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Invasion of Western Roman Empire
Results• Disrupts Trade
Economies are destroyed
• Downfall of Cities Populations shift from
Urban to Rural
• Decline in Learning
• Loss of Common Language Dialects create new
languages
OrderFamily ties and Personal Loyalty
SocietySmall Communities
Unwritten laws and traditions
ChiefsBand of Warriors• Allegiance
• Rewarding Leaders
• Honor / Disgrace
Leader of the Franks in Gaul
Converts to ChristianityHe and warriors are baptized after major battle
511 A.D. Clovis unites all Franks
Unites Frankish Kingdom unite with the Church
Significance?
Germans spread the Faith
Conversions
Missionaries
Fear of Muslims in S. Europe
Monasteries and Converts
Monks – Male
Nuns – Female
Devote lives to prayer and good works
Best educated communities
• Open schools, maintain libraries, copy books
• Illuminated manuscripts
Pope Gregory I / Gregory the Great
Broadens the power of the papacy• becomes secular
Church becomes involved in politics
• Church responsible for lands of Western Europe
Small Kingdoms emerge throughout Europe
Major Domo• Mayor of the Palace
• More powerful than the king
• Powers: Official – in charge of
Royal household and estates
Unofficial – leader of Army
Charles Martel Battle of Tours • Defeats Muslim Raiders• Significance?
Extends Empire• Passes power to son, Pepin the
Short
PepinAnointed by Pope, “King by Grace of God”
Begins Carolingian Dynasty
Conquers lands to South and East
Spreads Christianity
Named as Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 A.D.
“Roman Emperor”
Joins Germanic Power, the Church, and Roman Legacy
Strengthens Royal Power
Limits Authority of Nobles
Ensures landholders govern justly
Pushes educationSurrounds himself with scholars
Death of Charlemagne (814)
C’s Son, Louis is very ineffective• Louis’ sons divide
empire
• Power and central authority are lost Results in Feudalism
Vikings
Raid settlements in N. Europe
Magyars
Raid villages and monasteries in the East
Muslims
Invade Italy and Spain
Outcome?Invasions cause disorder and suffering
Kings cannot protect the people• Local rulers with
armies gain strength
Major Eras of European History
Classical Era (Greece and Rome) 500 B.C.- 600 A.D.Middle Ages (time of knights and castles) 500 A.D. – 1500 A.D.Early Modern Era (time of powerful kings and exploration) 1500 A.D. – 1776 A.D.
The Middle Ages were a dangerous time in Europe
The strong empires of Rome and Greece that protected trade routes and encouraged science and personal liberties were fading away.
The Roman empire not only had to fight the plague but fight invaders from Europe and Asia.
Genghis KahnMongolian warrior
Vikings!
Battle of Hastings
In 1066, England was invaded by Normans (Vikings from modern-day France) and conquered all of England
William of Normandy helped create England and codified feudalism (gave it the force of law).
Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.
Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215
King John IKing John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament
The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons knights and burgesses.
No more large cities, trade, scholarship.
With all the disease, riots, outside attacks and starvation people fled the cities of the once strong Roman empire.
In Europe, people now lived on manors, self-sufficient communities consisting of a castle, church, village and surrounding farmlands.
The Lord’s Estate“self-contained world”• Completely self-sufficient
Harsh Life for PeasantsTaxed for everything (paid Lord)Tithe (10%) to churchCrammed living QuartersLife Expectancy = 35• Diseases were rampant• Malnutrition• Many children do not survive to
adulthood
Feudalism (political system)The kings had lots of land; he gave land to lords in exchange for protection and $.Lords gave their land to knights in exchange for protection, $.Knights let serfs work the land and he would protect them. Serfs / Peasants received food and shelter.Each person had rights and responsibilities
Based on rights and obligations
LordsVassalsFiefSerfs
Feudal StructureSocial Classes
“Those who fight, those who pray, and those who work.”
Epics and RomancesBeowulfSong of RolandTroubadours• Love • Heroism of Knights• Define qualities of chivalry
Vernacular• Increases literacy• Dante• Chaucer
ArtGothic ArchitectureIlluminated Manuscript
Chivalry- code of honor
CrusadesPope Urban wanted to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims.
Christian Knights were promised land, riches, and reward of heaven for service.
Christians Win, then Muslims Win, Draw…
3 Major Crusades, followed by minor crusades…
Why was Constantinople so important geographically?
1095Pope Urban II
Christianity Unifies European Kingdoms
JerusalemHoly Land for 3 religions
Adventure and wealth
1099Jerusalem falls to the Christians
Significance?
Legacy?
Crusade IISeljuks reconquer much of Palestine
Crusade IIISaladin
Unifies all MuslimsCaptures Jerusalem (1187)
Richard I (Richard the Lionheart)No clear winner
When the Crusades arrived in Northern Turkey, the carnage began. The town of Lycea was captured and looted. Reports told of babies cut to pieces. Old people were subjected to every kind of torture. Unfortunately, most of the inhabitants of Lycea were actually Christians…
Impact of the Crusades
Persecution of Jews and MuslimsEconomic development via tradeKings and popes, gained power as a result.
The Famine of The Famine of 1315-13171315-1317
By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could
cultivate. A population crisis developed.
Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain.
As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. One consequence of
starvation & povertywas susceptibility to
disease.
1347: Plague 1347: Plague Reaches Reaches
Constantinople!Constantinople!
The The SymptomsSymptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form:
almost 100% mortality rate.
Lancing a BuboeLancing a Buboe
The Disease The Disease CycleCycle
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the
bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Flea’s gut cloggedwith bacteria.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Bacteriamultiply inflea’s gut.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Human is infected!Human is infected!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
Bring out your dead!
Medieval Art & the Medieval Art & the PlaguePlague
An obsession with death.
Boccaccio in Boccaccio in The The DecameronDecameron
Boccaccio in Boccaccio in The The DecameronDecameron
The victims ate lunch with their friends and
dinner with their ancestors.
The The Danse Danse MacabreMacabre
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
A Doctor’s Robe
“Leeching”
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!
Attempts to Stop the Attempts to Stop the PlaguePlague
Pograms against the Jews
“Jew” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
Death Triumphant !:Death Triumphant !:A Major Artistic A Major Artistic
ThemeTheme
The Mortality
Rate35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!
What were thepolitical,
economic,and social effects
of the Black Death??
Role of Church in Middle Ages
Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization.The Church was led by popes. Priests and nuns converted, gave care to people
Monks
Spiritual Leaders
They lived in monasteries that acted like trade schools
Transcribe the Bible
The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch
The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.
curb heresies crusades; Inquisition
tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day
Role of Church
Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power.Popes were more powerful than kings
Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Guild HallHall
Guild Guild HallHall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle Ages
Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
Feudal Warfare!!!!
Trebuchets were used to hurl all sorts of objects at the enemy.
Hundred Years’ War1337-1453England versus FranceEngland:• Want to keep French holdings
France• Wants to unite all lands
Victory• 1346 Crecy• 1415 Agincourt
Success…• Longbow (Armor Piercing)
Jean d’Arc“Voices”
Charles VII
Leadership inspires military
Problems with Brits…
Regained all but 1 piece of territory
Important Middle Ages Technologies
Water Wheel
Eyeglasses
Mechanical Clock
PrintingGutenberg
Gunpowder
EyeglassesInvented in Pisa 13th centuryBy 15th century Italy making thousands spectaclesEyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments
GaugesMicrometersFine wheel cuttersPrecision tools
Mechanical ClockUndermined Church authority
equal hours for day and night a new conceptResisted by the church for a century
Every town wanted one Public clocks installed in towers
Conquerors seized as spoils of warAllowed individual autonomyWork now measured by time
increased productivity
Bern, Switzerland
Heavier PlowBlade can go deeper
Yokes/HarnessesHorses replace oxen, (and that’s no bull!)
SerfsMore ValuableMore mobileSettle new landsCreate villages
Importance of towns returns
International trade is possible
Sea/ports
Roman road system rebuilt
GuildsMastersJourneymenApprenticePurpose of this system?
Middle ClassMerchantsArtisansBankers
Money Economy
Money ChangersDetermine value of varied exercises
Transfer funds
Arrange loans
Kings and high-class dependent on loans and banking
Beginnings of Anti-semitism
Rebirth aided by trade routes
Walled citiesWood
Stone
Guard towers
Narrow streets
Punishment
Close quarters
Poor sanitationResult?
Gunpowder
Europeans improved gunpowder to siege castles
Europeans focused on range and weight of projectiles: siege warfare
With improved metal casting, made world’s best cannon
End of the Middle Ages
The end comes with the “rebirth”
The Renaissance leads to changes in every facet of life…
Summary
The Roman Empire fell due to outside attacks and disease (brought on by trade)
The Middle Ages began as the Church replaced governments as the central authority.
Feudalism/ Manoralism came from people’s need for protection. Each member had rights
and responsibilities.
Cultures interact through wars, such as the Crusades, and trade ideas such as democratic
ideas or religious ideas
Any questions before the quiz?
1. What 2 reasons did the Roman empire cease to be a powerful
empire?
2. Name 2 examples of Rule of Law
3. What was the economic system of the Middle Ages in Europe?
4. Under Feudalism, what responsibility does a knight have?
What does he give in return?
5.In what year did William of Normandy invade England?
6. What were the Crusades?
7. What era (time period) describes the time of Greece and Rome?
8. What year was the Magna Carta signed?
