Investigación y ciencia 329 - Febrero 2004

7/23/2019 Investigacin y ciencia 329 - Febrero 2004

1/99

6 ? ? 3 = 93 9 0 < 3 31

3 3 0 = 6

LJM]J]D =331

:.:3 JZ]D

JWFPQJK NIP ]IXIP4 FNZPFDKJP OJDBJQ]F@IP

JN JSFPDAFD AJ FBSI@QDAJ @GF@WZNZM

JN JSFPDAFD AJ FBSI@QDAJ @GF@WZNZM

IOZHJ]DP KJO]DPJK @DKAJKPIADP AJ MDPJ"JFKPQJFK

NI KZJ\I NZKI

MD]]IAD @ZIKQF@D

ZNZOG MJO

IOZHJ]DP KJO]DPJK @DKAJKPIADP AJ MDPJ"JFKPQJFK

NI KZJ\I NZKI

MD]]IAD @ZIKQF@D

ZNZOG MJO


2/99

Ljm}j}d aj =331Kbj}d 0=6

Jn jsfpdafdaj fbsi`qdaj @gf`wznzmAi|fa I+ E}fko v Aikfjn A+ Az}ai

Jn fbsi`qd yzj ikfyzfn ndp afkdpiz}fdpajpjkìajk zki dnjiai aj fk`jkafdpyzj i}}ipi}dk ndp mdpyzjp aj ni Qfj}}i+

Fnzpfdkjp ojdbq}fìpHi`yzjp Kfkfd

Nip afpqfkqip s}fd}faiajp yzj jn `j}jm}dojpqfdki jkojka}ik zki bznqfqza ajfnzpfdkjp ojdbq}fìp+ Ni dmpj}|i`fkkdp nip gi`j |j} v ni fbiofki`fk kdpfk`fqi i `}ji}nip+

0GI@J+++

:3. 933 v 9:3 idp+

1

ISZKQJPJqdndoi+++Jnj`q}kfì+++

\fai jk jn jpsi`fd+++Ipq}dkdbi+++Ipq}dlpfì+++Fkbzkdndoi+

0=@FJK@FI V PD@FJAIAFbsd}qik`fi ajn pzjnd.

jk jn `znqf|d aj ìi aj ixì}+++D}fojk aj ndp sj}}dpajn Kzj|d Bzkad+++ @jqdkip+++

Nfbsfjxi `dk npj}+

07AJ @J]@I

Sjyzjdp si}pfqdp ajn bi}+


3/99

70@Z]FDPFAIAJP AJ NI LPF@I

Bikxikip yzj pj iq}ijkv `d}qfkip aj mid bdnjpqip.

sd} _dnloiko M}oj}

7 3 pj dmqfjkj sf > sj5 pf jn oip qfjkj jkni az`gi bjkd} ajkpfaia. qibmfk qjka} bjkd} s}j"pfk. nd yzj gi} sdpfmnj yzj ni bivd} s}jpfk jqj}kijbszhj gi`fi iajkq}d ni `d}qfki ajn mid+

Y

]

i

g

|

|

s '3&

s s g

3

G

'g& 'g&

.Qf f

.Qf f

'G& 'G&2ssf j

j

.Qj j

.Qj

s . .3 Qj j

j

f

f

QGDBIPM]IZK$PSJEQ]ZB

AJ]_FPPJKP@GILQ

LP

2 nk +Y=

1g=]

i

L2 LJ% LP 2 ''

&=

nk

&+Y

=

1g=]i

=gi


87/99

FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331 7:

pj yzjai jk 97+ Mihd nip bfpbip`dkaf`fdkjp bjqjd}dnof`ip pnd qfjkjzk


88/99

7< FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331

Gi`j bp aj adp idp yzj `dbjkxibdp jpqi kzj|i

jqisi aj ni pj``fk aj Hzjodp biqjbqf`dp. vnd gf`fbdp `dbjkqikad adp hzjodp aj ixi} `zvd

`dbsd}qibfjkqd jp pd}s}jkajkqj 'Hzjodp biqjbqf"`dp. hznfd =339&+ Jk ibmdp. zk fkaf|fazd hzjoi `dkq}izk ìpfkd v qfjkj `fj}qip s}dmimfnfaiajp aj oiki} vsj}aj} zk jz}d jk ìai qz}kd+

Jn s}fbj}d aj jnndp nd nnibi}jbdp hzjod I jppfbfni} i isdpqi} zk 9 jz}d i }dhd d kjo}d jk ni }z"njqi aj zk ìpfkd8 oikibdp 9 jz}d `dk zki s}dmimf"nfaia nfoj}ibjkqj fklj}fd} in :3 * v sj}ajbdp 9 jz}d`dk zki s}dmimfnfaia nfoj}ibjkqj pzsj}fd} in :3 *. viyzj `dk jn `j}d oiki pfjbs}j ni mikì+ Pzsdkoibdpyzj pj oiki `dk zki s}dmimfnfaia ajn 16.: * v pjsfj}aj `dk zki s}dmimfnfaia ajn :3.: * 'jpqip s}dmi"

mfnfaiajp kd `dfk`fajk jwi`qibjkqj `dk nip aj ni }z"njqi. sj}d kdp pf}|jk si}i ajp`}fmf} ni si}iadhi&+ Sdajbdpqibmfk fbiofki} jpqj hzjod `dbd zki iszjpqi pdm}jjn }jpznqiad ajn nikxibfjkqd aj zki bdkjai nfoj}i"bjkqj pjpoiai+ Jn pjozkad hzjod nd nnibi}jbdphzjod M jp zk sd`d bp `dbsnfìad v. dm|fibjkqj.kd szjaj jk`dkq}i}pj jk kfkok ìpfkd+ Fozin yzj jkjn hzjod I. jk ìai qz}kd oikibdp d sj}ajbdp 9 .sj}d igd}i nip s}dmimfnfaiajp ajsjkajk aj nd yzj nnj"|ibdp oikiad gipqi jn bdbjkqd 'yzj szjaj pj} zkiìkqfaia kjoiqf|i&8 pf nd yzj nnj|ibdp oikiad nd nni"bi}jbdp jn ìsfqin jp bnqfsnd aj q}jp. jkqdk`jpoikibdp 9 `dk s}dmimfnfaia 6.: *5 pf jn ìsfqin kdjp bnqfsnd aj q}jp. ni s}dmimfnfaia aj oiki} jp ajn?1.: *+ Jp aj`f}. jk jn hzjod M pj zqfnfxik adp bd"kjaip. zki bzv ajpli|d}imnj si}i jn hzoiad}. yzj pjnikxi `zikad jn ìsfqin jp bnqfsnd aj q}jp. v ni dq}imipqikqj li|d}imnj. yzj pj nikxi `zikad jn ìsfqin kdjp bnqfsnd aj q}jp+ Jk ni lfoz}i 9 pj jpyzj"biqfxik nip }jonip aj ndp adp hzjodp. }js}j"pjkqkadpj jk }dhd nip bdkjaip ajpli|d}imnjpv jk |j}aj ni li|d}imnj+

Izkyzj pj q}iqj aj hzjodp aj ixi}. jn hzoi"ad} sfj}aj jk bjafi pf hzjoi bz`gdp qz}kdppjozfadp i `zinyzfj}i aj ndp adp hzjodp. I dM+ Pfk jbmi}od. pf hzjoi inqj}kkadndp. vi pjiin ixi} d pfozfjkad inozki pj`zjk`fi sj}f"

afì `dbd IIMMIIMM+++. jkqdk`jp oiki jk bj"afi+ Jpqj `dbsd}qibfjkqd jp i s}fbj}i |fpqipd}s}jkajkqj v sd} jnnd pj `dkd`j i jpqdp hzj"odp `dbd hzjodp si}iahf`dp d qibmfk `dbdSi}iadhi aj Si}}dkad+

Jk ndp nqfbdp idp. inozkdp lpf`dp v bi"qjbqf`dp gik jpqzafiad |i}fikqjp aj ni si"}iadhi d}fofkin v jk`dkq}iad kzj|ip s}dsfj"aiajp pd}s}jkajkqjp aj jpqdp hzjodp+ Jk jpqji}q`znd |ibdp i `dbjkqi} zki aj jnnip. yzjqfjkj nzoi} `zikad |i}fdp fkaf|fazdp hzjoik iM v pj njp sj}bfqj }jsi}qf} nip oikik`fip jk"q}j qz}kd v qz}kd+ ]in Qd}in. aj ni Zkf|j}pfaia

aj nip Fpnip Minji}jp. gi ajbdpq}iad yzj zk pfbsnj}jsi}qd ajn ìsfqin szjaj `dk|j}qf} zk hzjod sj}ajad}jk oikiad}+

Si}i jkqjkaj} `bd jp jpqd sdpfmnj. ikinfxi}jbdps}fbj}d zkd aj ndp bjìkfpbdp yzj jwsnfìk ni si}i"adhi d}fofkin+ Sfjkpj sd} zk bdbjkqd `zkqip |j`jppj zqfnfxi ni bdkjai bini `zikad hzoibdp M zk o}ikkbj}d aj qz}kdp pjozfadp+ I s}fbj}i |fpqi. si}j`jyzj ni bdkjai bini pj ajmj}i zqfnfxi} zk qj}`fd ajndp qz}kdp. szjpqd yzj pj nikxi pfjbs}j yzj jn ìsf"qin jp bnqfsnd aj q}jp+ Pfk jbmi}od. pf pj hzjoi M jkqdadp ndp qz}kdp. }jpznqi yzj ni bdkjai bini pj zqf"nfxi :$90 2 3.071


89/99

FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331 7?

zqfnfxi ni bdkjai bini ajn hzjod M. pji pzsj}fd} i 9$0.vi yzj jpqi l}j`zjk`fi jp ni yzj `d}}jpsdkaj}i i zkilf`gi yzj pj bzj|j `dbsnjqibjkqj in ixi}. pfk kfk"ozki s}jlj}jk`fi aj pinqd+ Sj}d s}j`fpibjkqj jpqjbd|fbfjkqd sd} `dbsnjqd in ixi} jp jn yzj qfjkj jn ì"sfqin `zikad pj hzjoi in hzjod I+ Jpqi jp zki aj nip`ni|jp aj ni si}iadhi8 `zikad jn hzjod M pj inqj}ki`dk jn I. jpqj nqfbd. i sjpi} aj pj} sj}ajad}. gi`jyzj pj zqfnf`j bjkdp l}j`zjkqjbjkqj ni bdkjai biniajn hzjod M v sd} jnnd pz jlj`qd lfkin jp sdpfqf|d v niinqj}kik`fi }jpznqi pj} oikiad}i+

Jn hzjod I gi`j yzj jn ìsfqin pji bp injiqd}fd ajnd yzj jp `zikad pj hzjoi pnd M5 aj jpqj bdad. nilf`gi |fpfqi bjkdp |j`jp nip ìpfnnip }dhip+ Sdajbdpaj`f} yzj jn hzjod I ivzai i pinqi} jpqip ìpfnnip }d"hip. jk adkaj jn hzjod M jp bzv ajpli|d}imnj+

Pf |i}fdp hzoiad}jp jpqk hzoikad `dkq}i ni mikì.jpqj bfpbd jlj`qd pj szjaj `dkpjozf} aj zki ld}bibp pjk`fnni8 i ndp hzoiad}jp njp jp sdpfmnj `dk|j}qf}jn hzjod M jk oikiad} pfk bp yzj }jafpq}fmzf} jkq}jqz}kd v qz}kd pzp oikik`fip+

Pzsdkoibdp Kfkaf|fazdp yzj hzjoik dkq}i ni mikì

in hzjod M+ Igd}i kd afpsdkjbdp ajn hzjod I. sj}d sd"ajbdp }jafpq}fmzf} jn ìsfqin jkq}j ndp afpqfkqdp hzoiad"}jp+ Nnibi}jbdp i jpqi afpq}fmz`fk d }jsi}qd hzjod ]+Jpqj hzjod ] `zbsnj jn bfpbd sisjn yzj jn hzjod I jkni si}iadhi d}fofkin+ Gj jnjofad `dbd ld}bi aj }jafp"q}fmz`fk ni pfozfjkqj8 jn hzoiad} f nj ai zk jz}d in f % 9`dk zki s}dmimfnfaia 9$=. v }j`fmj zk jz}d aj n `dkzki s}dmimfnfaia 9$=+ Zk qz}kd aj hzjod ] `dkpfpqj jk}jinfxi} jpqdp fkqj}ìbmfdp si}i qdadp ndp hzoiad}jp fajpaj jn 9 gipqi jn K 9 'jn hzoiad} K pnd fkqj}ìb"mfi ìsfqin `dk jn K 9&+

Ndp }jpznqiadp aj jpdp hzjodp pj bzjpq}ik jk ni lf"oz}i 0+ Jk jpqi lfoz}i pj }js}jpjkqi jn ìsfqin qdqinsi}i 933 hzoiad}jp jk lzk`fk ajn kbj}d aj qz}kdphzoiadp v si}i afpq fkqip }jafpq}fmz`fdkjp+ Ni `z}|i ixznbzjpq}i jn ìsfqin `zikad kd pj }jinfxi kfkozki }jafp"q}fmz`fk. jp aj`f}. `zikad ìai fkaf|fazd hzjoi `dkq}ini mikì in hzjod M pfk fkqj}ìbmfi} kiai `dk pzp `db"sij}dp+ Jk jpj ìpd. qdadp ndp hzoiad}jp sfj}ajk jkbjafi v jpd pj |j }jlnjhiad jk ni afpbfkz`fk sizni"qfki ajn ìsfqin qdqin+ Pfk jbmi}od. pf pj fkqj}ìnik qz}"kdp aj }jafpq}fmz`fk. `dbd d`z}}j jk nip `z}|ip }dhi.|j}aj v ifn. qdadp ndp hzoiad}jp oikik v jn ìsfqin qd"qin izbjkqi+ @zikad pj zqfnfxik bz`gdp qz}kdp jk ni}jafpq}fmz`fk. ni oikik`fi pj gi`j bjkd}. izkyzj pf"ozj pfjkad sdpfqf|i+ @dbd jk jn hzjod ] jn ìsfqin qd"qin kf izbjkqi kf afpbfkzvj 'jn fkaf|fazin p&. pf qdadp

ndp qz}kdp pj zqfnfxik jk }jafpq}fmzf} jn ìsfqin v kd pjhzjoi kzkì in hzjod M. jn ìsfqin kd |i}fi} v jn }j"pznqiad pj} ni }j`qi gd}fxdkqin bd}iai aj ni lfoz}i+@dbd |jbdp. jk jpqdp hzjodp `dbsi}qf} jp pfk azaimjkjlf`fdpd si}i qdadp+ \dn|fjkad in jpyzjbi aj ni lf"oz}i =. nd yzj jpq d`z}}fjkad jp yzj. `zikad pj `db"si}qj jn ìsfqin. ni ivzai ajn |j`fkd szjaj li`fnfqi}nj izk fkaf|fazd pinqi} ni ìpfnni }dhi v yzj pj mjkjlf`fj ajnip bdkjaip mzjkip ajn hzjod M+ Pj sda}i aj`f} yzjjpqd jp jyzf|injkqj i pzsj}i} zki bini }i`gi `dk jnisdvd aj inok ibfod d aj ni `dnj`qf|faia+

Jn jlj`qd pj szjaj `dkpjozf} fk`nzpd `dk pnd adphzoiad}jp+ Jk jpqj ìpd. ni }jafpq} fmz`fk jp bzv pfb"

snj8 jn s}fbj}d nj ai in pjozkad 9 `dk zki s}dmimf"nfaia 9$=. d jp jn pjozkad yzfjk nj ai in s}fbj}d 9 `dk s}dmimfnfaia 9$= jk ìai qz}kd aj }jafpq}fmz`fk'hzjod ]&+ Jpqi pfbsnj }jafpq}fmz`fk aj ìsfqin qfjkj

zkdp jlj`qdp `}z`finjp jk jn ajpi}}dnnd ajn hzjod+ Jkni lfoz}i 1 bdpq}ibdp jn ìsfqin aj ìai zkd aj ndphzoiad}jp `zikad kd giv }jsi}qd. `zikad pdnibjkqjgiv }jsi}qd v kd pj hzjoi kzkì i M. v `zikad pj fk"qj}ìni zk qz}kd aj hzjod M `dk adp qz}kdp aj }jsi}qd+Ni }jafpq}fmz`fk aj ìsfqin mjkjlf`fi i ibmdp. bfjk"q}ip yzj jn hzjod jk pdnfqi}fd jp aj kzj|d sj}ajad}+

Jn bdajnd aj Qd}in jkpji inod yzj jp ìai |jxbp kj`jpi}fd }j`d}ai} jk ndp qfjbsdp yzj `d}}jk. jp"sj`finbjkqj i ndp ajljkpd}jp ajn kjdnfmj}infpbd8 ni }j"afpq}fmz`fk aj ni }fyzjxi jp mjkjlf`fdpi si}i ni `d"nj`qf|faia j fk`nzpd szjaj pj} fkafpsjkpimnj si}i ojkj}i}`}j`fbfjkqd j`dkbf`d+

3 =33 133


90/99

Az}ikqj bz`gdp idp. ndp jpyzfiad}jp pj gik

ajpnfxiad sd} nip niaj}ip `zmfj}qip aj kfj|jpdm}j ni}oip qimnip }j`qikozni}jp+ Sj}d. i

bjafiadp aj ndp idp kd|jkqi. ndp lim}fìkqjpjbsjxi}dk i dl}j`j} jpyzjp igzpiadp+ \f}imikbjhd} sd}yzj `dk`jkq}imik jn sjpd ajn jpyzfi"ad} jk jn `jkq}d ajn ìkqd fkqj}fd} aj ni gdhi+ Pj`dkpfozj ip yzj jn jpyz kd qfjkai qikqd i pi"nf}pj aj ni pjkai yzj ni gdhi q}ixi `zikad gfjkajnip fkj|fqimnjp. sjyzjip s}dqzmj}ik`fip aj kfj|js}jpjkqjp jk `zinyzfj} sjkafjkqj+ Jpqj qfsd ajjpyz adbfki gdv jn bj}ìad+

Giv zk fk`dk|jkfjkqj+ Nip lzj}xip `dk`jkq}i"aip `}jik zk lzj}qj bdbjkqd ikozni} jk jn pjkdajn jpyz+ Si}i s}jpj}|i} pz fkqjo}faia jpq}z`qz"}in. pj ajmj `dkpq}zf}nd bp }ofad+ Sj}d jpqd fb"snfì yzj jn jpyz pj} s}d`nf|j i |fm}i}+ ]jpznqibdnjpqd j fk`nzpd szjaj nnjoi} i nj|ikqi}nd aj nikfj|j5 iodqi in jpyzfiad}+

Jk ndp nqfbdp pjfp idp. ndp lim}fìkqjp gik}j|jpqfad pzp jpyzjp dk af|j}pdp s}daz`qdp pfkq"qf`dp yzj ibd}qfozik nip |fm}i`fdkjp+ Sj}d ni ds"`fk bp jlfìx yzfx pji ni dl}j`fai sd} nip lf"m}ip sfjxdjn`q}fìp. vi jbsnjiaip jk nip }iyzjqipaj qjkfp. yzj `dk|fj}qjk jk `d}}fjkqj jn`q}fì nijkj}oi aj |fm}i fk. aj `dbs}jpfk d aj lnjfk+Zk `gfs fk`}zpqiad jk jn jpyz i`zbzni. fk|fj}qjv aj|zjn|j ni `d}}fjkqj. aj bikj}i yzj nip lfm}ippj afniqjk v `dkq}ifoik. `dkq}i}}jpqjk jn bdbjkqdikozni} v pj q}i`j zk |f}ihj pzi|j v q}ikyzfnd+ Jnzpd aj jpyzjp sfjxdjn`q}f`dp pj jpq jqjk"afjkad jkq}j ndp ajsd}qfpqip s}dljpfdkinjp+]ji``fdkik dk bivd} pzi|faia v pj iaisqik bj"hd} i afpqfkqdp jpqiadp aj ni kfj|j+

Sd} ajpo}i`fi. ndp jpyzjp sfjxdjn`q}f`dp `dk"q}dniadp sd} `gfsp. d jpyzjp i`qf|dp. `zjpqikajn d}ajk aj zk :3 sd} `fjkqd bp+ V inozkdp`}jjk yzj pzp `zinfaiajp |injk aj sd`d jk jnjpyz }j`}jiqf|d5 pnd pj sj}`fmjk i inqip |jnd`f"

aiajp pdm}j kfj|j gjniai+ E=. zki jbs}jpi kd"qimnj ajn pj`qd}. gi ajpj`giad pzp bdajndp sfj"xdjn`q}f`dp. jk ndp yzj nip |fm}i`fdkjp j}ikimpd}mfaip sipf|ibjkqj sd} zkdp si}`gjp sfj"xdjn`q}f`dp. kd sd} zk `gfs aj }jinfbjkqi`fki`qf|i+ Dq}dp afpjiad}jp pdpqfjkjk yzj zk }j"|jpqfbfjkqd aj ìz`gd `dk`jmfad `dk fkqjnfojk"`fi szjaj m}fkai} ìpf nip bfpbip |jkqihip sd}zk s}j`fd bz`gd bjkd}+

Sj}d Gj}l}fja Nibbj}. fkojkfj}d aj ni ìpiizpq}iì Gjia Psd}q IO. jn bivd} lim}fìkqj ajjpyzjp sfjxdjn`q}f`dp. ilf}bi yzj ndp jpyzfi"ad}jp s}jlfj}jk ni jnj`q}kfì+

FAJIP ISNF@IAIPBi}e Lfp`gjqqf

JPYZFJP JNJ@Q]DKF@DP

@dkq}i jn bdbjkqd ikozni}

Bdbjkqd ikozni}

IKQJP AJ NI ]JI@@FDKAJ NIP LFM]IP

AJPSZJP AJ NI ]JI@@FDKAJ NIP LFM]IP

Lfm}ip yzj pj i`d}qik

Lfm}ip yzj pjini}oik

Sdpf`fkajn jpyzpfk lfm}ip

@gfs

Lzj}xiaj `fxinniaz}i

77 FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331

LZJKQJ8GJIAP

SD]Q

IO5FNZPQ]I@FDKJPA

JE

JKQ

PK

DAO]IPPS

}j`fpfdkO}isgf`p

9+ JK NDP \F]IHJP. jn sjpd ajn ajsd}qfpqis}jpfdki gi`fi imihd jk ni s}dwfbfaia ajn `jkq}dajn jpyz. bfjkq}ip yzj ni lzj}xi }ji`qf|i aj nikfj|j jbszhi gi`fi i}}fmi i nd ni}od ajn md}ajfkqj}kd ajn jpyz+ Jpqi ajpinfkji`fk aj lzj}xip`}ji zk bdbjkqd ikozni} jk jn }j|jpqfbfjkqd pzsj"}fd} ajn jpyz. `zvd ìkqd qfjkaj ip i pjsi}i}pjaj ni kfj|j 'jpyz pdnd. i ni fxyzfj}ai&5 jn jpyzfi"

ad} ajmj dsdkj}pj i jnnd si}i j|fqi} zk siqfkixd+Az}ikqj jn |f}ihj. jn bdbjkqd kd jp `dkpqikqjv `}ji zkip |fm}i`fdkjp yzj pj sj}`fmjk `dbdodnsjqjdp v }jpmindkjp `zjpqi imihd+


91/99

@INXIAD @INFJKQJ8 Ia|ik`ja @j}ibf`p. aj Nibmj}q|fnnj'Kzj|i Hj}pjv&. jpq jsj}fbjkqikad dk zkip mdqip si}i jpyzv j`z}pfdkfpbd izqdìnajimnjp sd} jnjbjkqdp sfjxdjn`q}f`dpfkpqiniadp jk ndp qindkjp5 qibmfk zkip mdqip bfnfqi}jp yzj }jì}"oik miqj}ip+ Qfjkj iajbp jk s}dvj`qd zkdp `jmdp aj sjpì. `dkpz s}dsfi lzjkqj aj jkj}oi. yzj jbfqjk pdkfadp aj s}jpi aj sjx+

ZK S]DLJQI AJN @IZ@GD8 Az}ikqj idp. Hdgk Gdwj lzjaf}j`qd} aj ajpi}}dnnd aj s}daz`qdp aj Gjia Pef. aj Minqfbd}j. vajpszp ipjpd} aj dq}dp ofoikqjp aj ndp jyzfsdp aj jpyz+ Sj}d

gdv q}imihi jk pz gdoi} aj _iqj}ld}a 'Bifkj&. adkaj `dklj``fdkii bikd. ìai id. aj :3 i 933 si}jp aj zk s}daz`qd fkkd|iad}yzj n nnibi Oi}}i+ Nnj|i zki ìsi ajìz`gd yzj. pjok ilf}bi. ibd}qfozinip |fm}i`fdkjp bjhd} yzj `zinyzfj}

dq}d bdajnd aj jpyz+ Ndp `}qf`dp af`jk yzj jp j`jnjkqj si}inip gjniaip sfpqip aj Kzj|i Fkoniqj}}i. izkyzj szjaj }jpznqi}az}d pdm}j kfj|j mnikai+ Gdwj dkpfaj}i yzj bz`gip kd|jaiajp`dbj}`finjp kd sipik aj pjzjndp szmnf`fqi}fdp+

@DAD AJ QJKFPQI48 Gjia Psd}q jbsjx jbsnjikad bi"qj}finjp sfjxdjn`q}f`dp jk pzp }iyzjqip aj qjkfp si}i }jaz`f} nip|fm}i`fdkjp yzj pj s}daz`jk jk jn bikod q}ip odnsji} ni sjndqi+Jk hznfd aj =33=. _j}kj} Xf}kofmn. ajn Fkpqfqzqd aj D}qdsjafi vBjaf`fki Ajsd}qf|i aj Bkf`g. jkq}jo }iyzjqip sfjxdjn`q}fìp

i :: hzoiad}jp ilf`fdkiadp yzj jpqimik pfjkad q}iqiadp aj dadaj qjkfpqi. qjbsd}in d `}kf`d+ Q}ip pjfp pjbikip aj hzjod }j"ozni}. ndp yzj siajìk ni ilj``fk }kfì ginni}dk sd`d d kfkokinf|fd. sj}d ndp iyzjhiadp sd} zki ilj``fk q}ikpfqd}fi fkld}bi"}dk aj zki bjhd}i `dkpfaj}imnj+

PI

MFIZ

PQJAY

ZJ+++4

Lzj}xi }ji`qf|i aj ni kfj|j

Sjpd

Lfm}ip sfjxdjn`q}fìp

FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331 76

0+ ZKIP SNI@IP

AJ @IZ@GD. jk dq}dpbdajndp. impd}mjk jkq}j ni

mdqi v jn jpyz si}qj aj nip|fm}i`fdkjp5 jn odnsjqjd pj }j"

az`j jk inozki bjafai+

1+ @FJ]QIP ]IYZJQIP AJ QJKFP

pj gi`jk `dk lfm}ip sfjxdjn`q}fìpyzj ibd}qfozik nip |fm}i`fdkjp ajmf"aip in fbsi`qd aj ni sjndqi+ Inf|fikni qjkpfk pdm}j jn m}ixd ajn hzoiad}+

=+ GIV BIQJ]FINJP JPSJ@FINJP yzj }jaz`jk jpdpjlj`qdp+ Jn bdbjkqd ikozni} `}ji zki lzj}xi aj `fxinniaz}ibwfbi hzpqd ajnikqj aj ni mdqi ajn jpyzfiad}+ Jk zk bd"ajnd aj Gjia Psd}q 'i}}fmi&. jn jplzj}xd bj`kf`d i`d}qiv ini}oi nip lfm}ip sfjxdjn`q}fìp. `dk|f}qfjkad jk `d}}fjkqjjn`q}fì ni jkj}oi bj`kfì+ Zk `gfs fk|fj}qj. i`zbzniv aj|zjn|j jpi `d}}fjkqj5 pj s}d|dì ip jn ini}oibfjkqdv jn i`d}qibfjkqd aj nip lfm}ip+ @iai `fk`d bfnfpjozkadppj `}ji zk bdbjkqd aj pjkqfad dszjpqd yzj bikqfjkj inmd}aj `dkq}i ni kfj|j v ibd}qfozi nip |fm}i`fdkjp+


92/99


Fpnib

Pimj} jwi`qd

QGJ JKQJ]S]FPJ DL P@FJK@J FK FPNIB+ KJ_ SJ]PSJ@QF\JP+Af}fofad sd} Hik S+ Gdojkafhe v Imajngibfa F+ Pim}i+Qgj BFQ S}jpp5 @ibm}faoj. Bippi`gzpjqqp. =330+

QGJ QDNJAIK QIMNJP+ ]j|fpfk aj bikzp`}fqdp v jaf"`fk aj nip |j}pfdkjp qjqzinjp sd} L}fqx P+ Sjaj}pjk+Gfpqd}fpe"lfndpdlfpej Pe}flqj} =189"1+ Ajq Edkojnfoj Aikpej\fajkpeimj}kjp Pjnpeim+ @+ I+ ]jfqxjnp Ld}nio5 @d"sjkgiozj. =33=+

BZPNFBP IKA @G]FPQFIKP FK KD]BIK PF@FNV. sd} Inj

Bjqìnlj+ ]dzqnjaoj5 Ndka}jp. =330+

JPPIVP DK JI]NV BJAFJ\IN BIQGJBIQF@P. sd} BjkpdLdnej}qp+ Ipgoiqj5 Inaj}pgdq. =330+

Jkq}j jn id 733 v jn 91:3 aj kzjpq}i j}i. ni biqj"bqfì qz|d jk ni bia}ipi pz hi}ak aj `znqf|d+Ndp o}ikajp `jkq}dp aj jpqzafd aj ni i}fqbqfì. ojd"bjq}i v q}fodkdbjq}i `dk pzp isnfì`fdkjp i ni ip"q}dkdbi. ipq}dndoi. ojdo}ili. ì}qdo}ili v sqfìpj }jsi}qik sd} jn bzkad fpnbf`d+ Gi`j pnd zkdpaj`jkfdp `}jibdp `dkd`j} jn k`njd aj jpj pimj} iq}i|p aj nip q}iaz``fdkjp in niqk+ Bj}`ja i ni qjkixnimd} aj ndp bjafj|infpqip yzj gi }j`zsj}iad bi"kzp`}fqdp. ajsz}iad lzjkqjp v `dbszqiad qimnip. `d"bjkxibdp i jkq}j|j} igd}i zk sikd}ibi kzj|d 'QgjJkqj}s}fpj dl P`fjk`j fk Fpnib&. zki q}iaf`fk `fjkq"lfì bz`gd bp }fì v s}dlzkai. ibipiai `dk fk"lnzjk`fip af|j}pip+

I ni is}dsfi`fk fpnbfì aj ni `fjk`fi o}fjoi jkndp pfondp \FFF v FW. `djqkji `dk pz impd}`fk ajn `d"kd`fbfjkqd sj}pi j gfka 'ni libdpi kzbj}i`fk `dkjn pbmdnd si}i jn jpsi`fd |i`d&. pfozfj}dk. q}ip zkis}jqiad fkqj}|ind aj }jjnimd}i`fk v ajpi}}dnnd s}d"sfdp. nip q}iaz``fdkjp niqfkip yzj sdpfmfnfqi}dk jn }j"ki`fbfjkqd ajn D``fajkqj `}fpqfikd jk jn azda`fbd+

Qdnjad v Pf`fnfi 'Bzpnfbp ika @g}fpqfikp fk Kd}bikPf`fnv& `dkpqfqzvj}dk ndp ld`dp aj jpi q}ikpbfpfk+ Sj}dpnd zki sjyzji l}i``fk ajn pimj} fpnbf`d sip ini Jz}dsi `}fpqfiki+ V jnnd. sjpj in fbsd}qikqj ajp"`zm}fbfjkqd }jinfxiad sd} @gi}njp Mz}kjqq8 gzmd zkqj}`j} ld`d q}iaz`qd} aj ipq}dkdbi in niqk aj sfpi"kdp ilfkìadp jk Ikqfdyzi 'aj ni i`qzin Qz}yzi&.ikqjp aj yzj jbj}ofj}i Qdnjad `dbd ìsfqin aj niq}ipni`fk v pj s}dazhj}i jk Pf`fnfi ni s}fbj}i q}i"az``fk. ajpaj jn o}fjod. ajn Inbiojpqd+ Aj D}fjkqj|fkfj}dk. i q}i|p aj Sfpi. jn nfm}d bfbd aj Sqdndbjd.zki `dpbdndoi 'Nfmj} Bibdkfp&. yzj ajp`}fmj jn pfp"qjbi sqdnjbif`d. v zki |j}pfk aj nip qimnip ipq}d"

kbfìp aj in"Pzllf+ Qdadp jpqdp qjqdp lzj}dk jp`}f"qdp jk ni pjozkai bfqia ajn pfond WFF + Qdad fkafì yzjaj jpj fklnzhd pj mjkjlf`fi}dk ndp jpqzafdpdp }jzkfadpjk qd}kd i Im}igib fmk Jx}i v pzp pjozfad}jp aj ni}fmj}i ajn Jm}d+ Pf nip dm}ip aj Fmk Jx}i. ]dmj}q ajEjqqdk. Gj}bikk aj @i}fkqgfi. ]dadnld aj M}zhip. Gzodaj Pikqinni v Jpqjmik jn lfnpdld. ip `dbd nip ld}"bip d}fjkqinjp aj ndp kbj}dp gfka"i}mfodp `dkjnnip ipd`fiadp. kd sj}pfpqfj}dk bp qfjbsd pj ajmfi yzj. ajpaj 99:3. Qdnjad bi}` ni sizqi aj ni ip"q}dkdbi v ipq}dndoi mihd ni af}j``fk aj Oj}i}ad aj@}jbdki+

Jkq}j ndp ojbjq}ip ajn pfond W. pdm}jpinf in"Ezgf.lip`fkiad sd} ni `j}qjxi ajn bqdad jbsnjiad jk ni`dkpq}z``fk aj nip lfoz}ip v jk ni ajqj}bfki`fk ajndp |dnbjkjp v `jkq}dp aj o}i|jaia aj ndp pnfadp.

fk`nzfad jn si}imdndfaj+ Hzkqd in s}dmnjbi ajn bqdadisd}q |infdpip fkkd|i`fdkjp jk jn ajmiqj pdm}j ik"

N FM]DP

9+ BP Ifq Ivi`gj. s+ 96= 'sdpqj}fd} i 9011&


93/99


nfpfp v pkqjpfp. ni kd`fk aj }ixk `dkd`fai jk `d"kjfk `dk ni `zia}iqz}i ajn `}`znd v ni njofqfbfaiaajn jbsnjd ajn bd|fbfjkqd jk ojdbjq}i+ Jk qjd}i ajkbj}dp. ndp biqjbqf`dp fpnbf`dp imd}ai}dk nipafpsdpf`fdkjp i}bdkfdpip aj ndp kbj}dp 'iaia in"

wily&. jp aj`f}. ndp `zia}iadp bof`dp+ Zk `zia}iadbof`d jp ni biq}fx `zia}qfì aj kbj}dp jkqj}dp8`zvi pzbi aj qdadp ndp jnjbjkqdp aj ìai `dnzbki.lfni d afiodkin pdk fozinjp+ Jk q}bfkdp bdaj}kdp. jnkbj}d aj jnjbjkqdp aj ìai lfni. `dnzbki d afiod"kin `dkpqfqzvj jn d}ajk ajn `zia}iad bof`d5 ni pzbiaj ndp jnjbjkqdp aj ìai lfni. `dnzbki d afiodkin ld}bini `dkpqikqj bofì+

Aj nip afp`fsnfkip biqjbqfìp }j`fmfaip aj ndp o}fj"odp. ni sqfì pzl}f zki q}ikpld}bi`fk }iafìn gipqi`dk|j}qf}pj jk `fjk`fi ojkzfkibjkqj }imj+ @dk jn q"qznd aj in"Bikixf} pj |j}qfj}dk ndp q}iqiadp aj Dsqfeiaj Jz`nfajp v Sqdndbjd i `dbfjkxdp vi ajn pfond FW+

Jk ni s}fbj}i bfqia ajn pfond WF. in"Gipik fmk in"Givqgibs}jpjkqi pz }j|dnz`fdki}fd 'jk q}bfkdp aj I+ F+ Pim}i&Efqim in"Bikixf}. yzj |j}qfad jk Jpsii. ajqj}bfk jnkzj|d jkldyzj aj ni `fjk`fi aj ni nzx yzj sj}|f|f}igipqi mfjk jkq}iad jn pfond W\FF+ Jk nkji `dk ni dsf"

kfk i}fpqdqnfì pdm}j ni |fpfk jkqjkafai `dbd }j"`js`fk aj ld}bip aj nzx v `dnd}. kzjpq}d Ingi`k`dk`jai i ni spf`dndoi zk sisjn kzj|d v lzkaibjk"qin. in qfjbsd yzj qjkai zk szjkqj `dk jn pfpqjbi sqd"njbif`d jk ipq}dkdbi+

Jk jn bmfqd aj ni bjaf`fki. ni biqjbqfì fb"sd}qimi pdm}j qdad jk ni iabfkfpq}i`fk j fkqj}s}j"qi`fk aj ni jlfì`fi o}iazin aj ndp l}bi`dp+ Ni q}i"af`fk oinjkfpqi gimi `nipflfìad nip bjaf`fkip jk`ziq}d o}iadp5 `dk bivd} s}j`fpfk. gimi ì}i`qj}f"xiad zkip `dbd qjbsniaip v dq}ip yzj pj injhimikaj jpj jyzfnfm}fd jk `ziq}d o}iadp+ 'Ndp o}iadp pfo"kflfìmik ni sdqjk`fi aj ni a}doi jk lzk`fk aj nip

Mfdqj`kdndoiQGJ J\DNZQFDK DL AJ\JNDSBJKQIN SIQG_IVP. sd}Iaib P+ _fnefkp+ Pfkizj} Ippd`fiqjp. Fk`+. Szmnfpgj}p5

Pzkaj}nika. Bippi`gzpjqqp. =33=+

J

n s}jli`fd aj jpqi dm}i pj fkf`fi `dk zki `fqi ajn

nfm}d aj O+ O+ Pfbspdk. Qgj Bihd} Ljiqz}jp dl

J|dnzqfdk. 96:0. yzj af`j8 Ni gfpqd}fi aj ni |fai. qin

`dbd pj gi s}daz`fad jk ni kiqz}injxi. jp zki ibsnfi

pz`jpfk aj dkqdojkfip aj d}oikfpbdp+ Ni pz`jpfk

aj dkqdojkfip jp ni lfndojkfi v pqi s}jpjkqi zk bd"

ajnd biqj}fin jpqimnj`fad sd} ni j|dnz`fk aj ni biqj"

}fi |f|i v pz ajpi}}dnnd jk ndp fkaf|fazdp+ Jpqi `fqi aj

Pfbspdk bzjpq}i ni fbsd}qik`fi yzj ai _fnefkp i ni

j|dnz`fk aj nip lfndojkfip jk ndp s}d`jpdp j|dnzqf|dp

aj ndp pj}jp |f|dp. d yzfx pj}i bp jwi`qd aj`f} aj

ndp bjqixddp. szjpqd yzj jn nfm}d iyz }jpjiad kd

q}iqi ajn ajpi}}dnnd jk ndp |jojqinjp+

Qgj Bihd} Ljiqz}jp dl J|dnzqfdk jp zki dm}i jw"

qjkpi v ajkpi. `dk lfoz}ip kd bzv imzkaikqjp. yzj

q}iqi ndp qjbip `dk `dkpfaj}imnj ajqinnj v s}dlzkafaia

i sjpi} aj nd yzj jn izqd} af`j jk jn s}jli`fd8 Jn jk"ldyzj ojkqf`d pj gi gj`gd. kd dmpqikqj. `dk zk

`dpqj+ Kd gi pfad sdpfmnj fk`nzf} qdadp ndp qsf`dp d

ajmiqjp }jnj|ikqjp pdm}j jn qjbi aj ni j|dnz`fk ajn

ajpi}}dnnd+ Bip. izkyzj ndp `dkd`fbfjkqdp jwszjpqdp

kd pdk jwgizpqf|dp. jn `dkqjkfad ajn nfm}d v ni ibsnf"

qza `dk yzj pj q}iqik jpqdp `dkd`fbfjkqdp. nd gi`jk

}j`dbjkaimnj si}i ndp nj`qd}jp fkqj}jpiadp jk iayzf}f}

zki mzjki mipj pdm}j ni lfndojkfi ajn ajpi}}dnnd v pz

pfokflfìad jk ni j|dnz`fk ajn ]jfkd Ikfbin. aj

i`zj}ad `dk ndp dmhjqf|dp jwszjpqdp sd} jn izqd}+

Qibmfk ilf}bi jn izqd} yzj ni afpq}fmz`fk ajn nfm}d.

yzj `dbs}jkaj q}jp si}qjp s}fk`fsinjp. jpq sjkpiai

si}i `dkpjozf} yzj jn ajpi}}dnnd aj pz `dkqjkfad pji

`ni}d. nof`d j fkqj}jpikqj si}i jn nj`qd}+ @dbd pj giaf`gd jpqj dmhjqf|d pj `dkpfozj o}i`fip i ni s}dlzkaf"

aia v jwqjkpfk aj ndp `dkd`fbfjkqdp yzj isd}qi.

izkyzj ni ajkpfaia `dk yzj pqdp pj q}iqik szjaj }j"

pznqi} liqfodpi si}i nj`qd}jp yzj pnd ajpjjk iayzf}f}

zk `dkd`fbfjkqd ojkj}in ajn qjbi+

Ni s}fbj}i si}qj ajn nfm}d `dbs}jkaj `fk`d ìsqz"

ndp. yzj q}iqik aj `zjpqfdkjp aj ldkad jpjk`finjp.

`dk`}jqibjkqj aj nip }i`jp gfpq}fìp. ni `nipj aj ai"

qdp. nip ld}bip aj iknfpfp v inozkip aj nip fajip

`ni|j jk yzj pj mipi jn jpqzafd aj ni j|dnz`fk aj

ndp s}d`jpdp ajn ajpi}}dnnd+

Jk ndp q}jp ìsqzndp pfozfjkqjp. yzj ld}bik ni pj"

ozkai si}qj. pj s}jpjkqik zki pj}fj aj ìpdp `dk`}j"

qdp pdm}j ni j|dnz`fk ajn ajpi}}dnnd. jp`dofadp ajnf"

mj}iaibjkqj pdm}j d}oikfpbdp yzj pzjnjk qdbi}pj

`dbd pfpqjbip aj }jlj}jk`fi jk jn jpqzafd aj ni dkqd"

ojkfi. qinjp `dbd A}dpdsgfni bjnikdoipqj}.

@ijkd}gimafqfp jnjoikp. jn }iqk v jn sdnnd+ Jn s}fbj}d

aj jpqdp ìsqzndp q}iqi aj ni j|dnz`fk aj ni dkqdoj"

kfi ajn pjwd. jpsj`finbjkqj jk ndp Biblj}dp v jk ndp

Fkpj`qdp. jn pjozkad aj ni pjobjkqi`fk jk ndp

Fkpj`qdp v jn qj}`j}d ajn ajpi}}dnnd aj ni |zn|i aj

@ijkd}gimafqfp jnjoikp v aj nip jwq}jbfaiajp aj ndp

qjq}sdadp+

Ni qj}`j}i v nqfbi si}qj aj ni dm}i `dbs}jkaj pjfp

ìsqzndp. adkaj pj jwsdkjk `zjpqfdkjp v s}dmnjbipjpsj`lf`dp aj ni j|dnz`fk ajn ajpi}}dnnd. ip `dbd

}jni`fdkjp jkq}j jpqip `zjpqfdkjp v dq}dp ipsj`qdp aj

ni j|dnz`fk+ @dk`}jqibjkqj. jk jn s}fbj}d aj jnndp pj

jpqzafik bjìkfpbdp ojkqf`dp qinjp `dbd bzqi`fd"

kjp. azsnfì`fdkjp okfìp. sdnfsndfai. |i}fi`fdkjp jk

nip pj`zjk`fip }jozniad}ip aj ni lzk`fk okfì. hzkqd

`dk `dk`jsqdp ojkj}injp fbsd}qikqjp si}i jkqjkaj}

ndp s}d`jpdp ajn ajpi}}dnnd. `dk`}jqibjkqj ndp aj ì"

kinfxi`fk v ipfbfni`fk ojkqfìp+ Jk jn pjozkad aj

jpqdp ìsqzndp pj jpqzafik ndp li`qd}jp yzj }jqi}aik

v ìkinfxik ni j|dnz`fk ajn ajpi}}dnnd+ Jk jn qj}`j}d

pj q}iqi jn `}j`fbfjkqd v ni ld}bi+ Jk jn `zi}qd. ni jp"

sj`fi`fk v ni j|dnz`fk ajn ajpi}}dnnd+ Jk jn yzfkqd

pj jpqzafi jn d}fojk aj ndp bjqixddp v jn fkf`fd aj nij|dnz`fk ikfbin `dbsnjhi+ Jk jn pjwqd v nqfbd. pj

q}iqik nip sj}psj`qf|ip yzj dl}j`j jn lzqz}d jk ndp jp"

qzafdp aj ni j|dnz`fk ajn ajpi}}dnnd+

IKQDKFD S]J\DPQF


94/99

6= FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331

`ziq}d `zinfaiajp jnjbjkqinjp8 ìnfjkqj. l}d. pj`d.gbjad+& I|j}}djp jp`}fmj pz in"Eznnfvviq. Efqim in"Iawfvi wi"n"Iogagfvi'Nfm}d aj bjafìbjkqdp v inf"bjkqdp&. `dkq}i ni qjpfp fkkd|iad}i aj in"Efkaf. ajnpfond FW 5 aj i`zj}ad `dk pqj. ni fkqjkpfaia ajn l}"bi`d `}jì ojdbq}fìbjkqj `dk jn izbjkqd ajo}iad. pjok ni }joni aj ni }ixk admnj5 ip. ni fk"qjkpfaia aj zki a}doi jk s}fbj} o}iad admni ni ajzk l}bi`d qjbsniad5 ni aj zki bjaf`fki jk pj"ozkad o}iad `ziq}fsnfì ni fkqjkpfaia aj ni qjbsniai5zk l}bi`d jk qj}`j} o}iad jp d`gd |j`jp bp fk"qjkpd5 dq}d jk `zi}qd o}iad. 9< |j`jp bp fkqjkpdyzj ni bjaf`fki qjbsniai+ I jnnd Fmk ]zpg `dkq}i"

s}dsdkj zk fk`}jbjkqd inojm}if`d+Ndp i}q`zndp ajafìadp jk jpqj kbj}d aj ni }j"

|fpqi i yzfjk jsfqdbfxi ni `fjk`fi ipq}dkbfì fpn"bfì ajpszp ajn sj}dad bjafj|in. jn Xfh aj ZnzogMjo. kdp jfbjk aj sdkaj}i} pz lfoz}i+ Pjok si"}j`j. fklnzv jk jn Xfh in"Pgi}fl 'Bikzin aj ni ipq}d"kdbi kdmnj& }jai`qiad sd} Pimhiy Ai} jk Qkjx jkjn pfond W\FF v jpqzafiad sd} Hznfd Pibp+ Jk pz }j"sipd sd} ni q}ikpbfpfk ajn `dkd`fbfjkqd ipq}dkbf`d.ikainzp v bio}jm. jn s}dljpd} mi}`jndkp pj ajqfjkjjk jn ljkbjkd aj ni q}jsfai`fk. yzj jp ni dp`fni"`fk aj nip ndkofqzajp j`nsqfìp aj nip jpq}jnnip lfhip`dk }jpsj`qd in szkqd |j}kin+ 'Qjbi pdm}j jn yzj }ji"

nfx pz inzbki Bdkqpj Oi}ì Lihi}ad ni qjpfp ad`qd"}in. szmnfìai }j`fjkqjbjkqj+& Ia|f}qipj yzj. jk ndpxfhjp ikainzpjp. nip qimnip aj bd|fbfjkqdp bjafdppdk pfa}jip+

Ni ipq}dkdbi ikainzp. jk si}qf`zni}. v ni gfpqd}fiaj ni `fjk`fi jpsidni jk ojkj}in. gik aiad zk sipdaj ofoikqj `dk ni szmnfì`fk aj Qgj Qdnjaik Qimnjp.zki dm}i biofpq}in jk `ziq}d |dnbjkjp s}jsi}iai sd}L}fqx P+ Sjaj}pjk+ Nip Qimnip Qdnjaikip. q}iaz`faipin niqk jk jn pfond WFF. sj}afaip nip d}fofkinjp }imjp.kdp gik nnjoiad jk }j|fpfdkjp niqfkip. q}jp s}fk`fsinjpv |i}fip bjkd}jp+ Nip s}fk`fsinjp yzfx af|j}oik vijk ni q}iaf`fk }imj+ Si}qjk aj zki admnj lzjkqj

jpjk`fin. Inmiqqikf. ajn 633 a+@+. v Inegwi}fxbf. aj nis}fbj}i bfqia ajn pfond FW. i nip yzj pj pzbi}dk qi"mnip }imjp sdpqj}fd}jp+ Inegwi}fxbf jbsnj lzjkqjpgfkajp v sj}pip5 Inmiqqikf pj isdv s}fk`fsinbjkqjjk nip Qimnip bikzinjp aj Sqdndbjd. izkyzj ii"afjkad mipqikqj aj pz s}dsfi nimd}+

Si}i jn bikjhd aj nip bfpbip pj }jyzj}ik ajqj}"bfkiaip }jonip d `kdkjp+ Qibmfk pj dl}j`jk iyz+Ndp ajkdbfkiadp @i. @m v @` }js}jpjkqik sd} nd bj"kdp adp q}iaz``fdkjp fkajsjkafjkqjp ajn }imj+ Qimnipv `kdkjp pzl}fj}dk znqj}fd}jp }j|fpfdkjp5 jk `dk`}jqd.ni |znoiqi qi}ai pj jbsnj jk qd}kd i 9=?3 v sj}"pfpqf gipqi mfjk jkq}iad jn pfond WF\. `zikad nip Qimnip

=+ @ibm}if. Mfmnfdqjì bzkf`fsin 603. ldn+ =?|"=7}. bzjpq}ik ni kdqi`fk inlikzb}fì ip `dbd nip ld}bipd}fjkqinjp aj ndp kbj}dp gfka"i}mfodp


95/99


Qdnjaikip`jafj}dk sipd i nip Qimnip Inldkpjp+ 'Ndp`kdkjp @m pfozfj}dk dsfkadpj fjk idp bp qi}aj+&Gipqi jkqdk`jp. nip Qdnjaikippj jbsnji}dk si}i ndp`n`zndp ipq}dkbf`dp v `dkpqfqzvj}dk jn siq}k si}idq}dp `bszqdp8 ìnjkai}fdp. }jpbjkjp aj qjd}isnikjqi}fi. qimnip jpsj`finjp aj}f|iaip si}i nzoi}jpsi}qf`zni}jp v dq}dp jp`}fqdp aj fkqj}p jazìqf|d v`znqz}in+

Jk nip |j}pfdkjp `dbsnjqip pj dl}j`jk qimnip. jpqi"mnj`faip si}i jn bj}fafikd aj Qdnjad. yzj sj}bfqjkìn`zni} ni ndkofqza j`nsqfì ajn Pdn5 nip ndkofqzajp vniqfqzajp aj ni Nzki v aj ndp `fk`d snikjqip5 ndp j`nfs"pjp pdni}jp v nzki}jp5 ni aj}f|i aj ndp jyzfkd``fdp vnip lipjp aj ndp snikjqip+ Njp i`dbsiik qimnip izf"nfi}jp si}i ni `dk|j}pfk jkq}j lj`gip ìnjka}fìp aji`zj}ad `dk ni j}i fpnbfì 'ni Ghf}i& v `dk dq}ipj}ip5 v qimnip si}i ni q}fodkdbjq}i jpl}fì '`dk|j}"pfk jkq}j `dkhzkqdp aflj}jkqjp aj `dd}ajkiaip `j"njpqjp&+ Giv yzj iiaf} qimnip aj `dd}ajkiaip aj nipjpq}jnnip lfhip v sdpf`fdkjp ojdo}lfìp aj af|j}pip`fzaiajp. ip `dbd qimnip si}i `n`zndp ipq}dnof`dp+Sd} pz si}qj. ndp `kdkjp. jk qjqd nnikd. ld}bik zk

qdad `dgj}jkqj `dk nip qimnip+In jkq}ibiad nfkopqf`d v pd`fdsdnqf`d aj dq}d jsf"

`jkq}d q}iaz`qd}. Pf`fnfi. v jk si}qf`zni} in sj}dad ld}"biqf|d ajn `dkq}dn kd}bikad '93


96/99


Biqjbqfì jk ni Iìajbfi aj @fjk`fipGD]FXDKQJP @ZNQZ]INJP+ NIP L]DKQJ]IP AJ NI @FJK@FI+=3338 ID BZKAFIN AJ NIP BIQJBQF@IP+ ]j|fpqi aj ni]jin Iìajbfi aj @fjk`fip+ \dn+ 6:. k+d 9"=+ ]jinIìajbfi aj @fjk`fip Jwi`qip. Lpfìp v Kiqz}injp+Jpsipi. =33=+

Jn id =333 lzj s}d`nibiad Id Bzkafin aj nipBiqjbqfìp jk ni Aj`ni}i`fk aj ]d aj 966=+ Jnndpzszpd yzj ndp biqjbqf`dp pj `zjpqfdki}ik. jn =333.yz s}dmnjbip fkqj}kdp yzjaimiksd} }jpdn|j}. yz dq}dp pzsdka}ikzk }jqd si}i jn lzqz}d. `zn j}ini bfpfk aj aflzkaf} nip bi"qjbqfìp v `znjp nip }jni`fdkjpaj ni biqjbqfì `dk dq}ip afp"`fsnfkip+ Ni biqjbqfì. gi`j}s}dqjf`d. kd jpq jk`j}}iai jkzki qd}}j aj bi}lfn i sjpi} aj pzbini fbiojk bjafqfì aj fk`db"s}jkpfmnj v. jk jn ldkad. }jpsdk"pimnj aj ndp l}iìpdp jp`dni}jp+Jpsii kd j}i zki jw`js`fk vqdadp q}iqibdp aj `dnimd}i} jkni jbs}jpi+

Ni ]jin Iìajbfi aj @fjk`fipJwi`qip. Lpfìp v Kiqz}injp i`d}"a `jnjm}i} zk `f`nd aj `dklj"}jk`fip `dk jpqj bdqf|d+ Pj aj"pi}}dnn jk Bia}fa. Bnioi. Hik.@fzaia ]jin v Qdnjad+ @iqd}`j`dklj}jk`fip `zvd `dkqjkfad `db"sdkj jpqj |dnzbjk+ @dbd jn dm"

hjq f|d pj `jkq} jk s}dbd|j} jn fk"qj}p pd`fin sd} ni biqjbqfì bpyzj jk af}fof}pj i jpsj`finfpqip.

nip `dklj}jk`fip imi}ìk zk ib"snfd ìbsd aj qjbip s}jadbf"kikad jn jkldyzj aj nip `dkq}f"mz`fdkjp biqjbqfìp i ìbsdpajn pimj}+

Q}ip zk iknfpfp aj nip }jni"`fdkjp aj ni Iìajbfi `dk nipbiqjbqfìp sd} Bi}qk Bzkf`fd.kd pfjbs}j `d}afinjp. Hi|fj} Jqivdpj `jkq}i jk jn s}fbj} qjbi snikqjiad jk ni Aj`ni}i`fkaj ]d8 Ni fbiojk aj nip biqjbqfìp+ Fbiojk yzj gipfad. jk ojkj}in. kjoiqf|i+ Jqivd q}iqi aj `dk|jk`j} ajyzj ni biqjbqfì `dkpqfqzvj zki li`jqi aj ni `znqz}i|fojkqj jk ìai bdbjkqd gfpq}f`d+ I ndp bdbjkqdpjpqjni}jp aj ni biqjbqfì ajafìk pz q}imihd Bdkqjpfkdp

v \inaf|fi. in fozin yzj Nsjx Sjnnf`j}. yzfjk. ajpaj nigfpqd}fi. q}iqi aj ìsqi} ni jpq}z`qz}i }i`fdkin ajn sjk"pibfjkqd biqjbqf`d `dk jn s}dmnjbi yzj i jpi jp"q}z`qz}i snikqj jn fklfkfqd i`qzin+ S}dmnjbi yzj `dk"az`j i ndp qjd}jbip aj Oajn v pzp ojkj}infxi`fdkjp.`zvi jwsdpf`fk kd q`kfì jp jn qjbi aj ]da}ozjxPinfkip+

I si}qf} aj jpqj jkpivd pj s}daz`j zki fklnjwfk v ndpqjbip aj ndp `dklj}jk`fikqjp pj ajafìk in sisjn aj nibiqjbqfì+ Ai}d Bi}i|inn ikinfxi ni zqfnfaia aj nipbiqjbqfìp si}i jn s}do}jpd biqj}fin j fkaf|fazin gz"bikd v Sfni} Mivj} }jqdbi ni s}jozkqi aj Ajajefka8si}i yz pf}|jk ndp kbj}dp4+ Aj bdad gfpq}f`d. gi`j

zk }j`d}}fad ajpaj ndp pfpqjbip aj kzbj}i`fk gipqi niqjd}i biqjbqfì aj ni fkld}bqfì v ni aj ndp àfodp`d}}j`qd}jp aj j}}d}jp yzj. si}i pz ajpi}}dnnd. jwfojkajn d}ajkiad}+ Pfwqd ]dp v Aikfjn ]dp `dkq}isdkjk jn}ixdkibfjkqd nof`d `dk jn snizpfmnj v. ajpaj iyz. jnsipd i nip s}dmimfnfaiajp+ Jn jkni`j aj lpfì v ojd"

bjq}i jp qik kqfbd yzj. si}i Sja}d Nzfp Oi}ì. szj"ajk jpqfbi}pj ì}i v `}zx aj zki bdkjai+ ]j`gixikadni faji aj yzj pnd jp biqjbqfì ni jpsj`zniqf|i.

Lj}kkajx S}jx q}iqi aj bdpq}i}ni sdqjk`fi aj ni biqjbqfì `dbdgj}}ibfjkqi si}i bdajnfxi} v jk"qjkaj} ndp bj}ìadp lfkik`fj}dpbfjkq}ip Fnajldkpd Aix iszjpqisd} `}fqj}fdp |i}fi`fdkinjp si}i pdp"qjkj} nd sqfbd `dbd jpq}iqjofi+Kd sdai linqi} ni bdajnfxi`fk jkbjaf`fki yzj ajpi}}dnni Oi}ìMi}}jkd kf ndp qjbip ajn `dkq}dnaj ni fk`j}qfazbm}j sd} Of}kOdkxnjx v H+ B+ Mj}ki}ad+ AdmiadOdkxnjx v Oimfndkad Qfwif}j |zjn"|jk i ni }jni`fk jkq}j biqjb"qfì v lpfì igd}i jk ndp qj}}jkdpaj ni bj`kfì `zkqfì+ Jn nfm}dqj}bfki `dk zk q}imihd aj Bfozjnaj Ozxbk jk jn `zin q}iqi jn s}f"bj}d aj ndp dmhjqf|dp ajn IdBzkafin8 ndp o}ikajp ajpildp ajnpfond WWF `jkq}kadpj jk ndp s}d"mnjbip aj ni biqjbqfì gi`fi jnlzqz}d5 `dbd kd|jaia. jn qjwqd `db"snjqd aj ni sdkjk`fi aj Ozxbkpj fk`d}sd}i jk @A+

Jn nfm}d jpq bzv mfjk jafqiad

v `dk kzbj}dpip ldqdo}ilip ajndp o}ikajp biqjbqf`dp. qimnipv o}lf`dp+

Ni nimd} aj ni ]jin Iìajbfikd pj nfbfqi i s}dbd|j} `f`ndp aj`dklj}jk`fip jk inozkip dìpfd"kjp+ Zkd aj pzp ipsj`qdp jp nijaf`fk aj ni ]j|fpqi adkaj sz"mnfì} q}imihdp aj fk|jpqfoi`fk. }j"

|fpfk v `dbzkfì`fdkjp yzj pj s}jpjkqik jk pzp pj"pfdkjp `fjkqlfìp+ Jn |dnzbjk 6: jp zk kbj}d bdkdo}lf`dyzj `dkqfjkj q}jp `f`ndp aj `dklj}jk`fip aj ni Pj``fkaj Jwi`qip i nd ni}od ajn `z}pd =339"=33=+ Jn s}fbj}d`dkbjbd} jn q}f`jkqjki}fd aj Mivjp `dk ni jaf`fk li`"pfbfni} ajn jkpivd jk jn yzj snikqji pz ad`q}fki jp"

qiapqfì jkl}jkqiai i ni l}j`zjkqfpqi+ Jn q}imihd ajMivjp jp ikinfxiad jk ndp i}q`zndp aj H+ Mj}ki}ad. Hi|fj}Of}k v B+ Bi}qkjx. ]dp. Bd}jkd v Bdozj}xi+ Jn =33=lzj jn `jkqjki}fd aj ni isi}f`fk aj ni fkqjo}in aj Njmjpozj+]da}ozjx Pinfkip j Fnajldkad Aix ikinfxik jpqi fkqj"o}in jk p v jk pzp isnfì`fdkjp+ Lfkinbjkqj. zk qj}`j}mndyzj ajafì gdbjkihj i zkd aj ndp biqjbqf`dp jp"sidnjp bp fnzpq}jp ajn pfond WW8 Nzfp Pikqin+ Nd gi"`jk ibfodp v afp`szndp `dbd Pfwqd ]dp. @nizaf Inpfki.Ikqdkfd Ki|jf}i v Bfozjn aj Ozxbk+ Zk bioklf`d`dbsnjbjkqd bdkdo}lf`d in |dnzbjk ajafìad in IdBzkafin aj nip Biqjbqfìp+

HI\FJ] AJ ND]JKXD

Ika}jh Ika}jhjwfqp`g Bi}edw'97:


97/99

FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331 6:

ajn Inbiojpqd aj Sqdndbjd `dbd }joind ajn jbsj"}iad} Bikzjn FF i Ozfnnj}bd F+ Dq}d bfkfpq}d. Jzojkfd.nd |j}qf in niqk+ @dk qdai }ixk sdai aj`f}pj yzjni `d}qj j}i zki iìajbfi+

Si}i jkqjkaj} jn inìk`j ajn ajpi}}dnnd aj ni bi"qjbqfì fpnbfì gjbdp aj `dbsi}i}nd `dk ni pfqzi"`fk aj ni Jz}dsi niqfki. i ni yzj Bjkpd Ldnej}qp gi`dkpio}iad ni}odp idp aj l}z`qlj}i fk|jpqfoi`fk'Jppivp dk Ji}nv Bjafj|in Biqgjbiqf`p&+ Nd s}fbj}dyzj q}ipnz`j ni ad`zbjkqi`fk }jìmiai jp ni fkikf"aia aj zk |fjhd s}jhzf`fd. qdai|i sj}pfpqjkqj jk in"ozkdp jpqibjkqdp ad`jkqjp pzsj}fd}jp aj kzjpq}dpsiodp. pjok jn `zin ni Jaia Bjafi D``fajkqin ik"qjp aj nip q}iaz``fdkjp ajn pfond WFF `dkpqfqzf}i zks}ibd+

Jk ni Inqi Jaia Bjafi `f}`zni}dk bzv sd`dp qjqdpbiqjbqf`dp+ Ni ikqfojaia qi}ai gimi gj}jaiad ajndp }dbikdp zk jpìpd fkqj}p sd} ni biqjbqfì qj"}fì+ Mipqimik ndp bikzinjp aj ndp io}fbjkpd}jp'qdso}ildp j fkpsj`qd}jp& si}i }jpdn|j} ndp s}dmnjbipnjoinjp aj ni |fai afi}fi+ Inozkdp. pfk jbmi}od. jksi}qf`zni} ndp aj Minmzp. Jsisg}dafqzp v \fq}z|fzp ]zlzp.

isd}qimik s}d`jafbfjkqdp ojdbq}f`dp. `dk afpj}qi`fd"kjp pdm}j zkfaiajp aj ndkofqza. }jip v |dnbjkjp.sj}bjq}dp v af|j}pip lfoz}ip ajn snikd+ Ndp inqdbj"afj|injp bikjhimik qibmfk jq}i`qdp aj ndp Jnjbjkqdpaj Jz`nfajp+ Zkdp pj qdbi}dk aj ni q}iaz``fk ajMdj`fd5 dq}dp. aj nip jk`f`ndsjafip aj Bi}`fikd @isjnni.@ipfdad}d d kzjpq}d Fpfad}d+

Ni bivd}i aj ndp qjqdp ojdbq}f`dp ajn @d}szpio}fbjkpd}zbpj `dbsfni}dk jk jn bdkipqj}fd aj @d}mfj.az}ikqj ndp pfondp \FF v \FFF+ Qibmfk jk jn p`}fsqd}fzbaj jpj `jkdmfd pj `dsf ni Ojdbjq}i F iq}fmzfai iMdj`fd. zkd aj ndp q}iqiadp bp fklnzvjkqjp jkq}j ndpikqj}fd}jp i nip q}iaz``fdkjp ajn }imj+ Jk pz nimd}.ndp bdkhjp kd pj bd|ik qikqd sd} lfkjp aj af|fpfkaj nip qfj}}ip `zikqd sd} bd} aj ni jkpjikxi aj niojdbjq}i jk jn `zia}f|fd+ Jk jpj ipsj`qd. ndp àf"`jp aflj}ik aj dq}dp jp`}fqdp q`kf`dp 'bjaf`fki v io}f"`znqz}i&. aj `ni}d pjkqfad isnfìad+ Pdm}j jn @d}szpio}fbjkpd}zb pj lzka ni Ojdbjq}fi fk`j}qf iz`qd}fp.bzv aflzkafai ajpaj lfkinjp ajn pfond kdkd+ Jpi aj"sjkajk`fi pj ia|fj}qj jk ni pjozkai si}qj. yzj imd}ai`n`zndp pdm}j q}fkozndp. `zia}fnqj}dp v sdnodkdp. jn`}`znd v ndp pnfadp pfbsnjp+ Aj bivd} fkqj}p. nisi}qj s}fbj}i pj snikqji `bd ajqj}bfki} ni ik`gz}iaj ndp }dp. ni inqz}i aj nip bdkqiip v ni s}dlzkaf"aia aj ndp sdxdp+ Pj `fqik af|j}pdp fkpq}zbjkqdp vpjok si}j`j gf`fj}dk ibsnfd zpd aj ni pjbjhikxi aj

q}fkozndp+@dk qdad. zkd aj ndp qjqdp ojdbq}f`dp bp fb"

sd}qikqjp jp`}fqdp ikqjp ajn pfond WFF lzj ni Ojdbjq}iaj Oj}mj}q+ Pj pf}|f ajn @d}szp io}fbjkpd}zb. ajn`dbjkqi}fd aj @in`fafd pdm}j jn Qfbjd aj Sniqk. jnAj yzikqfqiqj ikfbij aj pik Iozpqk. ni I}fqgbjqfìaj Mdj`fd v pz `dbjkqi}fd i nip @iqjod}ip ajI}fpqqjnjp. jn `dbjkqi}fd aj Bi`}dmfd in PdbkfzbP`fsfdkfp v ni jk`f`ndsjafi aj @isjnni+ Fk`dbsnjqd.jsnfì ndp q}bfkdp mpf`dp aj ni ojdbjq}i. fkq}d"az`j sjpdp v bjafaip `dk pzp `dk|j}pfdkjp. fkafì.lzkaiad jk Jz`nfajp. ndp afpqfkqdp qfsdp aj kozndp vdl}j`j s}d`jafbfjkqdp si}i }jpdn|j} q}fkozndp v `zi"

a}fnqj}dp+ Szad bzv mfjk pj} jn qjqd jbsnjiad jkni jp`zjni ìqja}inf`fi aj ]jfbp. yzj af}fof+ Jk in"ozkdp bikzp`}fqdp pj }jlnjhik ndp ajmiqjp s}daz`fadpjk Nd}jki i `dbfjkxdp ajn pfond WF jk qd}kd i nipzbi aj ndp kozndp aj zk q}fkoznd v i nip ajlfkf"`fdkjp aj koznd fkqj}fd} v jqj}fd}+ Afpszqi yzj nnjoii ndp bdkipqj}fdp v jp`zjnip ìqja}inf`fip aj @dndkfiv Nfoj+

Ni biqjbqfì }j`}jiqf|i. aj }jpdkik`fip o}fjoip vmfxikqfkip. odx aj bikflfjpqd is}j`fd jk jn D``fajkqjniqfkd+ Aj ni `jkqz}fi kdki s}d|fjkj jn qjqd bp ik"qfozd. jn Aj i}fqgbjqf`fp s}dsdpfqfdkfmzp+ @dkpqi aj`ziq}d si}qjp+ Q}jp pj d`zsik aj hzjodp biqjbqf`dpjkq}j adp fkaf|fazdp 'sfjkpi zk kbj}d. jq`+& v dl}j"`jk s}d`jafbfjkqdp si}i jk`dkq}i} jn kbj}d mzpì"

ad5 jk ni `zi}qi ginnibdp }jonip si}i ni iaf`fk ajkbj}dp sdpfqf|dp v kjoiqf|dp+ @dkd`fj}dk qibmfkibsnfi i`jsqi`fk nip S}dsdpfqfdkjp ia i`zjkadpfz|jkjp. adkaj pj snikqjik :< s}dmnjbip si}i pz }j"pdnz`fk5 jkq}j jnndp. jn ajn ndmd"ìm}i"`dn+ Ojkzfkibjkqjbjafj|in. fk|jkqiad jk jn pz} aj Injbikfi jk jn pf"ond WF. j}i jn hzjod aj ni ]fqgbdbi`gfi. yzj pj aj"pi}}dnnimi jk zk admnj qimnj}d aj ihja}jx `dk sfjxipfkp`}fqip jk pz si}qj pzsj}fd} `dk kbj}dp jpsj`fi"njp+ Qinjp kbj}dp pj ojkj}imik i si}qf} aj aofqdpsi}jp j fbsi}jp bjafikqj jn zpd aj nip s}dsd}`fdkjpkzb}fìp sfqio}fìp+

NZFP INDKPD

0+ Mfmnfdqjì M}fqkfì. Gi}njv :13=. ldn+ 9


98/99

Vd bj nd }jsfqd+ Vd qj nd s}jozkqd+Yzfxp. in njj} ni s}fbj}i d}i`fk. pj

givi pjkqfad fkq}foiad+ Yz jp nd yzj pj}jsfqj4 Pfk azai. pj gim} dmpj}|iad jkjn si}injnfpbd aj ni jpq}z`qz}i aj ni pj"ozkai v ni s}fbj}i. v qin |jx pj givi s}j"ozkqiad aj yz pj gimni+

Jpqj bjp. jn dmhjqf|d `dkpfpqj jk jpqz"afi} jpdp si}injnfpbdp+ Pj af} yzj zkipj`zjk`fi aj pbmdndp 'ìai zkd aj ndp`zinjp }js}jpjkqi zki d |i}fip sinim}ip&jp pd}s}jkajkqj pf. si}i ìai si} aj pb"mdndp W j V. v si}i ìai afpqik`fi A. i nd

pzbd jfpqj jk ni pj`zjk`fi zki sdpf`fkjk ni yzj W s}j`jaj i V zki afpqik`fi A+Jk nip adp d}i`fdkjp ajn `dbfjkxd ni afp"qik`fi jkq}j Vd v nd jp ni bfpbi. sd}nd yzj jpip l}ipjp aj d`gd sinim}ip kdpj}i `dkpfaj}iai pd}s}jkajkqjp+

Gj iyz dq}dp jhjbsndp. `dk pbmdndp8IIM jp pd}s}jkajkqj. v qibmfk nd jp IIMI.sj}d IIMM kd nd jp. sd}yzj jk adp ìpdpni I |i pjozfai i adp sipdp sd} ni M 'dpji. i afpqik`fi =&+ Aj fozin bikj}i.IIWVMM kd jp pd}s}jkajkqj. sd}yzj ni Ijpq pjozfai adp |j`jp sd} ni M i `ziq}dpbmdndp aj afpqik`fi+

@dbd jhj}`f`fd aj ìnjkqibfjkqd. jsnf"yzj sd} yz kd jp pd}s}jkajkqj ni pfozfjkqjpj`zjk`fi. `dbszjpqi sd} ndp pbmdndp I.M v @8 M@MIM@@+ Fk|j}pibjkqj. mzpyzjzki pj`zjk`fi pd}s}jkajkqj `dk ndp pb"mdndp I. M v @ yzj qjkoi zki ndkofqza aj.sd} nd bjkdp. pfjqj pbmdndp+

Gj iyz q}jp s}dmnjbip bz`gd bp afl"`fnjp8 @dkpq}zvi zki pj`zjk`fi pd}s}jk"ajkqj. aj ni bfbi ndkofqza aj yzj zp"qja pji ìsix. yzj `dkqjkoi `fk`d pbmdndpafpqfkqdp+ Jk`zjkq}j pjozfaibjkqj pj"`zjk`fip qik ni}oip `dbd szjai yzj zqf"

nf`jk 93 pbmdndp v =< pbmdndp. }jpsj`"qf|ibjkqj+ Nj }jpznqi} `bdad zqfnfxi} nipnjq}ip ajn inlimjqd 'dm|fjbdp ni v ajbppbmdndp yzj pnd pj zqfnfxik jk inozkipnjkozip&8 aj ni I i ni J. aj ni I i ni H.

v aj ni I i ni X. }jpsj`qf|ibjkqj+ Pjsda} dmpj}|i} yzj ni ndkofqza kd `}j`jbzv }sfaibjkqj+ Sd} bf si}qj. pdv aj nidsfkfk aj yzj. fk`nzpd `dk =< pbmdndp.ni pj`zjk`fi pd}s}jkajkqj aj bfbi ndk"ofqza qfjkj bjkdp aj 933 njq}ip+

Aj ni kd`fk aj pd}s}jpi yzj pj giajlfkfad iyz pj af`j yzj jp aj d}ajk =.sd}yzj pnd `dk`fj}kj i si}jp+ @im}i aj"lfkf} zki aj d}ajk q}jp `dbd pfozj8 si}iìai qj}ki aj pbmdndp v ìai si} aj afp"qik`fip A9 v A= jfpqj jk ni pj`zjk`fi. ind pzbd. zki sdpf`fk jk ni yzj jn s}fbj}

pbmdnd 'W& s}j`jaj in pjozkad 'V& zkiafpqik`fi A9 v jn V s}j`jaj in qj}`j}d 'X&jk A=+

@zn jp ni bfbi pj`zjk`fi q}f"pd}"s}jkajkqj `dbszjpqi sd} nip `fk`d s}fbj"}ip njq}ip ajn inlimjqd yzj ndo}i} zpqjajk`dkq}i}4 Kd `dkdx`d }jonip pjk`fnnip yzjs}dsd}`fdkjk nip pj`zjk`fip pd}s}jkajk"qjp aj d}ajk e aj bfbi ndkofqza `db"szjpqip sd} pzm`dkhzkqdp aj e pbmdndpqdbiadp aj zk `dkhzkqd aj k+ Sda}k ndpnj`qd}jp ginni} zki qjd}i jnjoikqj4

6< FK\JPQFOI@FK V @FJK@FI. ljm}j}d. =331

KFKI

LFKEJN

I\JKQZ]IP S]DMNJBQF@IPKd bj afoip)

Ajkkfp J+ Pgipgi

Pdnz`fk ajn s}dmnjbi

ajn bjp sipiad8

Nip sj}bzqi`fdkjp pfozfjkqjp

kd pdk sdpfmnjp `dk q}jp

kf|jnjp aj |n|znip8

IAJ@M

IJAM@

M@AJI

@JAIMAJI@M

JIM@A

Kd dmpqikqj. qdaip jpqip

sj}bzqi`fdkjp p pj}ik

sdpfmnjp `dk `ziq}d kf|jnjp+

Pdnz`fk jk ni ]ja

Pj szjaj |j} ni pdnz`fkajn s}dmnjbi aj jpqjbjp |fpfqikadwww+fk|jpqfoi`fdkv`fjk`fi+jp

Pd}s}jkajkqj. d kd4

Kd8

Kd8

Kd8

P8

PDNZ@FDKAJNS]DMNJBIS]JNFBFKI]8M@MIM@@kdjppd}s}jkajkqj.sd}yzjninjq}iMs}j`jajadp|j`jpizkipjozkaiMpfqziaiiafpqik`fi=+Zkipj`zjk`fipd}s}jkajkqjajndkofqza?jpMI@@M@I+


99/99

I@QF\FAIA AFKIBF@I AJ NI \FI [email protected]} Mi}q S+ _ieej} v Sgfnfss ]f`gqj}

Az}ikqj bz`gd qfjbsd pzszjpqi zki }jnfyzfi aj zk sipiad njhikd.ni \i N`qji jp zk dmhjqd |f|d v afkbf`d+

AJP@DAFLF@I@FDK AJ NI JPYZFXDL]JKFI.sd} Aikfjn @+ Hi|fqq v Hdpjsg Q+ @dvnj

Zki `dbs}jkpfk bp snjki aj ni pjinfxi`fk `j}jm}injk ni jpyzfxdl}jkfi dl}j`j jkldyzjp kzj|dp v jpsj}ikxip

aj q}iqibfjkqdp bjhd}jp aj jpqi jklj}bjaia+

NI \FAI AFI]FI JK IQINGVE. sd} Fik Gdaaj}Jn bivd} sdmniad kjdnqf`d `dkd`fad kdp ai inozkip `ni|jp pdm}j ndp sisjnjpyzj `d}}jpsdkaik i ndp adp pjwdp jk nip s}fbfqf|ip pd`fjaiajp io}`dnip+

PFPQJBIP AJ FAJKQFLF@I@FDK SD] ]IAFDL]J@[email protected]} ]dv _ikqVi gimfqzinjp jk pfpqjbip aj pjoz}faia v ìmfkip qjnjlkfìp. nip jqfyzjqipaj fajkqflfì`fk sd} }iafdl}j`zjk`fi pj `dkhzoik `dk nj`qd}jp si}i }jinfxi}kzbj}dpdp s}d`jpdp gipqi igd}i `dklfiadp in jplzj}xd gzbikd+

IQDBDP AJN JPSI@FD V AJN QFJBSD. sd} Njj PbdnfkSj}`fmfbdp jn jpsi`fd v jn qfjbsd `dbd pf lzj}ik `dkqfkzdp+Bip. pf ni jwq}ii qjd}i aj ni o}i|jaia `zkqfì aj mz`njp lzj}i `d}}j`qi.jpqi}ik ld}biadp sd} jnjbjkqdp afp`}jqdp+

SJ]AFAI AJ PFK@]DKFI AJ NDP J@DPFPQJBIP. sd} Aikfjn O}dppbikNip qjbsj}iqz}ip izbjkqik ikqjp jk s}fbi|j}i5 nip jpsj`fjpaj |i}fdp j`dpfpqjbip fkqj}ajsjkafjkqjp pj isi}qik ìai |jx bpaj ni pfk`}dki+

NI S]FBJ]I @IN@ZNIAD]I AJ BIKD. sd} @nfll Pqdnn

JK

JNS]DWFBD

KZBJ]D++++++AJ BI]XD =331

Documents

Investigación y ciencia 329 - Febrero 2004