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Invertebrates
Porifera (Sponges)
CIRCULATION: NoneRESPIRATION: NoneDIGESTIVE: Collar cells and amebocytesREPRODUCTION: Budding, Regeneration, GremmulesEXCRETION: NoneNERVOUS: NoneSKELETAL: SpiculesMUSCULAR: None
FEEDING: Filter feederGROUPS: Demospongiae Calcarea Hexactinellida
CnidariansCIRCULATION: NoneRESPIRATION: NoneDIGESTIVE: Gastrovascular cavityREPRODUCTION: Budding, Regeneration, Production of sperm and eggsEXRECTION: NoneNERVOUS: Nerve net found in the mesogleaSKELETAL: NoneMUSCULAR: Muscle Cells
FEEDING: Nematocyst penetrate prey and digestion happens in the gastrovascular cavityGROUPS: Hydrozoa (Jellyfish) Scyphozoa (Jellyfish) Cubozoa (Jellyfish) Anthazoa (Anemone)
Polyp & Medusa
Platyhelminthes
CIRCULATION: NoneRESPIRATION: NoneDIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx and a gastrovascular cavityREPRODUCTION: Regeneration, HermaphroditicEXCRETION: Flame cells & mouthNERVOUS: Ladder-like nervous systemSKELETAL: NoneMUSCULAR: Muscle Cells
FEEDING: Heterotrophic-eat dead or slow moving organisms.GROUPS: Turballarians (Nudibranch) Tremadotes (Tapeworm) Cestodes (Flatworm)
Nematoda (Roundworms)
CIRCULATION: NoneRESPIRATION: NoneDIGESTIVE: Mouth, intestine, anusREPRODUCTION: Separate sexesEXCRETION: Excretory tubules and excretory poreNERVOUS: Circular brain and several longitudinal nerve cordsSKELETAL: NoneMUSCULAR: Longitudinal muscles
FEEDING: Heterotroph, Parasitic (most are parasitic), Detritivore GROUPS: Trichinella (trichinosis-
eating raw/uncooked pork or wild game)
Hook worms Ascarid worms Pinworms Filarial worms Nematodes
Annelida (Segmented Worms)
CIRCULATION: Closed system Aortic arches Dorsal and ventral blood vesselsRESPIRATION: SkinDIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard (sac with hard particles that grind soil), intestine, anusREPRODUCTION: HermaphroditicEXCRETION: Nephridia: 2 per segmentNERVOUS: Ventral nerve cord with a small anterior brainSKELETAL: NoneMUSCULAR: Longitudinal and circular muscles
FEEDING: Heterotrophic & Parasitic GROUPS: Earthworms Marine Annalids Leeches
MolluscaCIRCULATION: Open System with a dorsal heart and sinusesRESPIRATION: GillsDIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, intestine, anusREPRODUCTION: SexualEXCRETION: NephridiaNERVOUS: Brain and ventral nerve cordSKELETAL: Some contain shellsMUSKULAR: Anterior and Posterior adductor muscles
FEEDING: Herbivore (use radula), Carnivorous, & Filter Feeder GROUPS: Gastropods (Snails) Bivalves (Oyster, Clam,
Mussel) Cephalopods (Octopus,
Squid, Cuttlefish)
ArthropodaCIRCULATION: Open system with a dorsal heart and sinusesRESPIRATION: Gills, Tracheal system, book lungsDIGESTIVE: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, intestine, anusREPRODUCTION: Sexual: hermaphroditic, separate sexes, some parthenogenicEXCRETION: Malpighian tubules, green glandsNERVOUS: Anterior brain and a ventral nerve cordSKELETAL: Exoskeleton made of chitinMUSCULAR: Complex muscular system
FEEDING: Herbivores, Carnivores, Filter Feeders, Omnivores, or Parasitic GROUPS: Crustaceans (crab, lobster, shrimp) Spiders Ticks, Mites, Scorpions Horseshoe Crab Insects
Metamorphosis
Echinodermata
Invertebrate Chordates
Vertebrates
FishCIRCULATION: Single loop; two-chambered heartRESPIRATION: Breathe with gillsDIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Cecum, Gall Bladder, Liver, Pancreas, Intestine, AnusREPRODUCTION: Have either internal or external fertilizationEXCRETION: Kidneys and cloacaNERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous systemSKELETAL: Bone and/or Cartilage
ECTOTHERMSEXT. COVERING: ScalesEVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Jaws & paired finsFEEDING: Herbivores, omnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritivoresMOVEMENT: Motile Many bony fish have a swim bladder
that adjusts their buoyancy Have paired fins & lateral line
system to detect movement & vibration
GROUPS: Jawless fish: lampreys & hagfish Cartilaginous fish: (Chrondrichthyes)
sharks, skates, rays Bony fish: (Osteichthyes) most fish
species
AmphibiansCIRCULATION: Double loop; 3-chambered heartRESPIRATION: Gills to lungsDIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Pancreas, Large Intestine, CloacaREPRODUCTION: Rely on water for breeding & egg development
Most go through metamorphosis
EXCRETION: Kidneys and cloacaNERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous system.
Nictitating membrane: protects eyes. Tympanic membrane: located on side
of head; picks up vibration & sends to inner ear.
SKELETAL: Bone
ECTOTHERMSEXT. COVERING: Thin moist skinEVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Ability to live out of water; Efficient movement; Lungs & breastbone (adults).FEEDING: Herbivores (tadpoles) & carnivores (adults).MOVEMENT: Motile; 4 legs, 2 legs, & leglessGROUPS: Caudata – Newts & salamanders Anura – Frogs & toads. Apoda – Legless caecilians.
Metamorphosis
ReptilesCIRCULATION: Double-looped; 3-chambered heart; except crocodiles, 4-chambered heartRESPIRATION: All have lungsDIGESTIVE: Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Small Intestine, Pancreas, Large Intestine, CloacaREPRODUCTION: Amniotic egg provides nourishment to embryo & protects it from drying outEXCRETION: Kidneys; water conserving excretory systemNERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous systemSKELETAL: Bone
ECTOTHERMSEXT. COVERING: Dry, scaly skin & clawed toesEVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Internal fertilization & lay eggsFEEDING: Herbivores, carnivores, & omnivoresMOVEMENT: Motile; 4 legs somewhat under body (except snakes)GROUPS: Squamata: Lizards & snakes Crocodilians: Crocodiles Testudines: Turtles & tortoises Tuataras: Lizardlike
Amniotic Egg
BIRDS (AVES)
CIRCULATION: Double-loop, 4-chambered heart
RESPIRATION: Multiple air sacsDIGESTIVE: Beak, Esophagus, Crop, Stomach, Liver, Gizzard, Intestine, Pancreas, Cloaca
REPRODUCTION: Lay amniotic eggs & incubate their eggs
EXCRETION: Kidneys, similar to reptiles
NERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous system
SKELETAL: Hollow Bones
ENDOTHERMEXT. COVERING: Feathers keep birds warm (down) & streamline them for flight (contour)EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Endothermy; FeathersFEEDING: Herbivore, Carnivore, DetritivoresMOVEMENT: 2 legs for walking & perching;
front limbs modified into wings Strong chest musclesGROUPS: Birds of prey: hawks, Song
birds: canary; Flightless birds: ostriches; Aquatic birds: herons & pelicans; Parrots; Cavity-nesting birds
MammalsCIRCULATION: Double-looped; 4-chambered heartRESPIRATION: Diaphragm beneath the lungs to help deliver O2
DIGESTIVE: Insectivore, Nonruminant herbivore, Ruminant Herbivore, & Carnivore REPRODUCTION: Internal fertilization; live birthsEXCRETION: Kidneys maintain homeostasis; cloaca no longer presentNERVOUS: Developed brain & nervous system; some color visionSKELETAL: Bone and Cartilage
ENDOTHERM
EXT. COVERING: Most have fur or thick blubber for insulation
EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT: Hair/fur; Mammary glands: feed young
milk; Complex lower jaw; Distinctive limbs and backbone
FEEDING: Mammals can be classified by the number & type of teeth
MOVEMENT: Motile: 4 legs, 2 legs, some fly, some swim
GROUPS: Monotremes: mammals that lay eggs; duck-
billed platypus. Marsupial: mammals young complete 2nd
state of development in a pouch; kangaroos & opossums.
Placental mammals: Placental mammals carry their young inside the uterus until development is nearly complete. Young nourished through placenta
Endotherm
Ectotherm