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GRADE LEVEL• 3-6
SUBJECT AREAS• EarthScience,LifeScience,
EnvironmentalScience,Ecology,Health
SKILLS• Analyze,Interpret,Apply,
Evaluate,Technology
VOCABULARYAdaptations,aquatic,binoculars,carnivorous,channel,desert,drought,elevation,erosion,freshwater,gravity,groundwater,industry,lake,migrate,pressure,reproduce,river,spring,survive,terrestrial,tributary,wetland,vegetation
CONTENTSMeasurable Objectives
Background and Text Overview
Vocabulary
Activities
• InvestigateFreshWaterActiv-ityandAnswerKey
Take Action!
• PosterItems
• Activities
Assessments
• Pretest/PosttestandAnswerKey
• CriticalThinkingQuestions
• WhatDidILearn?OnlineQuizAnswerKey
Extensions
Resources
• ProjectWETResources
• AdditionalStudentResources
• AdditionalEducatorResources
MEASURABLE OBJECTIVESThelearnerwill:
• Identifyanddescribediffer-entfreshwaterandterrestrialhabitats.
• Giveexamplesofanimalsthatliveinfreshwaterand/orter-restrialhabitatsandhowtheyrelyonfreshwater.
• Explainwhytheprotectionoffreshwaterand/orterrestrial
habitatsisimportant.
• Giveexamplesofactionsthatindividualscantaketoprotectfreshwater.
BACKGROUND AND TEXT OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTIONAbout3%ofallthewateronearthisfreshwater—therestissaltwaterfoundintheocean.Althoughthismightnotsoundlikealot,itisenoughtosupportalllife,aslongaswetakecareofitandrespectit.Allliferequiresfreshwatertosurvive.
BACKGROUND OR READER TEXTWHAT IS FRESH WATER?About3percentofallthewateronearthisfreshwater—therestissaltwaterfoundintheocean.Freshwaterisfoundassurfacewater,groundwaterandice.
Surfacewaterincludesstillwaters,suchaslakes,pondsandwetlands(swampsandmarshes)andrunningwatersuchasriversandstreams.Lakescancontainfreshorsaltywater.Infact,iftheCaspianSeainAsiaisconsideredalake,morethan40percentofalllakewaterissalty(theCas-pianSeacontainsmorethan¾totalvolumeoftheworld’ssaltynon-oceanwater).LakeBaikalinSiberiaistheworld’slargestfreshwaterlakeandcontainsmorewaterthanallfiveoftheNorthAmericanGreatLakes(Superior,Huron,Michigan,OntarioandErie)combined!
Investigate Fresh WaterWhat is one thing we all share and can’t live without?
1 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
Droughtisaperiodofwatershortage,whenlackofprecipi-tationproducesdryconditionslastingaslongasseveralyears.Peoplestorewaterinreservoirsandwatertankstopreparefordrought.Whatdoplantsandani-malsdo?Somehaveadaptationstohelpthemliveindrycondi-tions.Forexample,asaguarocactuscanstorehundredsofgallonsofwaterforuseduringdrought.Deserttortoisescanrecyclewaterwithintheirbod-iessotheydon’tneedtodrinkoften.Theycangetmostofthewatertheyneedfromtheplantstheyeat.Eveninadesert,notallanimalsandplantsareequippedtosurvivedrought.Frogs,fish,birdsandotheraquaticanimalsthatliveinriversorspringsmaynotsurviveiftheirhabitatsdryupandtheycan’trelocatetoanewwatersource.Lackofwatercausesstressforplantsandanimals.Whentheyareweak-enedbydrought,theyaremorelikelytogetsick.Othereffectsofdroughtcanincludeinsectinfes-tationsandmoreforestfires.Youmayseefewerwildflowersandmoreweeds,birdsmaymigrateatdifferenttimesofyearthanusualandanimalsmayhavefewerbabies.
FRESH WATER SHAPES THE LANDFreshwaterisapowerfulforceinshapingthelandscape.Riverserodeorbreakdownrocktoformcanyons.Riversandlakesalsodepositsedimenttobuilduplandinotherareas.
HUMANS AND FRESH WATERHumansneedfreshwatertosurvive.Humansaffectfreshwa-teronplanetEarth.Weremovefreshwaterfromlakes,streamsandundergroundaquifersfor
Waterinriversandstreamsrepresentsonlyasmallquantityofallfreshwater,butriversandstreamsareakeypartofthewa-tercycle—responsibleformov-ingwatergreatdistancesacrossthelandandtotheocean.
Groundwaterisfreshwaterstoredundergroundinaqui-fers—rocklayerswherewaterisstoredintheporespacesinsiderocks.Thereismuchmorefreshwaterstoredundergroundthaninallthelakesandstreams.Groundwatercanbefoundalmostanywhereontheplanet,althoughitsquality,quantityanddepthvary.SpringsoccurwheregroundwatermeetstheEarth’ssurface.
Allice(glaciers,icebergs,seaice,etc.)isfreshwater—saltfromtheoceandoesnotfreezeintotheice.
FRESH WATER FOR LIFEAllliferequiresfreshwatertosurvive.Freshwaterhabitatsincludelakes,ponds,streams,riversandwetlands.Animalssuchasbirds,fishandamphib-iansandmanydifferentkindsofplantscallthesehabitatshome.However,freshwaterisvitalinotherhabitats,aswell.Terrestrial,orlandbased,habitatsvaryintheamountofmoisturetheyreceive.Rainforestsareverywethabitatsanddesertsareverydry.Animalsandplantsusewaterdif-ferentlyintheseplaces,butmustfindwatertosurvive.
WEATHER, CLIMATE AND FRESH WATERAlthoughclimateandmajorweatherpatternsaredrivenbytheocean,lakesandotherfreshwaterfeaturescancontributetolocalweatherconditions.
drinkinganduseinourhomesandcommunities.Humansdivertwaterinstreamsflowingintolakesandcausewaterlevelstochange.Humansalsocre-atereservoirsoffreshwaterbybuildingdamstocontrolflood-ing,regulatetheirwatersupplyforagriculturalandurbanneedsandtocreatepower.Freshwateralsoaffectshumans.Floodsanddroughtscanhavedramaticandsometimescatastrophiceffectsonhumansandourcommuni-ties.
ACTIVITIESINVESTIGATE FRESH WATER ACTIVITYPleaseseeInvestigate Fresh Water Activitystudentcopypage.
ANSWER KEYPleaseseeInvestigate Fresh Water Activityanswerkey.
TAKE ACTION!POSTER ITEMS1.Catchandreleasenative
fishwhenfishingandneverdumpleftoverbaitintothewater.
2.Participateinariver,pondorhighwaycleanupprojecttokeeptrashoutofthewater.
3.Cleanupafterpetssowastedoesnotenternearbystreams.
ACTIVITIES
ASSESSMENTSPRETEST/POSTTESTBeforestudentsvisittheInvesti-gate Fresh Water UnitoftheDis-cover Waterwebsite,havethemtakethefollowingquiztoseewhattheyalreadyknowaboutFreshWater.
2 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
Deserts—Adesertisanareathatgetsverylittlerainfallandcanbehotorcold.Becauseofthelackoffreshwater,desertsdon’tsupportmuchvegetation.Plantsareusuallylowtothegroundandadaptedtostorewater.Animalsthatliveindesertsalsohaveadaptationstocopewiththelackoffreshwater.Animalsfoundindesertsincludeinsects,spi-ders,scorpions,reptiles,birdsandsmallmammals.
Kangaroorats(Dipodomys spp.)
• Kangarooratshaveamazingadaptationsthatallowthemtogetalltheirwaterfromthedryseedstheyeat.
• Kangarooratshaveadaptationsthatallowthemtonotlosemuchwateraswasteorbysweatingorpanting.
• Tohelpconservewaterandremaincool,kangarooratsarenocturnal—onlyleavingtheirundergroundburrowsatnight.
BarrelCactus(Ferocactus spp.)
• Barrelcactiliveindryenvironmentsbutstorewaterinsidetheirtis-sues.
• Theyhavethorns(modifiedleaves)thathelpreducemoisturelossandkeepawaybrowsinganimals.
• Barrelcacticanbecutopenandthewaterinsideconsumedinemer-gencysituations.
Wetlands—Wetlandsareareaswherethesoiliswetandspongy.Ex-amplesofwetlandsincludemarshes,swampsandbogs.Wetlandsexistallovertheworld,exceptAntarctica,soaverywidevarietyofplantsandanimalscanbefoundinwetlandareas.
NorthAmericanBeavers(Castor canadensis)
• Beavers’largeteethgrowthroughouttheirlives—theygnawonwoodtohelpkeeptheirteethfromgrowingtoolong.
• Beaversconstructfamilyhomescalledlodgesanddamsusingthewoodtheycutdown.(DiscovertheMissouriRiver)
• Beavershavecleareyelidsthattheyusetoseeunderwater.
• BeaversarethelargestrodentsnativetoNorthAmericaandcanweighupto90pounds.(DiscovertheMissouriRiver)
Venusflytrap(Dionaea muscipula)
• TheVenusflytrapisacarnivorous(meat-eating)plantthatgetsad-ditionalnutrientsbydissolvinganddigestinginsectsinitsmodifiedtrap-likeleaves.
• Eventhoughthey“eat”insects,theyareplantsandthereforealsoperformphotosynthesis.
• VenusflytrapsarerareandarefoundinpeatbogsintheSoutheast-ernUnitedStates.
ONLINE POP-UP TEXT
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River—Ariverisanaturalstreamoffreshwaterflowingthroughachanneltowardsthesea.Smallertributarychannelsjoinintoandflowfromthelargerriverstem.Riversflowfromhigherelevationtolowerelevationduetogravity.Riversareimportanttohumansforindustry,recreationandasasourceoffreshwater.Riversalsoprovidehabitattomanydifferentkindsofanimals.
RainbowTrout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)
• RainbowTroutarenamedfortherainbowcoloredpatternsalongthesidesoftheirbodies.
• MostRainbowTroutspendtheirentirelivesinriversorlakes,butsomemigratedownriverstotheocean.Thesefishmustreturntotheplacewheretheywereborntoreproduce.
• AfemaleRainbowTroutcreatesa“nest”usinghertailalongtheriverbottomandcanlayupto8,000eggsatonetime.
CommonCattail(Typha latifolia)
• Cattailsareplantsthatprovidedensecoverformanyaquaticanimalsandnestingbirdsandfoodforothercreatures.Theyalsohelpprotectriverbanksfromerosion.
• Cattailsliketogrowinsoilthatstaysverywetoreveninshallowstandingwaterattheedgesofrivers,lakesandwetlands.
• NativeAmericansworetheleavesandstemsintobaskets.
Spring—Aspringisaplacewherefreshwaterfromundergroundemergesattheearth’ssurface.Groundwatercollectedinundergroundtunnelsandchannelscanbeforcedtothesurfacebythepressureofthewater.Waterfromaspringmaypoolasapondorflowasastream.Somespringwatersarehotandothersareverycold.Somecontainmineralsorcarbonation(thefizzinyourwater).Somespringwatersarebottledfordrinking.
Toads(Buffo spp.)
• Althoughtoadsarefoundinmanyplaces,theyneedshallowpoolstolaytheireggsandarecommonlyfoundinandaroundsprings.
• Toadsaremostactiveatnightwhenmales“croak”toattractfemales.
• Unlikefrogs,toadshaveroughskin,shortlegsforhoppingandnoteeth.Theycanoftenbefoundfurtherfromwaterthanfrogs.
CommonRush(Juncus effusus)
• AlthoughtheCommonRushlookslikeagrass,itisn’t.
• Rushesoftengrowinwetsoilorveryshallowwater.
• Theunderwaterportionsoftheplantprovidehabitatformanysmallinvertebratesandvertebrates.
DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
Havestudentstakethesamequizagainasaposttesttomea-surelearning.
PRETEST/POSTTEST ANSWER KEY
1. Alloftheabove
2. False
3. True
4. Alloftheabove
5. True
6. Alloftheabove
7. Alloftheabove
8. True
9. WhereundergroundwatermeetstheEarth’ssurface
10. True
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONSLEVEL 1Whatisonethingweallshare
andcan’tlivewithout?
Although there are a few things this answer could address (air, land, etc.), the point is to discuss water, specifically fresh water. Answers might explain that fresh water is necessary for life to survive and is a resource we all share.
LEVEL 2Itisobviouswhyfreshwaterisimportantinfreshwaterhabitatslikerivers—explainwhyfreshwaterisstillimportantinter-restrial(land)habitatssuchasdeserts.
Answers should include discussion about how animals and plants that live in terrestrial environ-ments still need fresh water to survive.
LEVEL 3Createalistofatleastthreethingsyoucandopersonally
thatwillhelpprotectorconservefreshwaterhabitats.Explainhowyouractionswillaffectfreshwater.
Answers could include actions such as cleaning up after pets (keeping pet waste from contami-nating fresh water), participat-ing in a river, pond or highway cleanup project (keeping trash out of fresh water habitats) and telling parents to fix oil leaks under the car so oil doesn’t wash into fresh water systems.
WHAT DID I LEARN? ONLINE QUIZ ANSWER KEY
Q.HowmuchofEarth’swaterisfreshwater?
A.3%
Q.Desertscanexistinbothhotandcoldclimates.
A.True
5 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
Lake—Lakesarelargebodiesofwatersurroundedbyland.Lakescanbefreshwaterorsaltwater.Lakesareimportanttohumansforindus-try,recreationandasasourceoffreshwater.Lakesalsoprovidehabitatformanydifferentkindsofanimals.
CommonLoon(Gavia immer)
• Loonshavecallsthatsoundlikeyodeling.
• Loonsarenamedfortheirawkwardmovementwhenwalkingonland.
• Loonsneedopenwatertobeabletotakeflight,andsometimesgetstrandedwhentheymistakewetparkinglotsforlakes.
AmericanWhiteWaterlily(Nymphaea odorata)
• Thewhitewaterlilygrowsinstillwateruptofour-feetdeep.
• Itsleavesfloat,providingrestingplacesforfrogs,toadsandinsects.Theleavesalsoshadethewaterandhelpkeepitcool.
• ThisplantisnativetotheEasternU.S.,butintheWestitisconsideredanon-nativeinvaderthatdisruptsaquaticecosystems.
6 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
Q.Anexampleofawetlandis_________.
A.Abog,aswampandamarsh
Q.Riversflowfromhighertolowerelevationduetogravity.
A.True
Q.Alllakescontainfreshwater?
A.False,somelakescontainsaltwater
EXTENSIONSIdeasforwaystosupportandexpandlessonplansaboutthistopicorprovideadditionalac-tivitiesforadvancedlearners.
• ResearchadditionalanimalsandplantsfromeachofthehabitatsintheInvestigateFreshWaterActivity
• Assigneachstudentorgroupofstudentsahabitatandhavethemconstructadioramashowcasingorganismsfromthathabitat
• Challengestudentstoresearchandidentifyadditionalterres-trialandfreshwaterhabitatsanddrawaposterwithfactsshowingwhattheywouldincludeiftheycouldadda“binocular”viewtothathabitat
RESOURCESPROJECT WET RESOURCESProjectWETKIDS(KidsinDiscoverySeries)Booklets
• Celebrate Wetlands
• Discover Bays and Estuaries
• Discover Floods
• Discover Ground Water & Springs
• Discover Ports and Harbors
• Discover Storm Water
• Discover the Colorado River
• Discover the Missouri River
• Discover the Red River
• Discover the Rio Grande
• Discover the Waters of Arizona
• Discover the Waters of Nebraska
• Discover the Waters of Nevada
• Discover the Waters of New Mexico
• Discover the Waters of Tennes-see
• Discover Drought
• Fish & Fishing
• Healthy Water, Healthy People
• Native Waters Sharing the Source
• On the Water Route of Lewis & Clark
• Explore Sagebrush Prairie
• Watershed Protection
ProjectWETCurriculumandActivityGuide2.0Activities
• 8-4-1, One for All
• A-maze-ing Water
• A Drop in the Bucket
• A Grave Mistake
• Common Water
• Discover the Waters of Our Na-tional Parks
• Humpty Dumpty
• Just Passing Through
• Reaching Your Limits
• Springing Into Action
• Storm Water
• Sum of the Parts
• The Life Box
• The Pucker Effect
• There is No Away!
• Water Quality? Ask the Bugs!
• Wetland Soils in Living Color
ADDITIONAL STUDENT RESOURCESBowden,Rob.2003.Water Sup-ply: Our Impact on the Planet.Chicago,IL:HeinemannLibrary.
Dorros,Arthur.1993.Follow the Water from Brook to Ocean.Madi-son,WI:DemcoMedia.
Hollyer,Beatrice.2009.Our World of Water.NewYork,NY:HenryHoltandCompany.
ProjectWET.2008.Water is Life.Bozeman,MT:TheProjectWETInternationalFoundation.
ADDITIONAL EDUCATOR RESOURCESDickerson,DanielL.,JohnE.Penick,KarenR.Dawkins,andMetaVanSickle.2007.“Ground-waterinScienceEducation.”Jour-nal of Science Teacher Education,18(1),45-61.
Gleick,Peter,etal.2009.The World’s Water: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources,2008-2009.Washington:TheIslandPress.
Heinhorst,SabineandGordonCannon.2004.“Nature:Water,Water,Everywhere,norAnyDroptoDrink.”Journal of Chemical Education,81(2),170-171.
McDuffie,Thomas.2007.“Pre-cipitationMatters.”Science and Children,44(9),38-42.
Shoring,Nola.2003.“Investigat-ingFreshWater--SomeIdeasThatHaveBeenUsedSuccessful-lyinPrimarySchoolsintheACT.”Investigating,19(2),28-30.
StudentCopyPage1of3
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Habitat
HabitatDescription
Animal
FunFacts
Habitat
HabitatDescription
Animal
FunFacts
INVESTIGATE FRESH WATER ACTIVITY (also in My Science Notebook)AsyoucompletetheonlineInvestigate Fresh Water Activity,addinformationabouteachanimalorplantyoudiscover.Youcanalsosketchinfeaturesofeachanimalorplant’shabitat.
DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
StudentCopyPage2of3
8
Habitat
HabitatDescription
Animal
FunFacts
Habitat
HabitatDescription
Animal
FunFacts
DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
StudentCopyPage3of3
9
Habitat
HabitatDescription
Plant
FunFacts
Habitat
HabitatDescription
Animal
FunFacts
DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
10
HabitatWetlands
HabitatDescriptionAreas like marshes, bogs and swamps where the soil is wet and spongy
AnimalNorth American Beaver
FunFactsBeavers have clear eyelids so they can see underwater
INVESTIGATE FRESH WATER (ANSWER KEY)
Answersshouldbesimilartothosebelow:
HabitatDesertHabitatDescriptionA dry area that gets very little rainfall
AnimalKangaroo Rat
FunFactsThese animals lose very little water as waste
DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
AnswerKey1of3
HabitatSpring/pond
HabitatDescriptionA spring is a place where water emerges from under-ground, and it may pool into a pond
AnimalToad
FunFactsMale toads croak to attract femaleswater as waste
HabitatLakeHabitatDescriptionA body of water surrounded by land
AnimalCommon Loon
FunFactsLoons have a call that sounds like yodeling
11 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
AnswerKey2of3
HabitatRiverHabitatDescriptionA stream of fresh water flow-ing through a channel
AnimalRainbow Trout
FunFactsA female rainbow trout can lay up to 8,000 eggs at one time
HabitatWetlandsHabitatDescriptionAreas like marshes, bogs and swamps where the soil is wet and spongy
AnimalVenus Flytrap
FunFactsThis plant is carnivorous and dissolves insects for nutrients
12 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation
AnswerKey3of3
Investigate Fresh Water Unit Pretest/Posttest1. Freshwatercanbefound_________.
a. Undergroundb. Inlakesandriversc. Inwetlandsd. Alloftheabove
2. Trueorfalse,riversandstreamscontainalargequantityofallthefreshwateronEarth.
3. Trueorfalse,allicecontainsfreshwater.
4. Freshwaterisimportanttoanimalsthatlivein_________.
a. Lakesb. Rainforestsc. Desertsd. Alloftheabove
5. Trueorfalse,lakesandriverscancontributetolocalweather.
6. Signsofdroughtcaninclude_________.
a. Insectinfestationsb. Forestfiresc. Moreweedsd. Alloftheabove
7. Humansbuilddamsandcreatereservoirsto_________.
a. Controlfloodingb. Regulatewatersupplyc. Createpowerd. Alloftheabove
8. Trueorfalse,LakeBaikalinSiberiacontainsmorewaterthanalloftheNorthAmericanGreatLakes combined.
9. Aspringoccurs_________.
a. Wheretheoceanmeetsthelandb. Wherearivermeetsalakec. WhereundergroundwatermeetstheEarth’ssurfaced. Wherewetlandsdryup
10. Trueorfalse,arivercanshapetheland.
Score:___/10
StudentCopyPage
13 DiscoverWater.org©2011ProjectWETFoundation