel:â808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-
4129;âE-mail:â[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.âThisâinstitutionâisâanâequalâopportunityâprovider.Reproduction:âCopiesâofâthisâpublicationâcanâbeâdownloadedâfromâ<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.âThisâpublicationâmayâbeârepro-
ducedâforânoncommercialâeducationalâpurposesâonly,âwithâcreditâgivenâtoâtheâsource.â©â2006âPermanentâAgricultureâResources.âAllârightsâreserved.
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