Investigating the Health and Well-Being

Benefits of Recreational Fishing in Western Australia

A. McManus, W. Hunt, J. McManus and R. Creegan

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Investigating the Health and Well-Being Benefits of Recreational Fishing in Western Australia Authors

Professor Alexandra McManus Director, Centre of Excellence Science Seafood & Health (CESSH), Curtin University Dr Wendy Hunt Deputy Director CESSH Jennifer McManus Research Associate CESSH Dr Rhona Creegan Nutritional Biochemist CESSH Suggested Citation: McManus A, Hunt W, McManus J, and Creegan R. Investigating the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing in Western Australia. Centre of Excellence for Science Seafood & Health (CESSH), Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University Report # 22092011.

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Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ........................................................................................ 5

METHODS ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Literature review ......................................................................................................................................... 8

Media .......................................................................................................................................................... 9

Questionnaire Development ........................................................................................................................ 9

Ethics submission and approval .................................................................................................................... 9

Data Collection .......................................................................................................................................... 11

Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 11

RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 12

Literature review ....................................................................................................................................... 12 1. Cardiac alterations induced by a fish-catching diving competition ........................................................ 13 2. Low Life Jacket Use among Adult Recreational Boaters: A Qualitative Study of Risk Perception and Behaviour Factors ............................................................................................................................................ 13 3. War Narratives: Veteran Stories, PTSD Effects, and Therapeutic Fly-Fishing ........................................ 13 4. Local people see and care most? Severe depletion of inshore fisheries and its consequences for Māori communities in New Zealand .......................................................................................................................... 15 Comparison of Trends Identified in 2011 Scoping Study ................................................................................. 17

Survey of West Australian Recreational Fishers .......................................................................................... 18 Demographics .................................................................................................................................................. 18 First Fishing Experience ................................................................................................................................... 23 Motivations ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 Health and Well-being Benefits of Recreational Fishing .................................................................................. 30 Seafood Consumption...................................................................................................................................... 33 Body Mass Index .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Quality of Life ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Physical Activity ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Outdoor and Other Recreation ........................................................................................................................ 41 Importance of Recreational Fishing to Health and Well-being ........................................................................ 44

DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Nature Based Recreation ................................................................................................................................. 45 Outdoor Physical Activity ................................................................................................................................. 47 Value of Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................................... 48

CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 50

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REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................... 52

APPENDIX 1 MEDIA RELEASE .............................................................................................. 56

APPENDIX 2 MEDIA COVERAGE FOR RECREATIONAL FISHING .............................. 57

APPENDIX 3 RECREATIONAL FISHING ARTICLES (N = 228) ..................................... 59

APPENDIX 4 QUESTIONNAIRE USED FOR DATA COLLECTION ................................ 68

APPENDIX 5 SPSS GENERATED FREQUENCY RESULTS ............................................... 79 Table of Tables

Table 1 Journal article categorisation .............................................................................. 12 Table 2 Articles pertaining to recreational fishing ........................................................... 12 Table 3 Articles pertaining to health and well-being ........................................................ 13 Table 4 Nine cultural domains and elements of Torres Strait Marine Species ................. 16 Table 5 First fishing experience - relationship based responses ....................................... 24 Table 6 First fishing experience - locality based responses ............................................... 25 Table 7 First fishing experience – experiential based responses ...................................... 26 Table 8 First Fishing Experience – information about catch or fish .................................. 27 Table 9 Primary motivations for recreational fishing by state ......................................... 28 Table 10 Things that stop respondents going fishing as much as they would like ............. 29 Table 11 Health or medical reasons that impact ability to fish or go fishing ..................... 30 Table 12 Health and well-being benefits respondent gains from recreational fishing ...... 31 Table 13 Health and well-being benefits respondent thinks other people could gain from

recreational fishing .............................................................................................. 32 Table 14 Health and well-being benefits respondent thinks families could gain from

recreational fishing .............................................................................................. 33 Table 15 Result for WHOQOL-BREF domains ..................................................................... 38

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Table of Figures

Figure 1 Summary of stages for questionnaire development (FRDC Project 2011/217) .. 10 Figure 2 Survey Participation Cards for Online Questionnaire ......................................... 11 Figure 3 Age of respondents ............................................................................................. 18 Figure 4 Respondents locations – Western Australia ........................................................ 19 Figure 5 Respondent locations – Perth metropolitan area ............................................... 20 Figure 6 Region of respondent birth (n=554) .................................................................... 21 Figure 7 Frequency of recreational fishing ........................................................................ 21 Figure 8 Proportion of leisure time spent recreational fishing ......................................... 22 Figure 9 Age of first fishing experience ............................................................................. 23 Figure 10 Importance of motivations to fish recreationally ............................................... 27 Figure 11 Respondent seafood consumption frequency ..................................................... 34 Figure 12 Percent of seafood obtained from recreational fishing ...................................... 35 Figure 13 Percent of seafood purchased ............................................................................. 35 Figure 14 Participant self – rated quality of life .................................................................. 37 Figure 15 Respondent satisfaction with own health ........................................................... 37 Figure 16 WHOQOL Physical Health Score .......................................................................... 38 Figure 17 WHOQOL Psychological Health Score ................................................................. 38 Figure 18 WHOQOL Social Relationships Score .................................................................. 39 Figure 19 WHOQOL Environmental Score ........................................................................... 39 Figure 20 General level of respondent physical activity ...................................................... 40 Figure 21 Days sport is played each week .......................................................................... 40 Figure 22 Hours sport is played each week ......................................................................... 41 Figure 23 Days spent on recreation each week .................................................................. 41 Figure 24 Hours spent on recreation each week ................................................................. 42 Figure 25 Percent of Recreation Spent Indoors (n = 518) ................................................... 42 Figure 26 Percent of Recreation Spent Outdoors (n = 444) ................................................ 43 Figure 27 Other outdoor recreation participation in the past 12 months .......................... 44 Figure 28 Importance of recreation, sport and recreational fishing ................................... 45 Figure 29 Average Australian inflation 2000-2014 ............................................................. 49

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Executive Summary Intuitively and anecdotally it is acknowledged that recreational fishing is a healthy form of outdoor recreation that provides benefits to both health and well-being. There is little research to substantiate or quantify these benefits. The current investigation has identified three peer reviewed papers published since the year 2000 that pertain to health benefits that can be derived from recreational fishing. These relate to reduction of stress and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in war veterans; constraints and motivations for disabled recreational anglers; and the cultural importance and stewardship of depleted aquatic species to the Māori people of New Zealand. Extrapolation of research conducted in other outdoor, nature-based recreation offers emerging evidence in many areas of health. Large, controlled and robust studies are required to build this growing area of interest. The results of this investigation reveal valuable insight into the value West Australian anglers place on recreational fishing as it pertains to their health and well-being. A sample of 604 Western Australians was surveyed. 98.4% (n = 556) reported having been fishing in the last 12 months and 82.4% (n = 473) reported participating in recreational fishing at least monthly. When asked to describe their first fishing experience, 94.9% of respondents reported having been fishing for the first time before the age of 14. The most frequent information offered was about the experience itself; the most common first information noted was who that first fishing experience was with. For respondents that provided information about who they were with, two overwhelmingly strong trends can be seen. The first is the importance of family; only 2.6% (n = 15) of respondents described a first fishing experience with someone other than family as compared with 40.5% (n = 236) who used a relationship based descriptor naming family. A second striking feature of the relationship based responses is dominance of male figures. As a single influence on first fishing experience (excluding with parents / family), only 0.9% (n = 5) named a female figure and all five were the respondent’s mother.

Increased frequency of fishing was associated with motivations to fish to be outdoors, fish in competitions, to fish for sport, to get to know other people, and also how often the respondent reported eating seafood (p = 0.01). Also significant were fishing motivations to experience catch, enjoy solitude, be with family, and to supply themselves with fresh fish (p = 0.05). Recreational fishers who reported supplying 70% or more of their seafood consumption through recreational means were more likely to be consuming the recommended serves of seafood per week for optimal health.

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When asked about the health and well-being benefits the respondents received from recreational fishing, the results mirror previously reported anecdotal evidence:

1 to relax or relieve stress 2 experience an outdoor environment 3 fitness or exercise 4 mental health benefits 5 source fish for consumption 6 socialisation

An outstanding feature of health benefits reported was that if benefits pertaining to a ‘positive state of mind’ were combined, 458 fishers reported experiencing improvements to their ‘positive state of mind’. These responses included relaxation, stress relief, happiness, find peace, clarity of mind, fun and many other responses. When asked what benefits respondents felt other people could gain from recreational fishing the same trend of benefits to health and well-being were noted though with a lesser frequency. What benefits respondents thought families could gain from recreational fishing revealed the same general trend but with lower frequencies again. Some differences were that more respondents thought others could benefit from interaction with nature than themselves. Benefits to families rated the highest on engaging in recreation that that did not involve a screen such as watching TV or using a computer. The value that West Australian recreational fishers place on recreational fishing is illustrated over and above the range of health benefits reported. 82% of respondents rated recreation as being important or very important to their health and well-being. In a striking comparison, 79.5% of respondents reported that recreational fishing in particular was important or very important to their health and well-being. The recreational fishers surveyed had a lower incidence of overweight than the general Australian population, enjoyed outdoor recreation and were more likely to consume the recommended levels of seafood for health than the general population. The majority of respondents reported an active lifestyle and being satisfied with quality of life and health. Given the evidence revealed by this investigation it is clear that there are significant benefits to health and well-being derived from recreational fishing in Western Australia particularly in the area of mental health and stress reduction.

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Introduction and Background Recreational fishing is intuitively and experientially a healthy form of outdoor recreation. There is however a paucity of research into the just what the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing actually are and the value of these benefits to Australian society. This research project has emerged as a next step towards quantifying the health and well-being benefits derived from recreational fishing based on evidence revealed in the results of a national scoping study. The national study identified considerable health and well-being benefits that can potentially be gained through involvement in recreational fishing. FRDC Project 2011/217 revealed considerable evidence that encouraging young children, youth, adults and families to fish would offer a healthful form of outdoor recreational activity that could be enjoyed throughout life. The main areas of health benefit identified were: Youth: Recreational fishing gives young people a motive to go outdoors and interact with nature while replacing sedentary electronic leisure activities. Time and again it is reported that recreational fishing opportunities are powerful behavioural incentives and antisocial behaviour deterrents for youth. Children with non-traditional skill sets can shine and mentor younger children. Further, all participants have the benefit of opportunities to make friends and learn from senior role models. Seniors: Vitamin D status is a major health concern in Australia, particularly in seniors. Recreational fishing provides the health benefits of both physical activity and time spent outdoors receiving Vitamin D from the sun. Seniors play a crucial role in sharing a lifetime of knowledge and skills to novice anglers and any catch consumed provides an easily digested source of lean protein with substantial health benefits. Disabled: Recreational fishing is one of the few outdoor activities that can be enjoyed regardless of age or disability providing the benefits of physical activity and exposure to the sun. Volunteer groups within Australia have been designing and using supports to allow people with limited mobility to partake, enjoy nature and socialise.

Mental Health: Individuals or groups can recreationally fish providing solitude or socialisation respectively. Some hyperactive children are noted to sit calmly by the water for extended periods of time; uncommunicative children verbally express the desire to fish and some say recreational fishing is one of the few pursuits that appears to calm schizophrenic individuals. Stress and Anxiety Reduction: It has long been known that the main reason people go fishing is to relax and unwind. Reducing stress and anxiety impacts positively on many other chronic conditions and improves overall quality of life. Therapy for Upper Body Muscle Trauma: Fly fishing is an ideal exercise for women who have undergone mastectomies or related surgeries. For individuals with lower limb

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disabilities or paralysis, recreational fishing provides healthful recreation and physiological benefits. Physical Activity and Exercise: Game fishing or fishing in remote locations requires fitness, strength and endurance. The evidence to support these findings however was largely anecdotal with little formal research activity identified in the field of recreational fishing, health and well-being. In the face of significant Australian anecdotal evidence, the objective of this project was to collect data from a representative population of West Australian recreational fishers in order to determine the benefits to health and well-being they derive from recreational fishing.

Methods

Literature review A review of literature pertaining to the health and well-being benefits associated with recreational fishing was conducted. The comprehensive search of evidence utilised the following databases for credible sources of original research, reviews and commentaries since April 2011: Proquest; Pub Med; Science Direct; Taylor and Francis; The Cochrane Library; Web of Knowledge; Web of Science; and Wiley Online Library. Boolean expression used were recreation, outdoor physical activity, health benefits, well-being (as well as wellbeing and well being), and antisocial behaviour. For each database, 22 searches were conducted using the advanced setting with no further limitations applied. All search results were exported into an Endnote library and duplicates were removed. This gave a total of 32,076 journal articles (compared with 20,386 references identified using the same search strategy from 2000 to April 2011 in FRDC Project 2011/217). The 32,076 references were transferred to an excel database for categorisation. References were assessed for relevance to any of the following broad subject categories: recreational fishing; health / well-being; physical activity; sport; outdoors; nature / greenspace; recreation; family / children / youth; seniors; disability / disease; marine / fish; seafood consumption; commercial / other fishing; antisocial behaviour; or other / unrelated. Multiple categories were permitted where appropriate to the focus of the journal article(s).

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Media A media release was prepared in December 2013 (Appendix 1). The focus of recreational fishing, health and well-being received considerable interest with 15 radio interviews and press articles generated. Media coverage is provided in Appendix 2.

Questionnaire Development A questionnaire was developed to assess the relationship between health, well-being and recreational fishing as a part of FRDC Project 2011/217. The questionnaire included an international standard evaluation tool for health and quality-of-life, plus questions about physical activity in general, the level of outdoor recreational activities and recreational fishing effort. The perceived influence of an interest or effort in recreational fishing on health, well-being, as well as consumption of seafood, was also included. The development of the questionnaire consisted of four stages – development of questionnaire items; ethics submission and approval; test and retest study; and pilot study. Figure 1 gives a summary of the stages of the pilot study used to validate the survey instrument. The questionnaire is provided as an appendix to this report.

Ethics submission and approval Ethics approval was received from the Curtin University Human Research Ethics Committee in January 2014 allowing data collection to commence. Approval number: RD-01-14.

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Figure 1 Summary of stages for questionnaire development (FRDC Project 2011/217)

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Data Collection Recreational fishers from Western Australia were the target population for data collection. Surveys could be completed in paper form or online using Survey Monkey software. The survey was advertised and participation was requested via the Recfishwest e-news (online newsletter). A custom-made boat rod to the value of $350 and a reel to the value of $150 were kindly donated by the Australian Anglers Association (AAA, WA Branch) and Recfishwest respectively. These donations were promoted as incentives for participation and awarded in a prize-draw to two participants. Data collection was sought using a multiplicity of approaches. Support was received from Perth Game Fishing Club and the Broome Fishing Club allowing researcher attendance and data collection at the 2014 Seasport Charters Marlin Cup (Jurien Bay, February 2014) and the Broome Fishing Club Open Day (March 2014). Recfishwest representatives facilitated data collection at the 2014 Gamex competition held by the Exmouth Game Fishing and at the Hilary’s Boat Show (March 2014). The Australian Anglers Association (AAA, WA Branch) arranged for survey participation cards to be distributed at the AAA Boat Championships. The support of the many individuals, often as a part of the aforementioned stakeholders, was a large component of the success experienced by the researchers in the field of recreational fishing, health and well-being.

Figure 2 Survey Participation Cards for Online Questionnaire

Data Analysis Data analysis was aided by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20.0).

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Results

Literature review A total of 32,075 articles categorised according to the literature review methodology (Table 1). Single articles could be included in multiple categories if appropriate. Of the 32,075 articles analysed for relevance to recreational fishing, health and well-being only 228 pertained to recreational fishing (Table 2). The titles of these journal articles are provided in Appendix 3. Table 1 Journal article categorisation Category Article Count Recreational fishing 228 Health / Well being 4603 Physical activity 2126 Sport 1015 Outdoors 633 Nature / Greenspace 888 Recreation 1310 Family / Children / Youth 3460 Seniors 774 Disability / Disease 2689 Marine / Fish 2023 Seafood Consumption 86 Commercial / other fishing 358 Antisocial behaviour 506 Other / Unrelated 19146 Table 2 Articles pertaining to recreational fishing Category Article Count Health / Well being 4 Physical activity 0 Sport 1 Outdoors 1 Nature / Greenspace 8 Recreation 29 Family / Children / Youth 0 Seniors 1 Disability / Disease 3 Marine / Fish 92 Seafood Consumption 7 Commercial / other fishing 32 Antisocial behaviour 1

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Table 3 Articles pertaining to health and well-being Category Article Count Recreational fishing 4 Physical activity 844 Sport 208 Outdoors 306 Nature / Greenspace 144 Recreation 218 Family / Children / Youth 1533 Seniors 327 Disability / Disease 1015 Marine / Fish 25 Seafood Consumption 29 Commercial / other fishing 15 Antisocial behaviour 86 4,603 articles were relevant to health and well-being (Table 3). Of these, only four articles were pertinent to recreational fishing and health and well-being. These were:

1. Cardiac alterations induced by a fish-catching diving competition (Gargne et al. 2012) - describes changes in 11 subjects after repeated extended breath holding in cold water; the cardiac changes observed included dehydration, lower plasma volume, sympathetic hyperactivity and enlargement of right cavities suggesting right ventricular strain.

2. Low Life Jacket Use among Adult Recreational Boaters: A Qualitative Study of Risk

Perception and Behaviour Factors (Quistberg et al. 2012) – a focus group conducted with 16 boat owners based on US data showed that 85% of recreational boating-related drowning victims were not wearing a life jacket. Most respondents reported only wearing life jackets when conditions were poor despite having experienced unpredictable events in good conditions; most required younger children to wear a life jacket, but reported resistance among older children. Barriers to consistent life jacket use included discomfort and the belief that life jacket use indicated inexperience or poor swimming ability. Participants stated that laws requiring life jacket use would change behaviour especially for children. Designing more comfortable, better-fitting, and more appealing life jackets is recommended to encourage consistent use. The only demonstrated behaviour change among group members was associated with use of inflatable life jacket devices

3. War Narratives: Veteran Stories, PTSD Effects, and Therapeutic Fly-Fishing (Mowatt

and Bennett, 2011) – 67 post-deployed war veterans diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder were assessed one month before, on the last day and one month post a fly fishing camp. The aim of the camp was peer outdoor support therapy. Letters sent to camp sponsors expressed four themes:

o Camaraderie was necessary while receiving treatment; o The veterans experienced ongoing regret;

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o Reflection was important for memory reconciliation; and o Participants saw benefit from involvement in outdoor recreational activity.

Review of results (Bird 2014), indicates some bias based on participants’ gratitude and the drive to sponsor costs. None-the–less, the study found statistically significant reductions in perceived stress, sleep issues, anxiety, depression, somatic stress symptoms, negative mood states and PTSD Symptoms (19% reduction in PTSD symptoms with some no longer meeting a PTSD diagnosis). Salivary cortisol indicated a reduction in stress between Day 1 and Day 2 for 23 participants. Urinary catecholamines (adrenalin and noradrenalin) and immune function (salivary immunoglobulins) also indicated physiological reductions in stress. Bird (2014) notes the lack of a control group in this study. Based on a similar principal of peer support outdoor therapy, Trojan’s Trek was first run in the 1990s in the North Flinders Ranges of South Australia. This program was designed to assist troubled Vietnam veterans return to normal life. The aim of the trek is for participants to develop:

o an understanding of how thoughts and feelings influence behaviour; o exposure to various strategies which will bring about positive change; o suggested individual responses which are effective in achieving the aim; and o enhance self-esteem.

The first trek had just 10 participants with only 5 completing the final follow-up. The most common goals of participants were to manage anger and improve communication. A trend to mental health improvement was noted although these results have not undergone peer review and once again no control group was used (Bird 2014). Importantly, the Trojan’s Trek participants enjoyed the experience of the trek and both they and their partners generally reported self-perceived positive changes (Trojan’s Trek 2014). The trek continues to be run.

“Both the participants and staff believe that there is an ongoing role for programs of this nature for veterans. The principles may also be applied to other vocations. The trek may not suit every veteran but it is a valuable and effective adjunct to one on one counselling and pharmacology.”

Lieutenant Colonel Moose Dunlop (Retd) OAM Program Director, 2013 Trojan’s Trek Report

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4. Local people see and care most? Severe depletion of inshore fisheries and its

consequences for Māori communities in New Zealand (Mccarthy et al. 2014) – 100 participants obtained from different fishery stakeholder groups were interviewed about their perceptions of state inshore fishery stocks. Common to all stakeholder groups were reports that access to inshore seafood species had decreased over their lifetime (particularly from the 1970s onwards); if access was available they were harder to harvest and or required greater commitments in terms of either time or fishing gear.

In discussion of important species including seabird, pāua (abalone) was found to be the most significant species to both Māori and non-Māori participants. Māori participants mentioned the pāua twice as much as other participants; depletion of pāua stocks were associated with losses of cultural identity, hospitality, tradition, practices and emotional and spiritual connection to their environment.

In Australia, there is both acknowledgement of cultural importance and concern over vulnerable and endangered species. Smyth et al. (2006) identified nine cultural domains for Torres Strait marine species (Table 4).

“Social inequality coupled with a decline in culturally significant fish stocks may have contributed to a loss of Māori identity, hospitality and tradition. If the kai (food) are no longer there to harvest, the practices and knowledge associated with sustainable management are potentially undermined, and the strong connection to a local place and its associated responsibilities to exercise kaitiakitanga” (environmental stewardship principles) “may be weakened.”

Mccarthy et al. 2014, p384

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Table 4 Nine cultural domains and elements of Torres Strait Marine Species Cultural Domain Cultural Elements 1 Subsistence food source Dietary preferences, desired, required (consumed and

not consumed). 2 Material application Use as bait, pet, container, tool or trade item, use of

feathers, shell, bone, tooth, skin for ornamentation, body jewellery, masks, dancing paraphernalia, head gear, fish traps, sacred sites.

3 Subsistence skills Procurement, preparation, exchange and trade eg. Hunting, fishing, collecting techniques, butchering, distribution, cooking, presentation.

4 Wisdom Environmental knowledge about behaviour, habitat, place locality, season, moon phase, tide, current, wind.

5 Socio-political representation Totem and identity, eg. Connected to social groups, clans and tribes; naming of cultural sites eg. Seascape and territory.

6 Mythological representation Story, myth, legend, folktale. 7 Ritual representation Ceremony, ritual, magic, beliefs. 8 Symbolic representation Constellations, rock art, music, song, story, dance,

technical arts. 9 Contemporary representation Utilization by institutions eg. Fisheries, Torres Strait

Treaty, schools, teams; politics eg. Flags; commercial utilization.

Keystone species of interest in Australia are turtles and dugong. Nursey-Bray (2009) discusses the need for common language between indigenous Australians and natural resource Management Agencies using the Hope Vale community of the Great Barrier Reef as a case-study; common ground for supporting indigenous Australians to manage their land and seas. To extend this train for thought traditional ecological knowledge needs to combine with western science and management knowledge (Butler et al. 2012). This approach recognises management characteristics and the cultural importance of some species and has been successfully demonstrated in many regions of Micronesia.

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Comparison of Trends Identified in 2011 Scoping Study It is reasonable to combine the findings of the present study with results from the FRDC scoping study into the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing (FRDC Project 2011/217) given identical search methodology. The 2011 Scoping Study generated 20,386 articles for categorisation in the date range of 2000-2011. Of these 20,386 articles only three articles pertained to both recreational fishing and health and well-being. One article identified was published early online and appeared in both the 2011 and current study (Cardiac alterations induced by a fish-catching diving competition). The remaining two journal articles identified in the FRDC scoping study related to perceptions of recreational fishing boat captains (with regard to fish consumption advisories) and the benefits and constraints of outdoor recreation for people with physical disabilities (inferences from recreational fishing) respectively. In the latter article Freudenberg and Arlinghaus (2009) discuss the additional constraints that may confront disabled anglers; despite these additional constraints disabled anglers were identified as having the same motivations for recreational fishing as those of non-disabled anglers. To amalgamate the results of these two projects (2011, 2014); during the period 2000 to 2014, only six journal articles have been identified that pertain to both recreational fishing and health and well-being. Of these six, only three relate to the benefits to health of recreational fishing. Broadly these topics are stress reductions (PTSD) in War Veterans, cultural importance of marine species to indigenous populations and the constraints and motivations for disabled people to participate in recreational fishing. The conclusion that can be drawn from this review of literature is therefore reiterated from the initial scoping study carried out in 2011. There is little published research to date substantiating the benefits to health and well-being derived from recreational fishing. The results of research presented herewith represent a cornerstone for recreational fishing and health.

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Survey of West Australian Recreational Fishers

Demographics A total of 604 responses were received. Categorisation of respondents by age revealed a range of ages with no single bracket being overly dominant (Figure 3). Age categories from 25-29 years to 65-69 years were all represented by 7-12% of respondents in each grouping.

Figure 3 Age of respondents Of the 553 respondents who answered the survey item regarding gender, 85% (n=470) were male and 15% (n=83) female. Average participation by gender in Western Australia has been reported as 37.3% of males and 19.7% of females (Henry and Lyle 2003). It is not surprising that the majority of respondents were male (85%), though based on these previously reported participation rates, females are thought to be slightly under-represented. With regard to household structure, only 2.7% (n = 15 of 548 respondents) reported living alone. Of the 430 respondents who answered the questionnaire item about the number of children who live in your house on a regular basis, 50.2% (n = 216) had no children living with them, 17.2% (n = 74) one child, 21.9% (n = 94) two children and 10.7% (n = 46) more than two children.

2.9 3.2

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Geographically, responses were obtained from West Australia’s far north in Kununurra through to southerly Esperance. Geographical residence of respondents is displayed in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Figure 4 Respondents locations – Western Australia

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Figure 5 Respondent locations – Perth metropolitan area 70.5% (n = 426) of respondents listed their country of birth as Australia (Figure 6). The next most predominant region of birth was the UK including Ireland with 11.4% (n = 63). 8.3% (n = 50) respondents did not complete the country of birth questionnaire item; 8.6% (n = 52) did not complete the item regarding main language spoken at home. Of the respondents who provided their main language spoken at home, 98.4% (n = 543) spoke primarily English, with the remaining 1.6% comprised of Afrikaans, German and Indonesian. Only 10 respondents (1.8%) identified themselves as being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait island descent.

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Figure 6 Region of respondent birth (n=554) West Australian recreational fishers were successfully targeted with 99.3% (n = 579) of respondents reporting they had been fishing before and 98.4% (n = 556) had recreationally fished during the previous 12 months (Figure 7). Also of note was that 82.4% (n = 473 of 574 respondents) reported going fishing at least monthly.

Figure 7 Frequency of recreational fishing

426

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63

Australia

Africa

Asia

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New Zealand

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UK and Ireland

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Recreational Fishing Frequency

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Almost half of respondents reported (48.5%, n = 279 of 575 respondents) reported spending a moderate amount of their leisure time fishing; 21% most of their leisure time and 2.8% all of their leisure time fishing (Figure 8).

Figure 8 Proportion of leisure time spent recreational fishing Statistically significant relationships were identified with frequency of recreational fishing for those respondents who had participated in recreational fishing in the last 12 months. Increased frequency of fishing was associated with motivations to fish to be outdoors, fish in competitions, to fish for sport, to get to know other people, and also how often the respondent reported eating seafood (p = 0.01). Also significant were fishing motivations to experience catch, enjoy solitude, be with family, and to supply self with fresh fish (p = 0.05).

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26.6

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Leisure Time Spent Fishing

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First Fishing Experience The reported age of respondent first fishing experience highlighted the importance of childhood recreation with 94.9% (n = 542) of respondents having experienced recreational fishing by the age of 14 years (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Age of first fishing experience The very strong trend of having begun fishing at an early age has two primary implications. Firstly, several studies have revealed that children who participate in a recreational activity with their parents are more likely to pursue the same activity in adulthood (Kuehn 2005). It is theorised that children are socialised into leisure and recreation influencing the development of associated values, attitudes and skills (Mannell and Kleiber 1997 cited in Kuehn 2005). Opportunity, custom and perceived ability are the most important indicators of participation in recreational fishing for children; it is thought that more opportunity, greater skill development and success heighten enjoyment derived from participation (Keuhn 2005). A second implication of fishing from an early age is the development of skills over a lifetime. Seniors aged 70 years or more may have had 60 years to develop recreational fishing skills and knowledge. An investigation of recreational fishers in Queensland, revealed that more than 75% of fishers, 60 years or age or older, had more than 30 years of fishing experience (Ormsby 2004). Participant responses to being asked to describe their first fishing experience fell into three broad categories: relationship based responses (who they were with), locality based

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Age (Years)

24

responses (where they were) and experiential responses (what happened or how they felt). Being an open-ended question, responses could include whatever information respondents wished and could in fact provide responses that had information for each category. Relationship based information was the most frequent detail listed first. Experiential information was the most common information provided overall. The largest category of responses was those based on relationships with specific emphasis on family and fathers in particular. 24.3% (n = 138) of respondents described their first fishing experience as being ‘with their dad’, 3.7% (n = 21) as being ‘with their grandad’, and 12.0% (n = 68) as being with their parents or family. Table 5 displays relationship based responses used to describe first fishing experiences. Two overwhelmingly strong trends can be seen. The first is the importance of family; only 2.6% (n = 15) of respondents described a first fishing experience with someone other than family as compared with 40.5% (n = 236) who used a relationship based descriptor naming family. A second striking feature of the relationship based responses is dominance of male figures. As a single influence on first fishing experience (excluding with parents / family), only 0.9% (n = 5) named a female figure and all five were the respondent’s mother. These results were surprising as anecdotal evidence collected from around Australian as a part of a scoping study into the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing highlighted the importance of grandparents and grandmothers in particular (FRDC Project 217/2011). Table 5 First fishing experience - relationship based responses Response Responses % of Total Respondents (n = 567) With dad 138 24.3 With parents / family 68 12.0 With grandad 21 3.7 Good bonding experience 7 1.2 With brother 5 0.9 With mum 5 0.9 With mates 4 0.7 With boyfriend 4 0.7 With uncle 2 0.4 With cousin 1 0.2 251 44.3 Recreational fishing may have meaning to family custom or heritage (Keuhn 2005); a tradition based expectation may emerge for children to participate in some form or forms of recreation that have been enjoyed by other family members for generations. Keuhn’s (2005) description of the heritage value of fishing may partly explain the importance of grandparents. Locality based responses related to being in a specific geographical location (e.g. in Mandurah) or generic locale (e.g. off a jetty, in a boat or on a beach). The most common generic location of first fishing experiences was noted as being off or under a wharf, bridge

25

or jetty (8.1%, n = 46). Also rating highly were beach (n = 27), boat (n = 25) and river (n = 23) locations. First fishing experiences in overseas locations noted the United Kingdom (n = 12), South Africa (n = 3), New Zealand (n = 2), Canada (n = 2) and Ireland (n = 1). Australian locations not including Western Australia noted included New South Wales (n = 3), Tasmania (n = 3), , Nhulunbuy (n =1), Queensland (n = 1), Tenterfield (n =1). West Australian locations were noted most frequently (9.5%, n = 54). Areas noted were Rottnest (n = 13), Mandurah (n = 9), the Collie River (n = 7), Fremantle (n = 7), Busselton (n = 3), Carnarvon (n = 3), Kalbarri (n = 3), Rockingham (n = 3), Albany (n = 2), Bunbury (n = 2), Dunsborough / Geographe Bay (n = 2), Exmouth (n = 1), Lancelin (n = 1), Jurien Bay (n = 1), Mosman Park (n = 1) and Walpole (n = 1). Responses noting the Swan River provided an additional 17 responses (included in the ‘River’ responses). Locality based responses are provided in Table 6. The locations mentioned in first fishing experience descriptions are in line with recreational fishing activity in Western Australia. The coastal area between Kalbarri and Augusta attracts the highest level of recreational activity in the State with around 380,000 anglers responsible for a catch of approximately 400 to 500 tonnes per annum, mostly sourced from the Peel-Harvey Estuary (Fisheries WA 2014). Table 6 First fishing experience - locality based responses Response Responses % of Total Respondents (n = 567) Overseas location 20 3.5 Australia (excluding WA) 11 1.9 Western Australia 54 9.5 Jetty / Wharf / Bridge 46 8.1 In a Boat 25 4.4 Beach 27 4.8 River 23 4.1 Creek 7 1.2 Off rocks 4 0.7 In a dam 4 0.7 Rock pool 2 0.4 Deep sea 1 0.2 Crabbing 2 0.4 Spear fishing 1 0.2 Holiday location 3 0.5 230 40.4 Experiential responses were diverse; they ranged from first fishing experiences being the ‘best day of my life’ and ‘life changing’ (n = 13) to it was ‘smelly and messy’ (n = 2). Over 60% of participants who answered the question about their first fishing experience included experiential information.

26

Table 7 First fishing experience – experiential based responses Response Responses % of Total Respondents (n = 567) Amazing / exciting / fun / loved it / good

123 21.7

Caught a fish 58 10.2 I’m addicted now 31 5.5 Relaxing / fell asleep 22 3.9 Used handlines 16 2.8 Best day of my life / life changing / fishing is life

15 2.6

Catch got away / didn’t catch anything

15 2.6

Proud to catch my dinner 12 2.1 Thrill of the catch 11 1.9 Enjoyed being outdoors 10 1.8 Used homemade poles 6 1.1 Loved the challenge 6 1.1 Will never forget it 6 1.1 Never seen so many fish 2 0.4 Boring 2 0.4 Hard to do 2 0.4 Survival 2 0.4 Seasick 2 0.4 Smelly and messy 2 0.4 Went diving 1 0.2 Fell in the river 1 0.2 Sad about killing fish 1 0.2 Released the fish 1 0.2 347 61.2 The most common experiential response reported by respondents was that their first fishing experience was fun, exciting, amazing or words to that effect (21.7%, n = 123). An additional 2.6% stated that it as the best day of their life or a life changing experience with a further 5.5% (n = 31) stating that they were addicted now and 1.1% (n = 6) stating that they would never forget it. Only 10 responses listed negative experiences such as seasickness or feeling sad about killing the fish. This discourse has focussed on responses reported about first fishing experiences. It is of interest to note that fish or catch were infrequently mentioned; only 100 of 567 respondents (17.6%) mentioning fish or catch when describing their first fishing experience.

27

Table 8 First Fishing Experience – information about catch or fish Response Responses % of Total Respondents (n = 567) Caught a fish 58 10.2 Catch got away / didn’t catch anything

15 2.6

Proud to catch my dinner 12 2.1 Thrill of the catch 11 1.9 Never seen so many fish 2 0.4 Sad about killing fish 1 0.2 Released the fish 1 0.2 100 17.6

Motivations The information provided about respondents first fishing experiences was very similar to current motivations for recreational fishing (Figure 10) and support previous Australian research.

Figure 10 Importance of motivations to fish recreationally Most important motivations for recreational fishing were: to be outdoors (rated as important to 94.7% of respondents); to relax and unwind (important to 88.4% of

41.8

45.9

51.3

38.4

39.2

49.3

6.6

23.7

25.6

32.1

20.4

46.6

31.7

43.4

19.2

24.4

22.8

4.8

13.1

14.3

19.5

5.2

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

Relax and unwind

Experience catch

Be outdoors

Enjoy solitude

Be with family

Be with Friends

Fishing competitions

Sport

Health

Fresh fish

New people

Percent of Respondents

How

impo

rtan

t is i

t to

go F

ishi

ng fo

r thi

s Rea

son?

Very Important

Important

28

respondents); and to experience catch (important to 77.6% of respondents). Previous research carried out in Queensland also revealed the strongest motivations for recreational fishers were rest and recreation, to enjoy nature and to be outdoors (Ormsby 2004). The current study using the words ‘to experience catch’ has captured the importance of interacting with catch above and beyond providing fresh fish as food. In comparison, experiencing the catch which was important approximately three quarters of respondents (77.6%) while provision of fresh fish was important to only half (51.6%). The responses to this question support anecdotal evidence from the previous FRDC scoping study (FRDC Project 217/2011) and the previous work of Ormsby (2004) who found that while 70% of fishers believe that catching fish is an important part of recreational fishing, 77% believe that a fishing trip can be successful even if no fish are caught. Henry and Lyle (2003) reported motivations by Australian states (Table 9) and also found the supply of fish for food to be a much lesser motivation for fishing than to relax and unwind, be outdoors, engage in fishing as a sport or be with family. Conflicting information emerges however in the relative importance of being with friends or family. The results presented in Table 9 indicate a greater importance of recreational fishing to be with family as opposed to friends in all states except the Northern Territory. The results of the current study presented in Figure 10, show that to be with friends is a stronger motivation to recreationally fish than to be with family. This is an interesting trend given the overwhelming naming of being family members as being descriptive of first fishing experiences. Table 9 Primary motivations for recreational fishing by state % Respondents Motivation NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS NT ACT Total Relax and unwind 40 43 39 32 28 31 29 41 37 To be outdoors 15 15 9 10 11 13 32 15 13 For solitude 1 1 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 To be with family 13 12 16 17 20 19 11 9 15 To be with friends 4 7 3 9 6 3 10 2 5 Competitions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fish for sport 21 15 18 15 18 16 9 27 18 Fish for food 5 6 9 12 11 8 2 3 8 Unsure 2 1 4 2 3 7 4 1 3 Henry and Lyle 2003 p99 Respondents reported the main barriers to fishing as much as they would like to are work commitments (49.7%, n = 275), weather / tide conditions (49%, n = 271) and family commitments (25.3%, n = 140) (Figure 11). Time and money were the next most commonly reported barriers to recreational fishing.

29

Table 10 Things that stop respondents going fishing as much as they would like

Number of

Respondents Percent of

Respondents Work / working away 275 49.7 Weather / tides 271 49.0 Family commitments / my wife / having children / young children 140 25.3 Time 80 14.5 Money / fuel prices 61 11.0 Live too far from the coast / fishing sport 40 7.2 Other commitments / sporting commitments 35 6.3 Housework 27 4.9 Lack of fishing companions 18 3.3 Illness / seasickness 18 3.3 Lack of good fishing spots / crowded fishing spots / busy boat ramps 15 2.7 Boat repairs / don't own boat / bait makes my boat smell 14 2.5 Lack of launching facilities 13 2.4 Fishing regulations and restrictions 10 1.8 School / university 8 1.4 Transport 6 1.1 Age 6 1.1 Lack of energy 4 0.7 Overfishing 2 0.4 Other 2 0.4

Over 75% of respondents stated that health or medical reasons did not impact their ability to fish or go fishing (Table 11). The most commonly reported conditions reported to impact ability to go fishing were back problems (3.9%, n = 21), age (3.4%, n = 18), arthritis (2.8%, n = 15) and knee / ankle (2.8%, n =15).

30

Table 11 Health or medical reasons that impact ability to fish or go fishing

Number of

Respondents Percent of

Respondents No 414 77.5 Back problems 21 3.9 Age 18 3.4 Arthritis 15 2.8 Knees / ankle 15 2.8 Yes 8 1.5 Seasickness 7 1.3 Hand / wrist / arm / shoulder 6 1.1 Overweight / obesity 4 0.7 Sunburn 4 0.7 Diabetes 4 0.7 Heart problems 3 0.6 Cancer 3 0.6 Eye sight 3 0.6 Depression 3 0.6 Poor lungs 2 0.4 Hip / pelvis issues 3 0.6 Hangover 2 0.4 Anxiety 2 0.4 Recent operation 2 0.4 Other 9 1.7

Health and Well-being Benefits of Recreational Fishing The health and well-being benefits an individual gained from recreational fishing support motivations for fishing. 75.5% (n = 246) of respondents stated they obtained benefits to health in the form of relaxation and stress relief; 69% (n = 225) stated sunshine, being outdoor and fresh air were benefits to health gained from recreational fishing. Health benefits also commonly cited were fitness / exercise (48.8%, n = 159), benefits to mental health (25.5%, n = 83) and nutritional benefits of fish consumption (19%, n = 62). If analyses were to combine stress relief, relaxation, mental health, clarity of mind, happiness and fun, into a ‘positive state of mind category’, a total of 458 responses reflected this category of answers.

31

Table 12 Health and well-being benefits respondent gains from recreational fishing

Number of

Respondents Percent of

Respondents Relaxation / soothing / stress relief / find peace 246 75.5 Sun / outdoors / fresh air 225 69.0 Fitness / exercise 159 48.8 Mental health / Lift depressed mood / Sleep better 83 25.5 Nutritional benefits of eating fish / fresh fish 62 19.0 Mateship / socialising / meet new people 59 18.1 Happiness / life 48 14.7 Fun / enjoyment / excitement / humour / laughter 41 12.6 Time to think / solitude / clarity of mind 40 12.3 Family / connected to my roots 38 11.7 Interest / learning new skills / time away from computer, t.v… 19 5.8 Sense of achievement / challenge 18 5.5 Close to nature / being on the water 9 2.8 Learn to focus 7 2.1 Feel better after fishing 6 1.8 Teaches patience 4 1.2 Many 4 1.2 Good for my back 2 0.6 Using your hands 2 0.6 Don't know 2 0.6 None 2 0.6

It is interesting to note that friendship related responses (18.1%, n = 59) were rated higher than family related responses (11.7%, n = 38) (Table 12). The higher rating of being with friends as compared with family supports the motivations to go fishing presented in Figure 10. A greater number of overall responses were received for the health and well-being benefits respondents felt other people could gain from recreational fishing (Table 13). There is however the same general trend of benefits listed for others as for one’s own self; a slightly diluted trend is noted. For example, 75.5% of respondent obtained the benefit of relaxation / stress relief from fishing themselves but only 55.5% reported that others could find this benefit; likewise being outdoors (benefit to self = 69.0%, benefit to others = 38.5%) and fitness / exercise (benefit to self = 48.8%, benefit to others = 28.2%). There is one significant difference noted between health and well-being benefits gained by an individual from recreational fishing and that considered likely for others to receive. Being close to nature / on the water was reported as a health and well-being benefit gained from recreational fishing to one’s self by only 2.8% of respondents; in contrast 10.6% of respondents reported this being a benefit other’s would be likely to receive.

32

Table 13 Health and well-being benefits respondent thinks other people could gain from recreational fishing

Number of

Respondents Percent of

Respondents Relaxation / soothing / stress relief / find peace 303 55.5 Sun / outdoors / fresh air 210 38.5 Fitness / exercise 154 28.2 Mental health / lift depressed mood / sleep better 62 11.4 Nutritional benefits of eating fish / fresh fish 67 12.3 Mateship / socialising / meet new people 74 13.6 Happiness / life 35 6.4 Fun / enjoyment / excitement / humour / laughter 54 9.9 Time to think / solitude / clarity of mind 57 10.4 Family / connected to my roots 18 3.3 Interest / learning new skills / time away from computer, t.v... 30 5.5 Sense of achievement / challenge confidence 29 5.3 Close to nature / being on the water 58 10.6 Teaches patience / respect 11 2.0 Many 4 0.7 Anybody can partake in fishing 1 0.2 Using your hands 1 0.2 Great escape 3 0.5 Cheap activity 1 0.2 Don't know 19 3.5 None 2 0.4

Respondents citing health and well-being benefits for families used varied and different language as reporting benefits to their own or others’ families in the previous two questions. Being with family and connection to roots were listed as benefits both to self and others. When citing benefits to families’, respondents included responses using more emotive language: being together; sharing a common interest; making memories; communicating; and getting to know each other better. As with comparison of health and well-being benefits to self and other’s (similar trends expressed but with a lower frequency), comparing benefits that others could gain from recreational fishing were reported with similar trends and lower frequency for families with the obvious exception of benefits to families (Table 14). The same principal three health and well-being benefits respondents felt families could gain from fishing were reported as for themselves and others: relaxation / stress relief (18.7%), being outdoors (22.7%) and fitness / exercise (14.2%). Being outdoors is reported as a greater benefit for families than relaxation / stress relief however. Not surprisingly, the health and well-being benefits of solitude and clarity of mind are not reported at all for families. Additionally, developing a new interest and having time away from sedentary, screen-based leisure was reported by 16.1% of respondents; higher than for self or others.

33

Table 14 Health and well-being benefits respondent thinks families could gain from recreational fishing

Number of

Respondents Percent of

Respondents Relaxation / soothing / stress relief / find peace 101 18.7 Sun / outdoors / fresh air 123 22.7 Fitness / exercise 77 14.2 Mental health / lift depressed mood / sleep better 20 3.7 Nutritional benefits of eating fish / fresh fish 39 7.2 Mateship / socialising / meet new people 45 8.3 Happiness / life 37 6.8 Fun / enjoyment / excitement / humour / laughter 45 8.3 Time to think / solitude / clarity of mind 0 0.0 Family / being together / common interest / making memories / communicating / know each other better 455 84.1 Interest / learning new skills / time away from computer, t.v. etc 87 16.1 Healthy competition 5 0.9 Close to nature / being on the water 22 4.1 Teaches patience / respect / sustainability / independence / self-esteem / responsibility 35 6.5 Anybody can partake in fishing 7 1.3 Great escape / adventure 2 0.4 Cheap activity 2 0.4 Don't know 2 0.4 None 5 0.9

Seafood Consumption There is a considerable evidence for benefits to health derived from regular consumption of seafood including fish. Established benefits to health relate to coronary heart health, heart failure, sudden death, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions, neurological development, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, depression and some cancers, (Hibbeln, 1998; Morris et al., 2003; Hibbeln et al., 2007; Newton and McManus, 2011; McEvoy et al., 2012). The Australian Dietary Guidelines report that fish consumption would need to increase by more than 40% for Australians to meet the recommended food group intakes (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2013). Fish consumption data in Australia is commonly reported as kilograms per capita; the average of this does not provide information about distribution of consumption and how many Australians are meeting the recommended intakes of seafood for health.

34

The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare report 9-21% of respondents reporting they consumed fish on a singular survey day (2012). For respondents to meet the Australian Dietary Guideline of two-three serves of fish / seafood per week, the percent of respondents reporting seafood consumption on any one day would have been expected to be approximately 35%; results were similar for males and females. The Fisheries Research and Development Corporation reports that only approximately one in four people report eating fish one or more times each week. Figure 11 shows that over 70% of respondents consume seafood at least once a week. Compared to a general population estimate of 25% consuming seafood at least once a week (FRDC 2014), recreational fishers surveyed in this study have demonstrated much higher consumption levels.

Figure 11 Respondent seafood consumption frequency There was a significant correlation between participants residing with children and frequency of seafood consumption (Pearson correlation, p=0.01). 90 respondents not residing with children reported eating seafood two or more times each week; only 56 respondents with children reported these consumption levels. Figure 12 and Figure 13 display the amount of seafood consumed that was obtained through recreational fishing and purchased respectively. Both charts show the greatest proportion of seafood being self-sourced or purchased to be 90-100% (28.6% of respondents self-sourced 90-100% of seafood consumed; 25.6% of respondents purchased 90-100% of seafood consumed). All combinations between these extremes were represented.

33.9 36.4

15.1

5.3

1.2 0.3 0.3 1.2 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Twice ormore aweek

Once aweek

Once afortnight

Once amonth

6 times ayear

4 times ayear

Once a year Never

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Frequency of Seafood Consumption

35

Figure 12 Percent of seafood obtained from recreational fishing

Figure 13 Percent of seafood purchased Of respondents who had been fishing in the last 12 months and sourced more than 75% of their seafood though recreational fishing (n = 212), 40% (n = 85) consumed seafood two or more times each week and 79.2% (n = 168) one or more times each week. Consumption levels in this group who source more than 75% of their seafood from recreational fishing are higher than those of the whole sample (Figure 11), where only 33.9% eat seafood two or more times each week and 70.3% one or more times each week.

13.5 12.8

8.1

4.0 2.7

8.5

4.0

7.7 10.3

28.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

<10 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 >89

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Percent of Seafood Consumption Sourced from Recreational Fishing

12.4 13.7

12.2

5.8 4.3

9.0

2.8 5.1

9.0

25.6

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

<10 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 >89

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Percent of Seafood Consumption Purchased

36

Body Mass Index Questionnaire items 36, 37 and 38 asked respondents for their height, weight and if they thought they were in a healthy weight range. Of the 561 adult respondents who had gone fishing in the last 12 months (n = 561), 521 provided the height and weight data enabling their Body Mass Index (BMI) to be calculated. Of these 5.0% (n = 26) were underweight, 51.2% (n = 267) were in a normal range and 43.7% (n = 228) were overweight or obese. Most of the respondents providing BMI data also rated their own weight as underweight, acceptable or overweight. Of the 26 people who were underweight only 3 thought they were in fact underweight, 21 that they were of an acceptable weight and 2 that they were overweight. Within those respondents who were in a normal BMI range (n = 267), 186 thought they were of an acceptable weight, 4 that they were underweight and 77 that they were overweight. Of the overweight or obese respondents who had fished within the last 12 months (n = 228), 181 believed they were overweight, 43 that they were of a normal weight and 2 that they were underweight. In 2011-12, the Australian Bureau of Statistics revealed that 60% of Australians were overweight or obese. The sample targeted by this study has a much lower incidence of overweight and obesity than the general population (43.7%). More than 70 % of respondents could correctly identify whether they were underweight, of acceptable weight or overweight.

Quality of Life Quality of life as reported by respondents is displayed in Figure 14. 87.4% of respondents rated their quality of life as good or very good. In comparison however, only 67.9% of respondents reported being satisfied (55.6%) or very satisfied (12.3%) with their own health (Figure 15).

37

Figure 14 Participant self – rated quality of life

Figure 15 Respondent satisfaction with own health The World Health Organisation (1996) defines quality of life as “an individuals’ perceptions of their position in life in the context of culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”. The abbreviated version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) is a standard international measure of quality of life and was incorporated into survey items 22-27 in the current study. This tool for measuring well-being in individuals and societies provides scores for four domains of quality of life: Physical health, psychological health, relationships and environment. These results are presented in Table 15 together with typical values for Australian WHOQOL domains (Hawthorne et al. 2006).

0.2 1 3.8

45.2 42.2

05

101520253035404550

Very poor Poor Neither poor norgood

Good Very good

Perc

ent o

f Par

ticip

ants

Participant Rating of Quality of Life

1.7

10.8 12.6

55.6

12.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied Nether satisfied ordissatisfied

Satisfied Very satisfied

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Satisfaction with Health

38

Table 15 Result for WHOQOL-BREF domains Quality of Life Domain Survey Results Australian Value Physical Health 71.7 73.5 Psychological Health 74.4 70.6 Social Relationships 75.7 71.5 Environmental Domain 75.6 75.1 Results provided by the WHOQOL-BREF were very similar to previous research on an Australian sample. The psychological, relationship and environmental domains were all higher than previously reported in sample of general populace; physical health was lower. Distributions of calculated quality of life across each domain are presented in Figure 16 to Figure 19. Positive skewing of all sample scores is noted towards higher levels of health across all four domains of quality of life.

Figure 16 WHOQOL Physical Health Score

Figure 17 WHOQOL Psychological Health Score

0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.7 1.5 2.2 2.8

4.1 3.1

8.9 8.9

12.4

14.9

12.5

9.2

4.1 5.4

1.7

3.7

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

14 21 25 29 32 36 39 43 46 50 54 57 61 64 68 71 75 79 82 86 89 93 96

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

WHOQOL Physical Health Domain Score

0.2 0.2 0.9 0.6 1.1 1.5 2.6 1.8

4.8 4.8

9.2

12.5

16.6

13.8

8.5 9.2

4.2 5.7

1.7

02468

1012141618

8 25 33 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67 71 75 79 83 88 92 96 100

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

WHOQOL Psychological Health Domain Score

39

Figure 18 WHOQOL Social Relationships Score

Figure 19 WHOQOL Environmental Score

Physical Activity Of the 590 respondents that reported a physical activity level, only 15.5% reported being not very active or not active at all (Figure 16).

0.6 3.3

6.7

15.6

40.7

19.6

13.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

WHOQOL Social Relationships Score

0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.9

1.8 1.5

3.7

5.4

7.8 9.1 9.4

11.1

8.5

6.8

8.9

6.7 6.7

4.1 2.8

2.2

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

25 28 31 34 38 41 44 47 50 53 56 59 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 88 91 94 97 100

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

WHOQOL Environment Domain Score

40

Figure 20 General level of respondent physical activity In considering the physical activity of adults it is important to consider how a typical day is spent. Of the 576 respondents who answered the questionnaire item about how a typical day is spent, nearly 60% reported mostly sitting or standing; 24% mostly walking; and 16% mostly heavy labour or physically demanding work. With regard to sporting commitments, over 50% of respondents reported playing no sport each week with only 23.7% playing sport three or more days each week (Figure 21). In looking at the duration of sport played only 14.6% of respondents played an average of seven hours per week or more (Figure 22). 433 respondents answered the question about the number of days each week sport is played and 483 the number of hours each week sport is played.

Figure 21 Days sport is played each week

11.1

34.6 38.3

15.2

0.3 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Very active Moderately active Active Not very active Not at all active

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Level of Physical Activity

50.8

13.2 12.2 9.2

6.2 5.8 0.9 1.6

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Number of Days Sport is Played each Week

41

Figure 22 Hours sport is played each week

Outdoor and Other Recreation The vast majority (94.8%) of respondents (n = 417) reported engaging in recreational activities at least once a week (Figure 23). More than 62.6% of respondents (n = 308) reported spending eight hours or less engaging in recreational activities each week (Figure 24).

Figure 23 Days spent on recreation each week

38.3

6 9.5

5.6

9.9 7.5 8.5

2.7 5

0.4

6.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10≤

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Hours Playing Sport each Week

5.2

25.4 27.2

11.7

5.4

11

3.6

9.4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Days Spent doing Recreational Activities each Week

42

Figure 24 Hours spent on recreation each week Figure 25 and Figure 26 display a general trend for more recreation to be spent outdoors than indoors for the sample group in this study. 47.9% (n = 213) of respondents answering the survey item regarding outdoor recreation (n = 444) stated that 70% or more percent of their recreation was spent outdoors. 46.9% (n = 243) of the respondents answering the survey item regarding the proportion recreation spent indoors (n = 518) stated they spent less than 30% of their recreation indoors.

Figure 25 Percent of Recreation Spent Indoors (n = 518)

3.5 2.6

6.5 5.7

7.7

10.4

11.8

4.5

10

0.6

14.2

4.7

1.4 0.6

3.9

0.6 0.8

3.9

0.4 1

1.6

0.2 0.6

2.8

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Notatall

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 21 24 25 27 28 30≤

Perc

ent o

f Res

pond

ents

Hours Spent on Recreation each Week

93

61

89

51

34

88

34 30

22 16

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

<10 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 ≥90

Num

ber o

f Res

pond

ents

Percent of Recreation Spent Indoors

43

Figure 26 Percent of Recreation Spent Outdoors (n = 444) When asked what outdoor recreation other than fishing respondents participated in during the past 12 months, the most common response was walking (including walking dogs, bushwalking and hiking, n = 244), followed by ball sports (n = 89) and camping (n = 89). Outdoor recreation participation aside from fishing is presented in Figure 27.

18 11

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Figure 27 Other outdoor recreation participation in the past 12 months

Importance of Recreational Fishing to Health and Well-being When asked about the role recreation plays in their health and well-being, 82% of respondents reported that recreation was important or very important (Figure 28). Recreational fishing was also considered central to health and well-being with 79.5% of respondents rating recreational fishing as important or very important. Despite the similarity in results between recreation and recreational fishing there is some contrast with more respondents rating recreation as very important (47.7%) as compared with recreational fishing (36.1%). Interestingly, sport was considered important or very important to health and well-being to only 46.5% of respondents.

244

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Ball sports

Camping

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Scuba diving / diving / snorkelling

Gardening

Windsurfing / surfing / skurfing

Hunting / shooting

Kayaking / canoeing

Visit beach / park / picnic / bbq

Motorbike riding

Running / triathlon

Crabbing / marroning

Four wheel driving

Gym / group classes

Lawn / ten pin bowls

Other

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Figure 28 Importance of recreation, sport and recreational fishing

Discussion The results of this investigation reveal a population of recreational fishers who have lower levels of overweight and obesity than the general population, eat more seafood on a weekly basis than the general population and report having active, moderately active or very active lifestyles (84%). The majority also report a good quality of life and being satisfied with their health. Despite more than 60% of respondents reporting they have eight hours or less to devote to recreation each week, the majority of respondents spend the larger part of their recreation outdoors and rate recreational fishing almost as import as recreation itself. Many of the other outdoor recreational activities respondent’s reported participating in the last 12 months were also nature based. The benefits to health and well-being from physical activity and exercise have long been widely acknowledged. Over the past decade in particular, in line with the global challenges of rapid urbanisation and vastly increased incidence of mental health disorders (Logan and Shelbub 2012), research interest into the health and well-being benefits derived from nature based recreation has also grown. Despite little research specific to recreational fishing, health and well-being some extrapolation is warranted.

Nature Based Recreation In a review of research into the link between nature and wellness, Brymer, Cuddihy and Sharma-Brymer (2010) report exposure to nature to improve emotional wellness, relieve stress, increase positive mood, enhance life skills, reduce mental fatigue and increase concentration and to reduce aggressive behaviour. Positive mood and mental well-being was a clear benefit many West Australian recreational fishers reported gaining from recreational fishing in this research also.

32.3

47.7

36.1

14.2

34.3

43.4

0 20 40 60 80 100

Sport

Recreation

Recreational Fishing

Percent of Respondents

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Scientific literature is increasingly recognising the importance of greenspace in urban communities. One study conducted in Perth, Western Australia, revealed that neighbourhood greenness was associated with lower levels of community obesity amongst adults of all ages (Pereira et al. 2013). Nature based recreation in the form of walking outdoors or even gardening have been shown to be benefit wellness on many levels. Interactions with animals, dolphin swims for example, have been associated with emotion and psychological wellness (Muscat 2001). Images of the natural environment have been found to be more restorative than images devoid of water instilling interest specific to the aquatic environment (Depledge and Bird 2009). Coastal environments are important. Cox, Johnstone and Robinson note that over 80% of Australians live within 100km of the coast. The authors link coastal ecosystems and recreation with social and community relations influencing resident sense-of-place, health and overall quality of life. Further, wilderness experiences in young adults and youth have been reported to improve self-perception, well-being measures, self-concept and improved occupational, emotional, physical and intellectual wellness (Brymer, Cuddihy and Sharma-Brymer 2010). Children living in proximity with nature are thought to be more resilient; those with more contact with nature have been assessed as being able to cope better with adversity (Corraliza, Collado and Bethlemy 2010). A review conducted of the benefits of ‘green’ exercise in adults found dose related improvements in self-esteem and mood. The presence of water increased the magnitude of benefits to both self-esteem and mood (Barton and Pretty 2010). Younger adults experienced the largest improvements to self-esteem and both the young and the elderly experienced improvements in mood; one of the greatest improvements noted to self-esteem was in the mentally ill. A recent study looking at ‘green’ exercise to increase children’s self-esteem however did not find expected results although the researchers did note higher levels of vigorous activity and enjoyment which highlighted ‘green’ exercise having the potential to engage less active children in exercise (Reed et al. 2013). There are multiple theories espoused with the relationship between nature and human wellness though debate among experts in ongoing. These include (review conducted by Brymer, Cuddihy and Sharma-Brymer 2010):

• Contact with nature acts as a medium for restoration • Contact with nature acts as an opportunity for emotional care • Nature provides a mirror for in-depth reflection • Contact with nature provides an opportunity for to rekindle an innate union

Mobile electroencephagraphy has been used to compare the effect of walking in the environment of an urban shopping street and in greenspace (Aspinall et al. 2013). The results support the restorative theory with the transition to greenspace being associated with reductions in mental arousal, frustration and engagement and an increase in meditation. Similar results of interventions with war veterans diagnosed with PTSD show stress reduction benefits from non-invasive salivary analysis of the stress hormone cortisol (Mowatt and Bennett 2011).

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It is likely that different individuals / population subgroups obtain different health benefits from the natural environment as has been noted with the health benefits of greenspace. Richardson and Mitchell (2010) noted that cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease mortality rates decreased with increased access to greenspace in men but not women. Different natural environments may also induce different meanings and benefits for different individuals and subgroups. The role of family in first fishing experiences revealed in the current research and the knowledge that recreation carried out as a child is more likely to be carried out as an adult can reflect many facets of recreational fishing; development of skills and knowledge and a potential role of family tradition. It was clear however that socialising, being with friends and meeting new people were important to this sample of adult recreational fishers in Western Australia. Screen based media and recreation have been proposed as masking awareness of potential benefits to health and well-being that can be derived from nature (Logan and Selhub 2012). It was notable in the current research that health and well-being benefits respondents felt families could gain from recreational fishing scored the highest on time away from screens.

Outdoor Physical Activity Increasing the physical activity of a population has an impact on overall health; specific subpopulations may gain additional benefits such as people with mild depression or overweight individuals (Thompson Coon et al. 2010). The authors note that exercise itself is an acceptable treatment for mild depression. Review of the physical and mental well-being benefits of indoor versus outdoor physical activity has revealed further supportive evidence. Additional positive benefit to mental well-being was noted when physical activity was carried out in an outdoor natural environment (Thompson Coon et al. 2010). A clear picture of the benefits of outdoor recreation is somewhat obscured with much of the body of evidence derived from studies that are small in size, interventions based on a single episode of activity, methodology lacking in randomisation and blinding (subject to bias), and heterogeneous measures of outcome (Thompson Coon et al. 2010). Early evidence has surfaced that children who spend more time outdoors are less likely to have or develop myopia (short-sightedness) (French et al. 2013). There are some inconsistencies in mechanisms in animal models studied; one proposed mechanism involves bright light induced release of dopamine by the retina; others with less epidemiological evidence in support include exposure to UV light and the spectral composition of visible light and increased physical activity. One benefit in engaging in outdoor recreation is obtaining Vitamin D from the sun. While only small exposures are required to meet Vitamin D requirements for optimal health, recent Australian statistics reveal that 23% of adults were deficient in Vitamin D. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (2014) state:

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The Cancer Council Australia provides clear guidelines on Vitamin D requirements, the UV index and safe sun practices.

Value of Recreational Fishing With latest estimates of the West Australian population being 2,550,900 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013) and 34% of the population involved in recreational fishing (Fisheries WA 2014), it follows that WA has more than 867,300 recreational fishers (an increase on previous population estimates of 740,000). Participation rates for Western Australia have also increased from those previously reported by Henry and Lyle in 2003 of 28.5%. Recfishwest (2008) estimate that recreational fishing contributes more than $500m per annum to the state economy. Based on 2000-2001 data provided by Henry and Lyle (2003), average annual expenditure of a recreational fisher in WA is $706. Given this expenditure data is 13 years old and an annual inflation rate since 2000 of approximately 2.9% (Trading Economics 2014, Figure 29), the economic value of recreational fishing to the West Australian economy is likely largely underestimated. Any consideration of social, community, and health and well-being data has not been accounted for.

“As expected, levels of physical activity were also associated with Vitamin D in 2011–12. People who undertook high levels of physical activity for fitness, recreation, sport or walking for transport were less likely than those with low levels of activity or who were sedentary to have a Vitamin D deficiency (15% compared with 26%).” Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014

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Figure 29 Average Australian inflation 2000-2014

(Trading Economics 2014) A West Australian investigation into the value of recreational fishing site access (welfare cost to anger if access to the site was lost, per fishing trip) puts the highest value on Coral Bay ($14.46) and Exmouth ($13.31) (Raguragavan et al). The mean welfare loss from site closure for Western Australia was $3.81 per trip per angler based on 48 sites assessed. These estimates are derived using a random utility model based on site specific catch rates. The random utility model is a well-established non market technique for valuation of recreational fishing looking at the value of the fisher’s choices however the data used was from 2000-2001. Values may vary based on assumptions and associated values included in the modelling process. The true value of recreational fishing is higher than the value of catch and direct expenditure on fishing ‘trips’ such as bait, boats, fuel, tackle and even the indirect cost of the value of fishing site access. Initial evidence revealed by Henry and Lyle (2003), Ormsby (2004) and FRDC Project 2011/217 reveal both strong motivations and benefits to health and well-being derived from recreational fishing in terms of stress reduction, relaxation and mental health. The current study supports this data. The Inspire Foundation together with Ernst and Young (2012) released figures related to mental health in young men; they estimate that in young men, aged 12-25, mental health illness costs the Australian economy A$3.25 billion dollars per annum or A$387,000 per hour in lost productivity. The report states that suicide remains the single highest cause of death in this group. Direct costs to the federal government amount to 31% through health costs, disability welfare payments, unemployment and direct costs associated with imprisonment. These figures leave a large burden in quality of life for those affected and their support networks as well as a large burden on the state economy. The benefits to positive mood are just one benefit now established in a sample population of West Australian recreational fishers.

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Conclusions There remains a dearth of research into the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing. Only three journal articles published between 2000 and 2014 were identified noting benefits to health and well-being derived from recreational fishing. These relate to fishing for the disabled, reduction of PTSD symptoms in war veterans and the cultural and stewardship importance of fishing to indigenous populations. Extrapolation of research results from other nature based recreation reveals evidence that supports improvements to mental health, mood and fitness. An apparent weakness even in this body of research is a lack of well-constructed and controlled research. Many papers refer to measurements of a single episode of nature recreation or therapy. None-the-less evidence is mounting. Administration of a questionnaire to 604 Western Australians revealed clear evidence of benefits to health and well-being derived from recreational fishing. The project was met with enthusiasm by West Australian recreational fishers and has remained an important component of the success of research in the field of recreational fishing health and well-being. The strongest motivations to relax and unwind, be outdoors and be with friends support reported health benefits of fishing. These were to relax or relieve stress, be outdoors, improve mood and to exercise or improve fitness. The recreational fishers surveyed had a lower incidence of overweight compared with the general population, enjoyed outdoor recreation and were more likely to consume seafood at levels recommended for optimal health benefit. Recreational fishers sourcing a large component of their seafood from recreational fishing were more likely to consume recommended levels of seafood than other recreational fishers. The majority of respondents reported an active lifestyle and being satisfied with quality of life and health. The vast majority of recreational fishers reported receiving benefits to mental health, relaxation or stress reduction from participation in recreational fishing. The importance of recreational fishing to West Australian fishers was evidenced by 79.5% of respondents reporting that recreational fishing was important or very important to their health and well-being. This is almost as high as the rating of recreation itself (82%). Clinically controlled studies with appropriate methodology to minimise bias are required to complete economic valuations of the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing. As with the research conducted with veterans suffering from PTSD, the methodology need not be invasive.

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References Aspinall, P., Mavros, P., Coyne, R. & Roe, J. 2013. The urban brain: analysing outdoor physical activity with mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine. O: 1-6. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2013. 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics December 2013. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3101.0 [Accessed 11 Aug 2014]. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2014. 4364.0.55.006 - Australian Health Survey: Biomedical Results for Nutrients, 2011-12. Feature Article: Vitamin D. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4364.0.55.006Chapter2002011-12. Accessed 3rd September 2014. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2012. Australian health survey: First results, 2011–12. ABS cat. no. 4364.0.55.001. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2012. Australia’s food & nutrition 2012. Cat. no. PHE 163. Canberra: AIHW. Barton, J. & Pretty, J. 2010. What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis. Environmental Science and Technology. 44(10): 3947-3955. Birch, D., Lawley, M. & Hamblin, D. 2012. Drivers and barriers to seafood consumption in Australia. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29, 64–73. Bird, K. 2014. Peer Outdoor Support Therapy (POST) for Australian Contemporary Veterans: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Military and Veterans' Health. 22 (1). http://jmvh.org/article/peer-outdoor-support-therapy-post-for-australian-contemporary-veterans-a-review-of-the-literature/ Accessed 4th September 2014. Brymer, E., Cuddihy, T.T., & Sharma-Brymer, V. 2010 The Role of Nature-Based Experiences in the Development and Maintenance of Wellness. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education. 1(2): 21-27. DOI: 10.1080/18377122.2010.9730328 Butler, J. R. A., Tawake, A., Skewes, T., Tawake, L. & McGrath, V. 2012. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge and fisheries management in the Torres Strait, Australia: the catalytic role of turtles and dugong as cultural keystone species. Ecology and Society 17(4): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05165-170434 Corraliza, J.A., Collado, S. &Bethlemy, L. 2012. Nature as a Moderator of Stress in urban Children. Asia pacific Conference on Environment-Bevhaviour Studies, Grand Margherita Hotel, Sarawak, Malaysia. 7-9 December 2010. Cox, M., Johnstone, R. & Robinson, J. Effects of Coastal Recreation on Social Aspects of Human Well-being. Proceedings of the Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific Conference.

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https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv.php?pid=UQ:9493&dsID=czap_wellbeing_p.pdf. Accessed 3rd September 2014. Department of Primary Industries (Qld). 2001. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/fishweb/ Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (NT). 2001. http://www.nt.gov.au/dpif/fisheries/ Government of Western Australia, Department of Fisheries. 2014. Recreational Fishing Guide 2014. http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/recreational_fishing/rec_fishing_guide/rules_guide_statewide.pdf Depledge, M.H. & Bird, W.J. 2009. The Blue Gym: Health and wellbeing from our coasts. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58: 947-948. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. Seafood and Health. 2004. http://frdc.com.au/knowledge/seafood_and_health/Pages/default.aspx Accessed 20th August 2014 French, A.N., Ashby, R.S., Morgan, I.G. & Rose, K.A. 2013. Time outdoors and prevention of myopia. Experimental Eye Research. 134: 58-68. Freudenberg, P., & Arlinghaus, R. 2009. Benefits and Constraints of Outdoor Recreation for People with Physical Disabilities: Inferences from Recreational Fishing. Leisure Sciences, 32(1), 55-71. Gargne, O., Joulia, F., Golé, Y., Coulange, M., Bessereau, J., Fontanari, P., Desruelle, A.V., Gavarry, O. & Boussuges, A. 2012. Cardiac alterations induced by a fish-catching diving competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 22(3), 335-340. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01169.x. Epub 2010 Aug 24. Hawthorne, G., Herrman, H. & Murphy, B. 2006 "Interpreting the WHOQOL-BREF: Preliminary population norms and effect sizes." Social Indicators Research 77.1 (2006): 37-59. Henry, G. W. & Lyle, J.M. 2003. The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey. FRDC Project No. 99/158. Canberra. Hibbeln, J.R. 1998. Fish consumption and major depression. The Lancet, 351, 1213. Hibbeln, J.R., Davis, J.M., Steer, C., Emmett, P., Rogers, I., Williams, C. & Golding, J. 2007. Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): an observational cohort study. The Lancet, 369, 578–585. Inspire Foundation and Ernst and Young. 2012. Counting the Cost: Ten Impact of Young mens’ mental Health on the Australian Economy. http://www.youngandwellcrc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Counting-the-Cost-Inspire-Foundation-2012.pdf Accessed 29th August 2014.

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Kuehn, D. 2005. Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium, A Discriminant Analysis of Social and Psychologial Factors Influencing Fishing Participation. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/pdfs/2006/341%20papers/kuehn341.pdf (accessed 11 August 2014) Logan, A.C. & Selhub, E.M. 2012. Vis Medicatrix naturae: does nature “minister to the mind?”. BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 6: 11. Mccarthy, A., Hepburn, C., Scott, N., Schweikert, K., Turner, R., & Moller, H. (2014). Local people see and care most? Severe depletion of inshore fisheries and its consequences for Māori communities in New Zealand. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 24(3), 369-390. McEvoy, C., Young, I.S. & Woodside, J.V. 2012 Fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. In Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention (ed. by N.J. Temple, T. Wilson & D.R. Jacobs Jr), pp. 221–246. Springer Science and Business Media, Belfast. ISBN:978-1-61779-893-1.

Morris, M.C., Evans, D.A., Bienias, J.L., Tangney, C.C., Bennett, D.A., Wilson, R.S., Aggarwal, N. & Schneider, J. 2003. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 60, 940–946. Mowatt, R. A., & Bennett, J. (2011). War narratives: veteran stories, PTSD effects, and therapeutic fly-fishing. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 45(4). Muscat, M. 2001. Dolphinswim: Finding your ‘first self’ in the deep blue sea. Alternative Therapies. 7(2): 98-99. National Health and Medical Research Council. 2013. Australian Dietary Guidelines. National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra. Newton, W. & McManus, A. 2011. Consumption of fish and Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Ageing, 8, 551–552.

Nursey-Bray, M. 2009. A Guugu Yimmithir Bam Wii: Ngawiya and Girrbithi: Hunting, planning and management along the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Geoforum 40, 442–453. Ormsby, J. 2004. Research Publication No. 78. A Review of the Social, Motivational and Experiental Characteristics of Recretaional Anglers from Queensland and the Great Barrier Reef. Townsville Pereira, G., Christian, H., Foster, S., Boruff, B.J., Bull, F., Knuiman, M. & Giles-Corti, B. 2013. The association between neighbourhood greenness and weight status: an observational study in Perth Western Australia. Environmental Health. 12: 49.

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Quistberg, D.A., Bennett, E., Quan, L., & Ebel, B.E. 2014. Low life jacket use among adult recreational boaters: a qualitative study of risk perception and behavior factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 62, 276-284. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.015. Epub 2013 Oct 24. Raguragavan, J., Hailu, A. & Burton, M. 2013. Economic valuation of recreational fishing in Western Australia: statewide random utility modelling of fishing site choice behaviour. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 57: 539–558. doi: 10.1111/1467-8489.12009 Recfishwest (2008). Recfishwest WA state election policy 2008, Available from URL: www. recfishwest.org.au/ElectionPolicy2008.htm [accessed 20 Aug 2009] in Raguragavan, J., Hailu, A. and Burton, M. 2013. Economic valuation of recreational fishing in Western Australia: statewide random utility modelling of fishing site choice behaviour. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics. 57: 539-558. Reed, K., Wood, C., Barton, J., Pretty, J.N., Cohen, D. & Sandercoock, G.R.H. 2013. A Repeated Measures Experiment of Green Exercise to Improve Self-Esteem in UK School Children. PLoS One. 8(7): e69176. Richardson, E.A. & Mitchell, R. 2010. Gender differences in relationship between urban green space and health in the UK. Social Science and Medicine. 71(3): 568-575. Smyth, D., Fitzpatrick, J., & Kwan, D. 2006. Towards the development of cultural indicators for marine resource management in the Torres Strait. Torres Strait Cooperative Research Centre Report, Townsville, Australia. Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J. & Depledge, M.H. 2011. Does participating in Physical Activity in Outdoor Natural Environments Have a Greater Effect on Physical and Mental Wellbeing than Physical Activity Indoors? A Systematic Review. Environmental Science and Technology. 45: 1761-1772. Trading Economics. Australian Inflation Average. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/australia/inflation-average-imf-data.html (accessed 11 August 2014) Trojan’s Trek. Reclaiming the warrior – veterans helping veterans. http://www.trojanstrek.com/. Accessed 18th August 2014

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Appendix 1 Media Release Curtin study reeling in the health benefits of recreational fishing Anyone who has ever gone fishing can tell you that wetting a line is good for you. It just makes you feel better. Curtin researchers continue to explore why. Researchers from the Centre of Excellence for Science Seafood and Health (CESSH) at Curtin University have completed an Australia wide scoping study that identifies clear benefits of recreational fishing to health and wellbeing. The main areas of benefit consistently reported around Australia relate to:

• Youth: interacting with nature, replacing sedentary electronic leisure activities with outdoor activity and positive impacts on antisocial behaviours and behavioural incentives.

• Seniors: an outdoor activity that provides Vitamin D (a major health concern in Australia) and an easily digested source of lean protein at little financial cost with substantial health benefits.

• Disabled: recreational fishing is one of the few outdoor activities that can be enjoyed regardless of age or disability. Supports can be designed to enable people with limited mobility to partake.

• Mental Health: hyperactive children are able to sit calmly by the water for extended periods and uncommunicative children to verbally express the desire to fish.

• Stress and Anxiety Reduction: reduces stress and anxiety which impacts positively on many chronic conditions and improves overall quality of life.

• Therapy for upper body muscle trauma: fly fishing is an ideal exercise for women who have undergone mastectomies or related surgeries and can also provide physiological benefits for individuals with lower limb disabilities or paralysis.

• Physical activity and exercise: game fishing and fishing in remote locations requires fitness, strength and stamina.

The full report from the initial scoping study, funded by the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, can be accessed at http://cessh.curtin.edu.au/local/docs/RecFishinglr.pdf Professor Alexandra McManus, Director of CESSH states that, “the next step for CESSH researchers is to quantify these benefits in economic, health and social terms.” She continues, “The main reason Australians go fishing, apart from catching dinner, is to relax and unwind. It seems incredible that we do not fully understand the scale of these benefits.” Professor McManus says the researchers “will be asking people around WA to complete a questionnaire relating to outdoor physical activity, recreational fishing, health, wellbeing and quality of life”. Doctor Andrew Rowland, Chief Executive Officer of Recfishwest says “fishing has been shown to improve individual and community wellbeing. We run community fishing clinics around the state and see firsthand the benefits to communities and quality of life that result from these events.” The research study starts this month and is due to be completed in 2014. This project is partly funded through the Recreational Fishing Initiatives Fund and is supported by Recfishwest and the Department of Fisheries. Contact: Professor Alexandra McManus, Director, Centre of Excellence Science Seafood & Health (CESSH), Faculty of Health Sciences Web: www.cessh.curtin.edu.au; Tel: 9266 2115 Mobile 0417 986 171, Email: A.McManus@curtin.edu.au Dr Wendy Hunt, Project Manager and Deputy Director CESSH Mobile: 0423 972 993, Email W.Hunt@curtin.edu.au Kristy Jones, Public Relations, Curtin University Tel: 9266 9085, Mobile: 0402 517 300, Email k.jones@curtin.edu.au Teresa Belcher, Public Relations, Curtin University Tel: 9266 9085, Email: teresa.belcher@curtin.edu.au Web: http://curtin.edu.au

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Appendix 2 Media Coverage for Recreational Fishing

1. McManus A. Curtin University Research Project Survey: Tell us why you like fishing. Fishing Report with John Curtis. 720 ABC Radio 7 June 2014

2. McManus A. Regular fishing segment: Why people like fishing. John Curtis report. Curtin FM 22 May 2014

3. McManus A. The fishing report with John Curtis: promotion of CESSH research. MediaPortal report 17 May 2014

4. McManus A. The benefits of fishing are particularly important for women. 2UE Sydney Nights with Compere Clive Robertson 17 February 2014

5. McManus A. Youth benefit significantly from being involved in rec fishing. ABC Great Southern Compere John Curtin 18 January 2014

6. McManus A. Rec fishing – A healthy, active pursuit. ABC South Australia Compere Sara Tomlinson 15 January 2014

7. McManus A. Fishing is good for your health. ABC Sydney National Drive (Online) Compere Barry Nicholls 27 December 2013 (Broadcast over 51 additional stations across Australia)

8. McManus A. Women with breast cancer, children with autism and seniors benefit from dropping in a line. ABC Online http://www.abc.net.au/local/audio/2013/12/20/3915369.htm for mp3 file 20 December 2013

9. McManus A. Recreational fishing reduces stress and anxiety. ABC Coffs Coast, Coffs Harbour, NSW Compere Fiona Poole 20 December 2013

10. McManus A. Healthy and affordable seafood-based meals at Christmas. CurtinFM Afternoon Program Compere Jenny Seaton 19 December 2013

11. McManus A. Health benefits of fishing. What are they? ABC 720 Compere Barry Nicholls Drive – Afternoon Program 16 December 2013

12. McManus A. What are the benefits of recreational fishing. CurtinFM Afternoon Program Compere Jenny Seaton 16 December 2013

13. McManus A. Fishing has health benefits. Geraldton Guardian, Geraldton WA 13 December 2013

14. McManus A. Curtin researchers reeling in the health benefits of fishing. Curtin University https://healthsciences.curtin.edu.au/research/curtin_researchers_reeling_health_benefits_of_fishing.cfm Faculty of health Sciences Online News 12 December 2013

15. McManus A. Health and well being benefits of recreational fishing. 6PR Breakfast Program. Compare Steve Mills 10 December 2013

16. Hunt W and McManus A. Curtin study reeling in the health benefits of fishing. Media Release 4 December 2013

17. McManus A. A seafood salute to health. Diabetes Matters Magazine Spring 2012 pages 25-29.

18. Barwick M. Good fishing=Good health. Escape with ET 2012; June pages 80-83 http://www.escapewithet.com/default.aspx . (McManus A provided text)

19. McManus A. Consumption spikes after seafood assault. ABC Rural 26 October 2011 www.abc.net.au/rural/qld/content/2011/10/s3348347.htm

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20. McManus A. How to increase seafood consumption within a community to improve health. ABC Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD Compere Neroli Roocke 26 October 2011

21. McManus A. Recreational fishing and its impact on the health of the community. ABC Goulburn Murray NSW/VIC Compere Bronwen Wade 19 October 2011

22. McManus A. Recreational fishing project. 6PR Nightline Compere Graham Maybury 18 October 2011

23. McManus A. Health, wellbeing and fishing. ABC Mid West WA Compere Glenn Bardon 14 October 2011

24. McManus A. Health benefits of recreational fishing. ABC Great Southern Albany with Compere John Cecil 13 October 2011

25. McManus A. Health benefits associated with fishing: Recreational Fishing Project. ABC Goldfields WA Compere Naomi Christensen 11 October 2011

26. McManus A. Fish is good for you. ABC Kimberley Compare Rob Mailer. 10 October 2011 27. Hunt W. and McManus A. Media release Curtin University: Curtin study to catch health

benefits of recreational fishing. 7 October 2011

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Appendix 3 Recreational Fishing Articles (n = 228) ‘The Charm of Being Loose and Free’: Nineteenth-Century Fisherwomen in the North American Wilderness A Characterisation of the Paddle-ski Fishery in Kwazulu-natal, South Africa A comparative analysis between recreational and artisanal fisheries in a Mediterranean coastal area A cost-benefit analysis of restoring the Em River in Sweden: valuation of angling site characteristics and visitation frequency A Hedonic Price Analysis of the Outfitter Market for Trout Fishing in the Rocky Mountain West A Primer on Anti-Angling Philosophy and Its Relevance for Recreational Fisheries in Urbanized Societies A process model to assess the regional economic impacts of fishing tourism: A case study in northern Finland An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Fishing Participation by Resident Anglers An analysis of visitor movement patterns using travel networks in a large marine park, north-western Australia An Application of Behavioral Modeling to Characterize Urban Angling Decisions and Values An Examination of Antecedent Factors in Residents' Perceptions of Tourism Impacts on a Recreational Fishing Port Analysis of Lake Huron recreational fisheries data using models dealing with excessive zeros Angler Characteristics and Management Implications in a Large, Multistock, Spatially Structured Recreational Fishery Angler Heterogeneity and the Species-Specific Demand for Marine Recreational Fishing Anglers' perceptions of recreational fisheries and fisheries management in Mallorca Applying stock indicators for assessment of a recreational surf clam (Donax deltoides) fishery in Victoria, Australia Assessing evolutionary consequences of size-selective recreational fishing on multiple life-history traits, with an application to northern pike (Esox lucius) Assessing the Role of Recreation Specialization in Fishing Site Substitution Assessment of a major shore-based marine recreational fishery in the southwest Atlantic, Argentina Assessment of recreational fishery in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: Failures and opportunities Australia’s no-take marine protected areas: Appropriate conservation or inappropriate management of fishing? Balancing conservation and recreational fishery objectives for a threatened fish species, the Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii Behavioral and environmental influences on fishing rewards and the outcomes of alternative management scenarios for large tropical rivers Benefits and Risks of Adopting the Global Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries Biological implications of recreational shore angling and harvest in a marine reserve: the case of Cape Creus Blank Space: Exploring the Sublime Qualities of Urban Wilderness at the Former Fishing Harbour in Tallinn, Estonia Boat anchoring impacts coastal populations of the pen shell, the largest bivalve in the Mediterranean Boat-based foraging and discontinuous prehistoric red abalone exploitation along the California coast

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Building legitimacy of the recreational fishing sector in mixed commercial–recreational fisheries Can Management Reduce Harvest Inequality in Recreational Fisheries? Cardiac alterations induced by a fish-catching diving competition Catch and effort from a specialised recreational pelagic sport fishery off eastern Australia Catch-and-Release Rates of Sport Fishes in Northern Wisconsin from an Angler Diary Survey Changes in angler participation and demographics: analysis of a 17-year licence stub return system for Atlantic salmon Climate change impacts on freshwater recreational fishing in the United States Comment: Assessing the Potential for the Angling of Nesting Males to Influence Largemouth Bass Recruitment Should Consider the Quality of Nesting Individuals Communication between scientists, fishery managers and recreational fishers: lessons learned from a comparative analysis of international case studies Comparing Catch Orientation Among Minnesota Walleye, Northern Pike, and Bass Anglers Comparing Economic Values of Trout Anglers and Nontrout Anglers in Colorado's Stocked Public Reservoirs Composition of the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) catches in ice fishing: Does capture order predict body size? Constructing ‘The Stade’: Fishers' and non-fishers' identity and place attachment in Hastings, south-east England Counting fish: Performative data, anglers’ knowledge-practices and environmental measurement Deep Hooking and Angling Success When Passively and Actively Fishing for Stream-Dwelling Trout with Baited J and Circle Hooks Delayed Hooking Mortality of Blue Catfish Caught on Juglines Detecting Noncompliance in the Summer Flounder Recreational Fishery Using a Mark–Recapture Growth Model Determining the effect of environmental accidents on responses to a Gulf of Mexico recreational for-hire fishing industry surveya Developing a Longitudinal Perspective on the Human Dimensions of Recreational Fisheries Development and implementation of allocation arrangements for recreational and commercial fishing sectors in Western Australia Differences in Information Use and Preferences Among Recreational Salmon Anglers: Implications for Management Initiatives to Promote Responsible Fishing Differential effects of age-structured common carp (Cyprinus carpio) stocks on pond invertebrate communities: implications for recreational and wildlife use of farm ponds Do Anglers Know What They Catch? Identification Accuracy and Its Effect on Angler Survey-Derived Catch Estimates Does angling activity influence consumer choices of fresh fish? Does catch and release affect the mating system and individual reproductive success of wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)? Economic evaluation of the recreational value of the coastal environment in a marine renewables deployment area Economic valuation of recreational fishing in Western Australia: statewide random utility modelling of fishing site choice behaviour Economic value of recreational fishing in Moreton Bay and the potential impact of the marine park rezoning Economic Values and Regional Economic Impacts of Recreational Fisheries in Mississippi Reservoirs

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Economic Values for Saltwater Sport Fishing in Alaska: A Stated Preference Analysis Ecosystem models for management advice: An analysis of recreational and commercial fisheries policies in Baja California Sur, Mexico Effects of angling and manual handling on pike behaviour investigated by high-resolution positional telemetry Effects of barotrauma and mitigation methods on released Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata Effects of Catfish Angler Catch-Related Attitudes on Fishing Trip Preferences Effects of no-take area size and age of marine protected areas on fisheries yields: a meta-analytical approach Effects of Simulated Angler Capture and Live-Release Tournaments on Walleye Survival Efficacy of harvest and minimum size limit regulations for controlling short-term harvest in recreational fisheries Efficacy of novel sampling approaches for surveying specialised recreational fisheries Engaging the recreational angling community to implement and manage aquatic protected areas Enterprise Risk Management For Fishing Tournaments Estimating mortality of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in an experimental recreational catch-and-release fishery Estimating Proportional Contributions of Migratory Bull Trout from Hierarchical Populations to Mixed-Stock Recreational Fisheries Using Genetic and Trapping Data Estimating recreational harvest using interview-based recall survey: implication of recalling in weight or numbers Evaluating the Ability of Specialization Indicators to Explain Fishing Preferences Evaluating the ecosystem effects of variation in recruitment and fishing effort in the western rock lobster fishery Evaluating the effects of area closure for recreational fishing in a coral reef ecosystem: The benefits of an integrated economic and biophysical modeling Evaluation of a behavioural response of Mediterranean coastal fishes to novel recreational feeding situation Evaluation of common angling-induced sources of epithelial damage for popular freshwater sport fish using fluorescein Evaluation of Sample Design and Estimation Methods for Great Lakes Angler Surveys Expanding Aerial–Roving Surveys to Include Counts of Shore-Based Recreational Fishers from Remotely Operated Cameras: Benefits, Limitations, and Cost Effectiveness Explaining institutional persistence, adaptation, and transformation in East German recreational-fisheries governance after the German reunification in 1990 Explaining recreational angling catch rates of Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis: the role of natural and fishing-related environmental factors Failure to engage the public in issues related to inland fishes and fisheries: strategies for building public and political will to promote meaningful conservationa Fish and Fishing in Holocene Cis-Baikal, Siberia: A Review Fish life history, angler behaviour and optimal management of recreational fisheries Fisheries co-management in a new era of marine policy in the UK: A preliminary assessment of stakeholder perceptions Fisheries in coastal lagoons: An assumed but poorly researched aspect of the ecology and functioning of coastal lagoons Fishers as advocates of marine protected areas: a case study from Galicia (NW Spain)

62

Fishers Behaviour in Response to the Implementation of a Marine Protected Area Fishers' perception of a multiple-use marine protected area: Why communities and gear users differ at Mafia Island, Tanzania Fishery and the Tourism Potential of Agbokum Waterfalls, Nigeria Fishery cooperatives and the Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative: Lessons and application to non-industrial fisheries in the Western Pacific Fishing down the deep: Accounting for within-species changes in depth of fishing Fishing Strategies and Niche Partitioning Among Coastal Fishers in Southern Brazil Fishing, fish consumption and advisory awareness among Louisiana’s recreational fishers From a traditionally open access fishery to modern restrictions: Portuguese anglers' perceptions about newly implemented recreational fishing regulations From hunting and fishing to cultural tourism and ecotourism: examining the transitioning tourism industry in Nunavik How Do Harvest Rates Affect Angler Trip Patterns? Identifying preferred management options: An integrated agent-based recreational fishing simulation model with an AHP-TOPSIS evaluation method Illustrating the critical role of human dimensions research for understanding and managing recreational fisheries within a social-ecological system framework Impact evaluation of spear fishing on fish communities in an urban area of São Miguel Island (Azores Archipelago) Impacts of dissolved oxygen on the behavior and physiology of bonefish: Implications for live-release angling tournaments Impacts of partial marine protected areas on coastal fish communities exploited by recreational angling Importance of Assessing Population-Level Impact of Catch-and-Release Mortality Improving the precision of recreational fishing harvest estimates using two-part conditional general linear models Incorporating simplified decision rules into tourist decision making processes: A case of fishing trips Independent Estimates of Catch by Private and Public Access Fishers Avoid Between-Group Sources of Error in a Recreational Fishing Survey Influence of Hook Size and Style on Short-Term Survival of Deeply Hooked Bluegills Influence of Zoning and Habitats on the Spatial Distribution of Recreational Activities in a Multiple-Use Marine Park Landowners' Perception of Risk Sources and Risk Management Strategies in Norwegian Salmon Angling Tourism Length and Age Trends of Chinook Salmon in the Nushagak River, Alaska, Related to Commercial and Recreational Fishery Selection and Exploitation Life: Fishing may exert evolutionary pressure on largemouth bass: Fish most vulnerable to anglers are also the best dads Linking biology to fishing regulations: Australia’s Murray Crayfish (Euastacus armatus) Linking Fish and Angler Dynamics to Assess Stocking Strategies for Hatchery-Dependent, Open-Access Recreational Fisheries Linking scallop distribution and abundance with fisher behaviour: implication for management to avoid repeated stock collapse in a recreational fishery Local people see and care most? Severe depletion of inshore fisheries and its consequences for Māori communities in New Zealand

63

Long-term catch and effort trends in Eastern Cape Angling Week competitions Long-term effectiveness of a multi-use marine protected area on reef fish assemblages and fisheries landings Long-term shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices Long-term trends in the recreational shore-fishery for elf Pomatomus saltatrix (Pomatomidae) along the KwaZulu-Natal coast, South Africa Long-term trends in the St. Marys River open water fish community Low Life Jacket Use among Adult Recreational Boaters: A Qualitative Study of Risk Perception and Behavior Factors Managing people, water, food and fish in the Murray–Darling Basin, south-eastern Australia Mapping outdoor recreationists' perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park, Australia Marine angling tourism in Norway and Iceland: Finding balance in management policy for sustainability Measurement of Angler Catch-Related Attitudes: An Assessment of Model Structure and Metric Invariance Measuring Recreational Fishers’ Social Acceptance of the Natural Marine Reserve of Reunion Island Modeling the Behavior of Marlin Anglers in the Western Pacific Modeling water quality in reservoirs used for angling competition: Can groundbait contribute to eutrophication? Modelling angler behaviour as a part of the management system: synthesizing a multi-disciplinary literature Models of equilibrium, natural agency and environmental change: lay ecologies in UK recreational angling Mortality of Palmetto Bass Following Catch-and-Release Angling Movements, reproductive seasonality, and fisheries interactions in the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) from community-contributed photographs Multicentury trends and the sustainability of coral reef fisheries in Hawai‘i and Florida Non-native fish in aquaculture and sport fishing in Brazil: economic benefits versus risks to fish diversity in the upper River Parana Basin Normative considerations for recreational fishery management: a bioeconomic framework for linking positive science and normative fisheries policy decisions Obstacles to Developing Recreational Fishing Enterprises in Sweden On the willingness-to-pay for recreational fishing—escaped farmed versus wild Atlantic Salmon Outdoor recreation and gendered space: the case of men's enthusiasms for hunting, fly-fishing and scuba diving Overview of Inland Recreational Fisheries in Brazil Patterns of Life History and Habitat Use of an Important Recreational Fishery Species, Spotfin Croaker, and Their Potential Fishery Implications Physiological and behavioural consequences of capture and retention in carp sacks on common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), with implications for catch-and-release recreational fishing Physiological impairment of adult sockeye salmon in fresh water after simulated capture-and-release across a range of temperatures Plasticity in population biology of Cherax cainii (Decapoda: Parastacidae) inhabiting lentic and lotic environments in south-western Australia: Implications for the sustainable management of the recreational fishery

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Potentials and Limitations of Stock Enhancement in Marine Recreational Fisheries Systems: An Integrative Review of Florida's Red Drum Enhancement Potentials of health impact assessment as a local health policy supporting tool Probabilistic dietary exposure to phycotoxins in a recreational shellfish harvester subpopulation (France) Ranking management strategies with complex outcomes: An AHP-fuzzy evaluation of recreational fishing using an integrated agent-based model of a coral reef ecosystem Reading the river through 'watercraft': environmental engagement through knowledge and practice in freshwater angling Recall bias in recreational summer flounder party boat trips and angler preferences to new approaches to bag and size limits Recovery potential of black rockfish, Sebastes melanops Girard, recompressed following barotrauma Recreational anglers and fishing guides from an estuarine protected area in southeastern Brazil: Socioeconomic characteristics and views on fisheries management Recreational anglers' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to catch-and-release practices of Pacific salmon in British Columbia Recreational angling markets to advance the conservation of a reach of the Western Ramganga River, India Recreational benefits from a marine protected area: A travel cost analysis of Lundy Recreational catch composition, catch rates, effort and expenditure in a specialised land-based pelagic game fish fishery Recreational fishing depredation and associated behaviors involving common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida Recreational Freshwater Angler Success Is Not Significantly Different from a Random Catch Model Recreational Value of Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishing Refining and Applying a Maximum-Count Aerial-Access Survey Design to Estimate the Harvest Taken from New Zealand's Largest Recreational Fishery Relative demand by double-crested cormorants and anglers for fish production from lakes on Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron Relative trap efficiency for recreationally caught eastern Australian blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) and associated injury and mortality of discards Resilience of inshore, juvenile snapper Pagrus auratus to angling and release Resilient recreational fisheries or prone to collapse? A decade of research on the science and management of recreational fisheries Responses and adaptation strategies of commercial and charter fishers to zoning changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Role of self-caught fish in total fish consumption rates for recreational fishermen: Average consumption for some species exceeds allowable intake Scale- and Context-Dependent Selection of Recreational Harvest Estimation Methods: The Australasian Experience Self-care management and risk factors for depressive symptoms among elderly outpatients in Taiwan Self-Regulation of the Okanagan Lake Kokanee Recreational Fishery: Dynamic Angler Effort Response to Varying Fish Abundance and Productivity Sex at Length of Summer Flounder Landed in the New Jersey Recreational Party Boat Fishery

65

Simulated Equilibrium Walleye Population Density under Static and Dynamic Recreational Angling Effort Simulating the indirect handline jigging effects on the European squid Loligo vulgaris in captivity Site Choice among Minnesota Walleye Anglers: The Influence of Resource Conditions, Regulations and Catch Orientation on Lake Preference Social impacts of a temperate fisheries closure: understanding stakeholders' views Socioeconomic implications of recreational shore angling for the management of coastal resources in a Mediterranean marine protected area Spatial distribution and zoning compliance of recreational fishing in Ningaloo Marine Park, north-western Australia Spatial substitution strategies of recreational fishers in response to zoning changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Spatial variability in selenium and mercury interactions in a key recreational fish species: Implications for human health and environmental monitoring Spearfishing Regulation Benefits Artisanal Fisheries: The ReGS Indicator and Its Application to a Multiple-Use Mediterranean Marine Protected Area Species Specific Recreational Demand: The Case of Trout Fishing in Alberta Sport fisheries: Opportunities and challenges for diversifying coastal livelihoods in the Pacific Stakeholder Participation in Research Design and Decisions: Scientists, Fishers, and Mercury in Saltwater Fish State-level recreational fishing regulations and fish consumption advisories in the United States: identifying opportunities for improved interagency collaboration Status of aboriginal, commercial and recreational inland fisheries in North America: past, present and future Stock–catch analysis of carp recreational fisheries in Czech reservoirs: Insights into fish survival, water body productivity and impact of extreme events Stocking Success of Paddlefish in Lake Francis Case, South Dakota: Population Characteristics and Sport Fishery Potential Strategic and temporal substitution among anglers and white-water kayakers: The case of an urban regulated river Stress associated with commercial longlining and recreational fishing of saithe (Pollachius virens) and the subsequent effect on blood gases and chemistry Strong direct and inconsistent indirect effects of fishing found using stereo-video: Testing indicators from fisheries closures Temperature, recreational fishing and diapause egg connections: dispersal of spiny water fleas (Bythotrephes longimanus) The balancing act of captive breeding programmes: salmon stocking and angler catch statistics The consequences of angling, beach seining, and confinement on the physiology, post-release behaviour and survival of adult sockeye salmon during upriver migration The economic contribution of the private, recreation-based aquaculture industry in the Western United States The effects of property and landowner characteristics on profit efficiency in salmon angling tourism in Norway The elasticity of fishing effort response and harvest outcomes to altered regulatory policies in eel (Anguilla anguilla) recreational angling The Future of Fishing: An Introduction to the Special Issue

66

The Importance of Trip Context for Determining Primary Angler Motivations: Are More Specialized Anglers More Catch-Oriented than Previously Believed? The increasing importance of marine recreational fishing in the US: Challenges for management The influence of external subsidies on diet, growth and Hg concentrations of freshwater sport fish: implications for management and fish consumption advisories The influence of hook size, type, and location on hook retention and survival of angled bonefish (Albula vulpes) The Influence of Norms and Consequences on Voluntary Catch and Release Angling Behavior The influence of selection for vulnerability to angling on foraging ecology in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides The nationwide assessment of marine recreational fishing: A French example The physiological consequences of catch-and-release angling: perspectives on experimental design, interpretation, extrapolation and relevance to stakeholders The physiological effects of capture stress, recovery, and post-release survivorship of juvenile sand tigers (Carcharias taurus) caught on rod and reel The Relationship between Personal Commitment to Angling and the Opinions and Attitudes of German Anglers towards the Conservation and Management of the European Eel Anguilla anguilla The understudied and underappreciated role of predation in the mortality of fish released from fishing gears Towards an improved understanding of angler tourism in northern Australia Towards resilient recreational fisheries on a global scale through improved understanding of fish and fisher behaviour Travels into nature and society with rod and line Typology of landowners in Norwegian salmon angling: attitudes towards river owner organisations and management actions Understanding Angler Preferences for Species and Water Bodies: Importance for New York's Future Fisheries Management Untangling the Recreational Value of Wild and Hatchery Salmon Using the Internet to Understand Angler Behavior in the Information Age Utility of Restrictive Harvest Regulations for Trophy Largemouth Bass Management Utilizing Fishermen Knowledge and Expertise: Keys to Success for Collaborative Fisheries Research Valuing impacts of the invasive alga Didymosphenia geminata on recreational angling Valuing recreational fishing in Tasmania and assessment of response bias in contingent valuation Valuing Recreational Fishing in the Great Lakes Venting and Reef Fish Survival: Perceptions and Participation Rates among Recreational Anglers in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Voluntary angler logbooks reveal long-term changes in a lentic pike, Esox lucius, population Voluntary institutions and behaviours as alternatives to formal regulations in recreational fisheries management War Narratives: Veteran Stories, PTSD Effects, and Therapeutic Fly-Fishing Water levels shape fishing participation in flood-control reservoirs Watery masculinities: fly-fishing and the angling male in the South West of England Western Australian government fines five Perth men for abalone overfishing When behaviour reveals activity: Assigning fishing effort to métiers based on VMS data using artificial neural networks

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Wilderness tourism and the moralities of commitment: Hunting and angling as modes of engaging with the natures and animals of rural landscapes in Norway Within-Day Variability in Catch Taken by Public Access Fishers during a Recreational Fishing Survey Worldwide trends in fishing interest indicated by internet search volume

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he Centre of Excellence for Science, Seafood and Health CONFIDENTIAL QUESTIONNAIRE

Identifying the health and well-being benefits of recreational fishing

Dear participant,

This survey is being conducted by The Centre of Excellence for Science Seafood & Health (CESSH) to investigate the health and well-being benefits associated with recreational fishing. It will take approximately 15 minutes to complete. Please answer all questions to the best of your knowledge. All information provided will be treated as strictly confidential and will not be released by the researcher unless required by law. All publications will report results in summary form.

If you have any queries please contact the CESSH Director, Professor Alexandra McManus, using the contact details below.

Thank you very much for your participation. It is much appreciated.

Professor Alexandra McManus Director, Centre of Excellence for Science Seafood & Health Curtin University 7 Parker Place, Technology Park 6102 Phone: (08) 9266 2115 Fax: (08) 9266 2508 Email: A.Mcmanus@curtin.edu.au

The Human Research Ethics Committee at Curtin University requires that all participants are informed that, if they have any complaint regarding the manner, in which a research project is conducted, it may be given to the Project Director (Telephone 9266 2115) or, alternatively to the Secretary, Human Research Ethics Committee, Office of Research and Development, Curtin University, PO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845 (Telephone 08 9266 2784)

Appendix 4 Questionnaire Used for Data Collection

69

We are interested in the amount of physical activity you usually do each week for at least 10 minutes without stopping. Think about this in terms of light, moderate or vigorous activity.

Light physical activity does not change your normal breathing e.g. walking Moderate physical activity makes you breathe somewhat harder than normal e.g. jogging Vigorous physical activity takes hard physical effort and makes you breathe much harder than normal e.g. running, sprinting, heavy lifting, digging, heavy construction, or climbing up stairs.

Q1

Q2

Q2a

Q3

Q3a

Q4

Q4a

How would you rate your physical activity level? (Tick one) Very active

Moderately active

Active

Not very active

Not at all active

Unsure / don’t know / can’t remember

In the past 7 days how many times have you walked continuously, for at least 10 minutes, for recreation or exercise, or to get to and from places?

Number of times: What do you estimate was the total time you spent walking in this way in the past 7 days?

Hours walking: Minutes walking: In the past 7 days how many times did you do any other moderate physical activities that you have not already mentioned? (E.g. gentle swimming, social tennis, golf)

Number of times: What do you estimate was the total time you spent doing this moderate physical activity in the past 7 days?

Hours of moderate Minutes of moderate activity: activity: In the past 7 days how many times did you do any vigorous physical activity, which made you breathe harder or puff and pant?

Number of times: What do you estimate was the total time that you spent doing this vigorous physical activity in the past 7 days?

Hours of vigorous Minutes of vigorous activity: activity:

70

Q5 How do you usually spend most of your day? (Tick one)

Mostly sitting or standing Mostly walking Mostly heavy labour/physically demanding work

Unsure/don’t know/can’t remember

Q6 How much time do you usually spend watching TV or videos? (On average)

Week days:

Weekends:

hours hours

minutes minutes

Q7 How much time do you usually spend using a computer for work? (On average)

Week days:

Weekends:

hours hours

minutes minutes

Q8 How much time do you usually spend using a computer for pleasure? (On average)

Week days:

Weekends:

hours hours

minutes minutes

Q9 How tall are you? (if unsure, estimate)

OR cm ft

ins

Q10 How much do you weigh? (if unsure, estimate)

OR kg st

lbs

Q11 Do you consider yourself to be acceptable weight, underweight or overweight? (Tick one) Acceptable weight Underweight Overweight

Part C: Recreational fishing

71

Sport refers to any organised physical activity that includes defined rules, law or regulations. Recreation refers to activities engaged in for the purpose of relaxation or enjoyment that require some physical exertion and focus on human activity.

Q12 How much time do you usually spend playing sport (including games and training)?

Days per week Hours per week

Q13 How much time do you usually spend in recreational activities (not including sport)?

Days per week Hours per week

Q14 What percentage of your recreation time is usually spent indoors / outdoors?

Indoor recreation:

Outdoor recreation:

TOTAL

%

% 100%

The following question asks you about the types of outdoor recreation you participate in.

Outdoor recreation is defined as all individual or group recreation activities undertaken in a natural, outdoor environment.

Q15 What outdoor recreation activities have you participated in during the last 12 months?

Part C: Recreational fishing

72

Recreational fishing is defined as fishing for pleasure or competition.

Q16 Have you ever been fishing?

Yes

No If no, go to Q24

Q17 During the last 12 months have you been fishing? Yes

No

Q18a At what age was your first fishing experience?

Age in years

Q18b Please describe this experience in a couple of sentences.

Q19 During the past 12 months, on average, how often did you go recreationally fishing? (Tick one) More than once a week

Once a week

Once a fortnight

Once a month

6 times a year 4 times a year

2 times a year

Once a year

Never

Part C: Recreational fishing

73

Q20

How much of your leisure time is spent recreationally fishing? (Tick one)

None

A little

A moderate amount

Most

All

Q21 People go recreationally fishing for different reasons. Please indicate on the list of items below how important each one is for you. (Tick one per line)

Unimportant Somewhat important

Neither important or unimportant

Important Very

important

To relax and unwind

Experiencing the catch

To be outdoors

Enjoying solitude

Being with family

Being with friends

Fishing competitions

Fish for sport

Health reasons

Self supply with fresh fish

Getting to know other people

Other (please specify):

Q22 List some of things that stop you going fishing as much as you would like.

74

Part D: Health and well-being

Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Well-being is the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.

Q23 What health and well-being benefits do you gain from recreational fishing (if any)?

Q24 What health and well-being benefits do you think other people could gain from recreational fishing?

Q25

Q26

What health and well-being benefits do you think families could gain from recreational fishing? Are there any health or medical conditions that impact on your ability to fish or go fishing?

75

Part D: Health and well-being

Q27

How important are the following to your health and wellbeing? (Tick one per line)

Unimportant Somewhat important

Neither important or unimportant

Important Very

important

Sport

Recreation

Recreational fishing

Q28 How often do you usually eat seafood? (Tick one) Twice or more a week

Once a week

Once a fortnight

Once a month

6 times a year 4 times a year

2 times a year

Once a year

Never

Q29 What percentage of your seafood consumption is usually sourced in the following ways?

Recreational fishing

Purchased

Other

TOTAL

%

%

% 100%

Part E: Quality of life

76

The following questions ask how you feel about your quality of life, health, or other areas of your life. Please choose the answer that appears most appropriate. If you are unsure about which response to give to a question, the first response you think of is often the best one. Please keep in mind your standards, hopes, pleasures and concerns. We ask that you think about your life in the last 4 weeks.

Q30

Q31

How would you rate your quality of life? (Tick one) Very poor

Poor

Neither poor nor good

Good

Very good

How satisfied are you with your health? (Tick one)

Very dissatisfied

Dissatisfied

Neither satisfied or dissatisfied

Satisfied

Very satisfied

Q32 How much you have experienced certain things in the last 4 weeks? (Tick one per line)

Not at all A little Moderately Very much

An extreme

amount

To what extent do you feel that physical pain prevents you from doing what you need to do? How much do you need any medical treatment to function in your daily life?

How much do you enjoy life?

To what extent do you feel your life to be meaningful?

How well are you able to concentrate?

How safe do you feel in your daily life?

How healthy is your physical environment?

Part E: Quality of life

77

Q33

How completely have you experienced or been able to do certain things in the last 4 weeks? (Tick one per line)

Not at all A little Moderately Mostly Completely

Do you have enough energy for everyday life?

Are you able to accept your bodily appearance?

Have you enough money to meet your needs?

How available to you is the information that you need in your day-to-day life? To what extent do you have the opportunity for leisure activities?

Q34 How satisfied are you with the following? (Tick one per line)

Very dissatisfied Dissatisfied

Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

Satisfied

Very satisfied

Your sleep

Your ability to perform your daily living activities

Your capacity for work

Yourself

Your personal relationships

The support you get from your friends

The conditions of your living place

Your access to health services

Your transport

Q35 How often do you have negative feelings such as blue mood, despair, anxiety, depression?

Never Seldom Quite often Very often Always

Part F: Demographics

78

Q36 What is your sex?

Male Female

Q37

Q38

What is your age in years? What suburb/town do you live in?

Q39 What is your postcode?

Q40 How many adults and children live in your house on a regular basis?

Number of adults (18 years or over) Number of children (under 18 years)

Q41

Q42

What country were you born in?

What is the main language spoken at home?

Q43 Are you of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin?

Yes No

Q44 Please write any further comments or questions you may have about any aspects of the questionnaire in the space below.

Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire.

Your participation in this important research is valued.

79

Part F: Demographics

Appendix 5 SPSS Generated Frequency Results

Q1. Participants physical activity level.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very active 66 10.9 11.1 11.1

Moderately active 205 33.9 34.6 45.7 Active 227 37.6 38.3 84.0 Not very active 90 14.9 15.2 99.2 Not at all active 2 .3 .3 99.5 Unsure / don't know / can't remember

3 .5 .5 100.0

Total 593 98.2 100.0 Missing System 11 1.8 Total 604 100.0

Q2. How the participant usually spends most of their day.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Mostly sitting or

standing 344 57.0 59.7 59.7

Mostly walking 139 23.0 24.1 83.9 Mostly heavy labour / physically demanding work

92 15.2 16.0 99.8

Unsure / don't know / can't remember

1 .2 .2 100.0

Total 576 95.4 100.0 Missing System 28 4.6 Total 604 100.0

Q3. How many days per week the participant plays sport.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

80

Part F: Demographics

Valid 0 220 36.4 50.8 50.8 1 57 9.4 13.2 64.0 2 53 8.8 12.2 76.2 3 40 6.6 9.2 85.5 4 27 4.5 6.2 91.7 5 25 4.1 5.8 97.5 6 4 .7 .9 98.4 7 7 1.2 1.6 100.0 Total 433 71.7 100.0

Missing System 171 28.3 Total 604 100.0

Q3a. How many hours per week the participant plays sport.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 185 30.6 38.3 38.3

1 29 4.8 6.0 44.3 2 46 7.6 9.5 53.8 3 27 4.5 5.6 59.4 4 48 7.9 9.9 69.4 5 36 6.0 7.5 76.8 6 41 6.8 8.5 85.3 7 13 2.2 2.7 88.0 8 24 4.0 5.0 93.0 9 2 .3 .4 93.4 10 11 1.8 2.3 95.7 12 7 1.2 1.4 97.1 13 2 .3 .4 97.5 15 6 1.0 1.2 98.8 16 1 .2 .2 99.0 18 2 .3 .4 99.4 30 1 .2 .2 99.6 240 1 .2 .2 99.8 510 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 483 80.0 100.0

Missing System 121 20.0 Total 604 100.0

81

Part F: Demographics

Q4. Days per week the participant spends doing recreational activities.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 23 3.8 5.2 5.2

1 113 18.7 25.4 30.6 2 121 20.0 27.2 57.8 3 52 8.6 11.7 69.4 4 24 4.0 5.4 74.8 5 49 8.1 11.0 85.8 6 16 2.6 3.6 89.4 7 42 7.0 9.4 98.9 8 1 .2 .2 99.1 10 2 .3 .4 99.6 12 1 .2 .2 99.8 30 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 445 73.7 100.0

Missing System 159 26.3 Total 604 100.0

Q4a. Hours per week the participant spends doing recreational

activities.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 17 2.8 3.5 3.5

1 13 2.2 2.6 6.1 2 32 5.3 6.5 12.6 3 28 4.6 5.7 18.3 4 38 6.3 7.7 26.0 5 51 8.4 10.4 36.4 6 58 9.6 11.8 48.2 7 22 3.6 4.5 52.6 8 49 8.1 10.0 62.6 9 3 .5 .6 63.2 10 70 11.6 14.2 77.4 12 23 3.8 4.7 82.1

82

Part F: Demographics

13 7 1.2 1.4 83.5 14 3 .5 .6 84.1 15 19 3.1 3.9 88.0 16 3 .5 .6 88.6 18 4 .7 .8 89.4 20 19 3.1 3.9 93.3 21 2 .3 .4 93.7 24 5 .8 1.0 94.7 25 8 1.3 1.6 96.3 27 1 .2 .2 96.5 28 3 .5 .6 97.2 30 4 .7 .8 98.0 35 1 .2 .2 98.2 40 4 .7 .8 99.0 50 1 .2 .2 99.2 120 1 .2 .2 99.4 150 1 .2 .2 99.6 180 1 .2 .2 99.8 240 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 492 81.5 100.0

Missing System 112 18.5 Total 604 100.0

Q5. Percentage of the participants time spent doing indoor

recreational activities.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 66 10.9 12.7 12.7

1 1 .2 .2 12.9 2 4 .7 .8 13.7 3 2 .3 .4 14.0 4 3 .5 .6 14.6 5 18 3.0 3.5 18.1 8 1 .2 .2 18.3 10 52 8.6 10.0 28.3 15 9 1.5 1.7 30.0 20 68 11.3 13.1 43.1

83

Part F: Demographics

25 21 3.5 4.0 47.1 30 45 7.5 8.7 55.8 33 1 .2 .2 56.0 34 1 .2 .2 56.2 35 4 .7 .8 56.9 40 31 5.1 6.0 62.9 45 3 .5 .6 63.5 50 87 14.4 16.7 80.2 54 1 .2 .2 80.4 60 33 5.5 6.3 86.7 67 1 .2 .2 86.9 70 22 3.6 4.2 91.2 75 8 1.3 1.5 92.7 80 20 3.3 3.8 96.5 85 2 .3 .4 96.9 90 7 1.2 1.3 98.3 95 1 .2 .2 98.5 100 8 1.3 1.5 100.0 Total 520 86.1 100.0

Missing System 84 13.9 Total 604 100.0

Q5a. Percentage of the participants time spent doing outdoor

recreational activities.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 6 1.0 1.0 1.0

1 1 .2 .2 1.2 2 2 .3 .3 1.6 4 4 .7 .7 2.3 5 3 .5 .5 2.8 6 2 .3 .3 3.1 10 8 1.3 1.4 4.5 15 3 .5 .5 5.0 20 19 3.1 3.3 8.3 25 7 1.2 1.2 9.6 30 24 4.0 4.2 13.7

84

Part F: Demographics

33 1 .2 .2 13.9 35 1 .2 .2 14.1 40 37 6.1 6.4 20.5 46 1 .2 .2 20.7 50 88 14.6 15.3 36.0 55 3 .5 .5 36.5 60 32 5.3 5.6 42.1 65 5 .8 .9 43.0 66 1 .2 .2 43.1 67 1 .2 .2 43.3 70 43 7.1 7.5 50.8 75 23 3.8 4.0 54.8 80 67 11.1 11.7 66.4 85 7 1.2 1.2 67.7 90 52 8.6 9.0 76.7 95 18 3.0 3.1 79.8 98 2 .3 .3 80.2 99 1 .2 .2 80.3 100 113 18.7 19.7 100.0 Total 575 95.2 100.0

Missing System 29 4.8 Total 604 100.0

Q6i. Outdoor recreation activities the participant has participated in during the

past 12months.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Fishing 339 56.1 58.3 58.3

Walking 46 7.6 7.9 66.3 Hunting 6 1.0 1.0 67.3 Running 6 1.0 1.0 68.3 Camping 10 1.7 1.7 70.1 Swimming 10 1.7 1.7 71.8 Motorbike riding 3 .5 .5 72.3 Cycling 16 2.6 2.8 75.0 Windsurfing 2 .3 .3 75.4 Walking dogs 4 .7 .7 76.1

85

Part F: Demographics

Snorkelling 2 .3 .3 76.4 Sailing 4 .7 .7 77.1 Surfing 4 .7 .7 77.8 Kayaking 7 1.2 1.2 79.0 Boating 10 1.7 1.7 80.7 Cricket 19 3.1 3.3 84.0 Gardening 23 3.8 4.0 88.0 Rugby 1 .2 .2 88.1 Football 5 .8 .9 89.0 Photography 1 .2 .2 89.2 Going to the park 1 .2 .2 89.3 Hiking 4 .7 .7 90.0 Soccor 2 .3 .3 90.4 Scuba diving 4 .7 .7 91.0 Golf 18 3.0 3.1 94.1 T'ai Chi 2 .3 .3 94.5 Bushwalking 1 .2 .2 94.7 Betta Billfish Bonanza 1 .2 .2 94.8

Volleyball 2 .3 .3 95.2 Horse riding 2 .3 .3 95.5 Picnics 1 .2 .2 95.7 Shooting 1 .2 .2 95.9 Restoring classic boat

1 .2 .2 96.0

Group classes 3 .5 .5 96.6 Four wheel driving 2 .3 .3 96.9 Tennis 2 .3 .3 97.2 Tee ball 1 .2 .2 97.4 Gym 1 .2 .2 97.6 Skateboarding 1 .2 .2 97.8 Lawn bowls 2 .3 .3 98.1 Playing with kids 1 .2 .2 98.3 Darts 1 .2 .2 98.5 Rock climbing 2 .3 .3 98.8 Caravanning 1 .2 .2 99.0 Jet skiing 1 .2 .2 99.1 Ball sports 1 .2 .2 99.3

86

Part F: Demographics

Hockey 1 .2 .2 99.5 None 3 .5 .5 100.0 Total 581 96.2 100.0

Missing System 23 3.8 Total 604 100.0

Q6ii. Outdoor recreation activities the participant has participated in during the

past 12months.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Fishing 101 16.7 21.4 21.4

Walking 57 9.4 12.1 33.4 Kite surfing 2 .3 .4 33.8 Kart racing 1 .2 .2 34.0 Hunting 10 1.7 2.1 36.2 Running 8 1.3 1.7 37.8 Camping 45 7.5 9.5 47.4 Swimming 29 4.8 6.1 53.5 Motorbike riding 8 1.3 1.7 55.2 Cycling 24 4.0 5.1 60.3 Windsurfing 1 .2 .2 60.5 Snowboarding 1 .2 .2 60.7 Walking dogs 2 .3 .4 61.1 Skiing 2 .3 .4 61.5 Snorkelling 2 .3 .4 61.9 Sailing 2 .3 .4 62.4 Surfing 11 1.8 2.3 64.7 Kayaking 4 .7 .8 65.5 Boating 30 5.0 6.3 71.9 Cricket 2 .3 .4 72.3 Gardening 12 2.0 2.5 74.8 Rugby 1 .2 .2 75.1 Football 4 .7 .8 75.9 Photography 1 .2 .2 76.1 Going to the beach 4 .7 .8 77.0

Going to the park 2 .3 .4 77.4 Skurfing 1 .2 .2 77.6

87

Part F: Demographics

Hiking 10 1.7 2.1 79.7 Diving 18 3.0 3.8 83.5 Crabbing 12 2.0 2.5 86.0 Soccor 1 .2 .2 86.3 Scuba diving 4 .7 .8 87.1 Golf 9 1.5 1.9 89.0 Bushwalking 10 1.7 2.1 91.1 Betta Billfish Bonanza 1 .2 .2 91.3

Exmouth ultra-light tournament

1 .2 .2 91.5

Zumba 1 .2 .2 91.8 Shopping 1 .2 .2 92.0 Ground work 1 .2 .2 92.2 Picnics 1 .2 .2 92.4 Bbqs 1 .2 .2 92.6 Shooting 6 1.0 1.3 93.9 Lawn mowing 1 .2 .2 94.1 Ski paddling 1 .2 .2 94.3 Four wheel driving 5 .8 1.1 95.3 Tennis 2 .3 .4 95.8 Tee ball 1 .2 .2 96.0 Gym 2 .3 .4 96.4 Lawn bowls 2 .3 .4 96.8 Marroning 2 .3 .4 97.3 Basketball 1 .2 .2 97.5 Playing with kids 1 .2 .2 97.7 Prospecting 2 .3 .4 98.1 Canoeing 3 .5 .6 98.7 Caravanning 1 .2 .2 98.9 Enduro 1 .2 .2 99.2 Paddle boarding 1 .2 .2 99.4 Hockey 1 .2 .2 99.6 Wakeboarding 1 .2 .2 99.8 Organising fishing competitions and clinics

1 .2 .2 100.0

Total 473 78.3 100.0 Missing System 131 21.7

88

Part F: Demographics

Total 604 100.0

Q6iii. Outdoor recreation activities the participant has participated in during the

past 12months.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Fishing 51 8.4 12.4 12.4

Walking 59 9.8 14.4 26.8 Hunting 4 .7 1.0 27.7 Work 2 .3 .5 28.2 Running 7 1.2 1.7 29.9 Camping 28 4.6 6.8 36.7 Swimming 27 4.5 6.6 43.3 Motorbike riding 7 1.2 1.7 45.0 Cycling 34 5.6 8.3 53.3 Walking dogs 4 .7 1.0 54.3 Skiing 1 .2 .2 54.5 Snorkelling 11 1.8 2.7 57.2 Sailing 3 .5 .7 57.9 Surfing 9 1.5 2.2 60.1 Kayaking 7 1.2 1.7 61.8 Boating 19 3.1 4.6 66.4 Cricket 2 .3 .5 66.9 Gardening 21 3.5 5.1 72.0 Rugby 1 .2 .2 72.3 Football 3 .5 .7 73.0 Community events 1 .2 .2 73.2 Photography 6 1.0 1.5 74.7 Going to the beach

6 1.0 1.5 76.2

Skurfing 1 .2 .2 76.4 Hiking 16 2.6 3.9 80.3 Diving 9 1.5 2.2 82.5 Crabbing 7 1.2 1.7 84.2 Soccor 3 .5 .7 84.9 Scuba diving 2 .3 .5 85.4 Golf 8 1.3 1.9 87.3

89

Part F: Demographics

Bushwalking 9 1.5 2.2 89.5 Exmouth ultra-light tournament 1 .2 .2 89.8

Mackerel Islands tournament

1 .2 .2 90.0

Horse riding 1 .2 .2 90.3 Picnics 3 .5 .7 91.0 Bbqs 1 .2 .2 91.2 Shooting 2 .3 .5 91.7 Four wheel driving 7 1.2 1.7 93.4 Tennis 5 .8 1.2 94.6 Martial arts 1 .2 .2 94.9 Gym 1 .2 .2 95.1 Lawn bowls 2 .3 .5 95.6 Chopping wood 1 .2 .2 95.9 Playing with kids 3 .5 .7 96.6 Socialising 1 .2 .2 96.8 Rock climbing 1 .2 .2 97.1 Canoeing 1 .2 .2 97.3 Jet skiing 1 .2 .2 97.6 Sight seeing 1 .2 .2 97.8 Travel 1 .2 .2 98.1 Ten pin bowling 1 .2 .2 98.3 Hockey 1 .2 .2 98.5 Weights 2 .3 .5 99.0 Tubeing 1 .2 .2 99.3 Going to concerts 1 .2 .2 99.5 Volunteer fire fighter 1 .2 .2 99.8

Cutting firewood 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 411 68.0 100.0

Missing System 193 32.0 Total 604 100.0

Q6iv. Outdoor recreation activities the participant has participated in during the

past 12months.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

90

Part F: Demographics

Valid Fishing 12 2.0 8.3 8.3 Walking 17 2.8 11.8 20.1 Work 1 .2 .7 20.8 Running 2 .3 1.4 22.2 Camping 6 1.0 4.2 26.4 Swimming 18 3.0 12.5 38.9 Motorbike riding 5 .8 3.5 42.4 Cycling 10 1.7 6.9 49.3 Walking dogs 1 .2 .7 50.0 Triathlon 1 .2 .7 50.7 Skiing 2 .3 1.4 52.1 Snorkelling 8 1.3 5.6 57.6 Sailing 2 .3 1.4 59.0 Surfing 2 .3 1.4 60.4 Kayaking 2 .3 1.4 61.8 Boating 6 1.0 4.2 66.0 Cricket 1 .2 .7 66.7 Gardening 1 .2 .7 67.4 Football 3 .5 2.1 69.4 Going to the beach 3 .5 2.1 71.5

Going to the park 2 .3 1.4 72.9 Hiking 2 .3 1.4 74.3 Diving 4 .7 2.8 77.1 Crabbing 1 .2 .7 77.8 Soccor 1 .2 .7 78.5 Golf 4 .7 2.8 81.3 Bushwalking 2 .3 1.4 82.6 Exmouth Classic 2 .3 1.4 84.0 Netball 1 .2 .7 84.7 Volleyball 1 .2 .7 85.4 Yoga 1 .2 .7 86.1 Four wheel driving 4 .7 2.8 88.9 Tennis 1 .2 .7 89.6 Dog sledding 1 .2 .7 90.3 Housework 1 .2 .7 91.0 Drycasting 1 .2 .7 91.7 Rogaining 1 .2 .7 92.4

91

Part F: Demographics

Gym 2 .3 1.4 93.8 Spectating 1 .2 .7 94.4 Lawn bowls 1 .2 .7 95.1 Food festivals 1 .2 .7 95.8 Basketball 1 .2 .7 96.5 Prospecting 1 .2 .7 97.2 Playing pool 1 .2 .7 97.9 Paddle boarding 1 .2 .7 98.6 Travel 1 .2 .7 99.3 Ten pin bowling 1 .2 .7 100.0 Total 144 23.8 100.0

Missing System 460 76.2 Total 604 100.0

Q7. Whether the participant has ever been fishing before.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Yes 579 95.9 99.3 99.3

No 4 .7 .7 100.0 Total 583 96.5 100.0

Missing System 21 3.5 Total 604 100.0

Q8. Whether during the past 12 months the participant has been

fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Yes 556 92.1 98.4 98.4

No 9 1.5 1.6 100.0 Total 565 93.5 100.0

Missing System 39 6.5 Total 604 100.0

Q9. The age the participant had their first fishing experience.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

92

Part F: Demographics

Valid 0 3 .5 .5 .5 1 11 1.8 1.9 2.5 2 23 3.8 4.0 6.5 3 43 7.1 7.5 14.0 4 85 14.1 14.9 28.9 5 98 16.2 17.2 46.1 6 93 15.4 16.3 62.3 7 41 6.8 7.2 69.5 8 48 7.9 8.4 77.9 9 18 3.0 3.2 81.1 10 48 7.9 8.4 89.5 11 4 .7 .7 90.2 12 17 2.8 3.0 93.2 13 7 1.2 1.2 94.4 14 3 .5 .5 94.9 15 4 .7 .7 95.6 16 4 .7 .7 96.3 18 4 .7 .7 97.0 20 3 .5 .5 97.5 21 2 .3 .4 97.9 22 4 .7 .7 98.6 25 1 .2 .2 98.8 30 1 .2 .2 98.9 31 1 .2 .2 99.1 32 1 .2 .2 99.3 35 2 .3 .4 99.6 44 1 .2 .2 99.8 50 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 571 94.5 100.0

Missing System 33 5.5 Total 604 100.0

Q10i. The participants description of their first fishing experience.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid In Ireland 1 .2 .2 .2

With Dad 116 19.2 20.5 20.6

93

Part F: Demographics

In the Collie River 7 1.2 1.2 21.9 Boat fishing 15 2.5 2.6 24.5 I caught a fish 21 3.5 3.7 28.2 With my family 26 4.3 4.6 32.8 It was good 3 .5 .5 33.3 Enjoyed being on the water and in the fresh air

9 1.5 1.6 34.9

Amazing 11 1.8 1.9 36.9 In the UK 4 .7 .7 37.6 Good bonding experience 4 .7 .7 38.3

With my boyfriend 4 .7 .7 39.0 In a rock pool 3 .5 .5 39.5 I have been competition fishing since i was young

2 .3 .4 39.9

Exhilarating 7 1.2 1.2 41.1 Can't remember 30 5.0 5.3 46.4 I loved fishing as a child 9 1.5 1.6 48.0

In Tasmania 1 .2 .2 48.1 Caught yabbies in a dam 4 .7 .7 48.9

Beach fishing 21 3.5 3.7 52.6 Proud moment to catch my own dinner

8 1.3 1.4 54.0

Fishing is life 1 .2 .2 54.1 My parents were into camping and fishing

1 .2 .2 54.3

Creek fishing 6 1.0 1.1 55.4 Fishing in a tinny 1 .2 .2 55.6 Experience was life changing 8 1.3 1.4 57.0

Caught a fish in the Hawkesbury River

1 .2 .2 57.1

Off the jetty 23 3.8 4.1 61.2

94

Part F: Demographics

With my brother 4 .7 .7 61.9 My catch got away 3 .5 .5 62.4 With Grandad 17 2.8 3.0 65.4 Jam-jarring with Dad 1 .2 .2 65.6

I fell in the river 1 .2 .2 65.8 Smelly and messy 2 .3 .4 66.1 I got seasick 2 .3 .4 66.5 With my parents 3 .5 .5 67.0 Very exciting 24 4.0 4.2 71.3 I'm addicted now 9 1.5 1.6 72.8 Fun 25 4.1 4.4 77.2 Loved it 12 2.0 2.1 79.4 In the Swan river 9 1.5 1.6 81.0 On holidays with my family

21 3.5 3.7 84.7

Didn't catch anything 3 .5 .5 85.2

Relaxing 7 1.2 1.2 86.4 I went to sleep in the boat 1 .2 .2 86.6

Off rocks 3 .5 .5 87.1 Used handlines 9 1.5 1.6 88.7 In Mandurah 2 .3 .4 89.1 In Dunsborough 1 .2 .2 89.2 With my Uncle 1 .2 .2 89.4 In South Africa 3 .5 .5 89.9 Loved the thrill of the catch

3 .5 .5 90.5

At Rottnest 1 .2 .2 90.7 Coarse fishing 2 .3 .4 91.0 In the Murray River 1 .2 .2 91.2

Best experience of my life 1 .2 .2 91.4

With Mum 4 .7 .7 92.1 Under a wharf 2 .3 .4 92.4 With my mates 2 .3 .4 92.8

95

Part F: Demographics

Used a home made pole 1 .2 .2 92.9

Survival 2 .3 .4 93.3 Hard to do 1 .2 .2 93.5 Boring 2 .3 .4 93.8 Surf fishing 1 .2 .2 94.0 River fishing 2 .3 .4 94.4 Deep sea fishing 1 .2 .2 94.5 In Fremantle 4 .7 .7 95.2 In Exmouth 1 .2 .2 95.4 In Bunbury 1 .2 .2 95.6 Crabbing 1 .2 .2 95.8 Loved the challenge

3 .5 .5 96.3

At Nhulunbuy 1 .2 .2 96.5 I will never forget it 4 .7 .7 97.2 Never seen so many fish before 1 .2 .2 97.4

Released the fish 1 .2 .2 97.5 Went diving 1 .2 .2 97.7 In Busselton 1 .2 .2 97.9 In Carnarvon 1 .2 .2 98.1 In a dinghy 1 .2 .2 98.2 Spear fishing 1 .2 .2 98.4 In New Zealand 1 .2 .2 98.6 With my cousin 1 .2 .2 98.8 River fishing 5 .8 .9 99.6 In Tenterfield 1 .2 .2 99.8 Bridge fishing 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 567 93.9 100.0

Missing System 37 6.1 Total 604 100.0

Q10ii. The participants description of their first fishing experience.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid With Dad 19 3.1 6.1 6.1

Boat fishing 5 .8 1.6 7.6

96

Part F: Demographics

I caught a fish 37 6.1 11.8 19.4 With my family 13 2.2 4.1 23.6 Enjoyed being on the water and in the fresh air

1 .2 .3 23.9

Amazing 7 1.2 2.2 26.1 In the UK 6 1.0 1.9 28.0 Good bonding experience 3 .5 1.0 29.0

Exhilarating 4 .7 1.3 30.3 I loved fishing as a child 2 .3 .6 30.9

In Tasmania 2 .3 .6 31.5 Beach fishing 5 .8 1.6 33.1 Proud moment to catch my own dinner

4 .7 1.3 34.4

Fishing is life 1 .2 .3 34.7 Creek fishing 1 .2 .3 35.0 Fishing in a tinny 1 .2 .3 35.4 Experience was life changing 3 .5 1.0 36.3

Off the jetty 15 2.5 4.8 41.1 With my brother 1 .2 .3 41.4 My catch got away 2 .3 .6 42.0 With Grandad 4 .7 1.3 43.3 With my parents 1 .2 .3 43.6 Very exciting 11 1.8 3.5 47.1 I'm addicted now 22 3.6 7.0 54.1 Fun 14 2.3 4.5 58.6 Loved it 11 1.8 3.5 62.1 In the Swan river 8 1.3 2.5 64.6 On holidays with my family

1 .2 .3 65.0

Didn't catch anything 7 1.2 2.2 67.2

Relaxing 14 2.3 4.5 71.7 Off rocks 1 .2 .3 72.0 Used handlines 7 1.2 2.2 74.2

97

Part F: Demographics

In Mandurah 9 1.5 2.9 77.1 In Dunsborough 1 .2 .3 77.4 With my Uncle 1 .2 .3 77.7 In Kalbarri 3 .5 1.0 78.7 Loved the thrill of the catch 8 1.3 2.5 81.2

At Rottnest 6 1.0 1.9 83.1 Magical 1 .2 .3 83.4 In the Murray River

2 .3 .6 84.1

Best experience of my life 1 .2 .3 84.4

With Mum 1 .2 .3 84.7 Under a wharf 1 .2 .3 85.0 With my mates 2 .3 .6 85.7 Used a home made pole 5 .8 1.6 87.3

In Rockingham 3 .5 1.0 88.2 Hard to do 1 .2 .3 88.5 In Lake Ontario 1 .2 .3 88.9 Sad about killing fish

1 .2 .3 89.2

In Fremantle 3 .5 1.0 90.1 On Holidays 3 .5 1.0 91.1 In Bunbury 1 .2 .3 91.4 In Albany 2 .3 .6 92.0 In Canada 1 .2 .3 92.4 Crabbing 1 .2 .3 92.7 Loved the challenge 3 .5 1.0 93.6

I will never forget it 2 .3 .6 94.3 Never seen so many fish before 1 .2 .3 94.6

In Mosman Park 1 .2 .3 94.9 In the Nerang River

1 .2 .3 95.2

In NSW 3 .5 1.0 96.2 In Busselton 2 .3 .6 96.8 In Carnarvon 2 .3 .6 97.5

98

Part F: Demographics

In QLD 1 .2 .3 97.8 In a dinghy 2 .3 .6 98.4 In Walpole 1 .2 .3 98.7 In New Zealand 1 .2 .3 99.0 In Lancelin 1 .2 .3 99.4 In Jurien Bay 1 .2 .3 99.7 In Geographe Bay 1 .2 .3 100.0 Total 314 52.0 100.0

Missing System 290 48.0 Total 604 100.0

Q11. During the past 12 months how often the participant went recreational

fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid More than once a

week 91 15.1 15.9 15.9

Once a week 102 16.9 17.8 33.6 Once a fortnight 150 24.8 26.1 59.8 Once a month 130 21.5 22.6 82.4 6 times a year 57 9.4 9.9 92.3 4 times a year 21 3.5 3.7 96.0 2 times a year 7 1.2 1.2 97.2 Once a year 9 1.5 1.6 98.8 Never 7 1.2 1.2 100.0 Total 574 95.0 100.0

Missing System 30 5.0 Total 604 100.0

Q12. How much of the participant's leisure time is spent recreationally fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid None 6 1.0 1.0 1.0

A little 153 25.3 26.6 27.7 A moderate amount

279 46.2 48.5 76.2

Most 121 20.0 21.0 97.2

99

Part F: Demographics

All 16 2.6 2.8 100.0 Total 575 95.2 100.0

Missing System 29 4.8 Total 604 100.0

Q13a. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to relax and

unwind.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 11 1.8 1.9 1.9

Somewhat important 34 5.6 5.9 7.9

Neither important or unimportant 34 5.6 5.9 13.8

Important 233 38.6 40.7 54.5 Very important 260 43.0 45.5 100.0 Total 572 94.7 100.0

Missing System 32 5.3 Total 604 100.0

Q13b. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to experience the

catch.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 19 3.1 3.3 3.3

Somewhat important 27 4.5 4.7 8.1

Neither important or unimportant

92 15.2 16.1 24.2

Important 256 42.4 44.8 69.0 Very important 177 29.3 31.0 100.0 Total 571 94.5 100.0

Missing System 33 5.5 Total 604 100.0

Q13c. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to be outdoors.

100

Part F: Demographics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 4 .7 .7 .7

Somewhat important

12 2.0 2.1 2.8

Neither important or unimportant 28 4.6 4.9 7.7

Important 286 47.4 50.0 57.7 Very important 242 40.1 42.3 100.0 Total 572 94.7 100.0

Missing System 32 5.3 Total 604 100.0

Q13d. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to enjoy solitude.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 60 9.9 10.5 10.5

Somewhat important

33 5.5 5.8 16.3

Neither important or unimportant 155 25.7 27.2 43.6

Important 214 35.4 37.6 81.2 Very important 107 17.7 18.8 100.0 Total 569 94.2 100.0

Missing System 35 5.8 Total 604 100.0

Q13e. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to be with family.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 43 7.1 7.6 7.6

Somewhat important

55 9.1 9.7 17.3

Neither important or unimportant 114 18.9 20.1 37.4

Important 219 36.3 38.6 76.0 Very important 136 22.5 24.0 100.0

101

Part F: Demographics

Total 567 93.9 100.0 Missing System 37 6.1 Total 604 100.0

Q13f. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to be with friends

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 22 3.6 3.8 3.8

Somewhat important

50 8.3 8.7 12.6

Neither important or unimportant 99 16.4 17.3 29.8

Important 275 45.5 48.0 77.8 Very important 127 21.0 22.2 100.0 Total 573 94.9 100.0

Missing System 31 5.1 Total 604 100.0

Q13g. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, in fishing

competitions.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 351 58.1 61.9 61.9

Somewhat important 42 7.0 7.4 69.3

Neither important or unimportant 110 18.2 19.4 88.7

Important 37 6.1 6.5 95.2 Very important 27 4.5 4.8 100.0 Total 567 93.9 100.0

Missing System 37 6.1 Total 604 100.0

Q13h. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to fish for sport.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

102

Part F: Demographics

Valid Unimportant 179 29.6 31.5 31.5 Somewhat important 60 9.9 10.5 42.0

Neither important or unimportant

125 20.7 22.0 64.0

Important 132 21.9 23.2 87.2 Very important 73 12.1 12.8 100.0 Total 569 94.2 100.0

Missing System 35 5.8 Total 604 100.0

Q13i. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, for health reasons.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 112 18.5 19.7 19.7

Somewhat important 69 11.4 12.1 31.9

Neither important or unimportant

164 27.2 28.9 60.7

Important 143 23.7 25.2 85.9 Very important 80 13.2 14.1 100.0 Total 568 94.0 100.0

Missing System 36 6.0 Total 604 100.0

Q13j. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to self supply with

fresh fish.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 84 13.9 14.7 14.7

Somewhat important

72 11.9 12.6 27.3

Neither important or unimportant 128 21.2 22.4 49.7

Important 179 29.6 31.3 80.9 Very important 109 18.0 19.1 100.0 Total 572 94.7 100.0

103

Part F: Demographics

Missing System 32 5.3 Total 604 100.0

Q13k. How important it is to the participant to go rec. fishing, to get to know

other people.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 148 24.5 26.1 26.1

Somewhat important 94 15.6 16.6 42.7

Neither important or unimportant 182 30.1 32.1 74.8

Important 114 18.9 20.1 94.9 Very important 29 4.8 5.1 100.0 Total 567 93.9 100.0

Missing System 37 6.1 Total 604 100.0

Q13l. Other reasons the participant think they go rec. fishing for.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 557 92.2 92.2 92.2

Catching different species of fish 6 1.0 1.0 93.2

Messing around in boats 1 .2 .2 93.4

Being relaxed and focused at the same time

1 .2 .2 93.5

Bonding with my partner 1 .2 .2 93.7

Having fun 5 .8 .8 94.5 Sense of achievement

1 .2 .2 94.7

Male bonding 1 .2 .2 94.9 Longevity 1 .2 .2 95.0 Product testing 1 .2 .2 95.2

104

Part F: Demographics

Wilderness experience 7 1.2 1.2 96.4

Low cost food source

1 .2 .2 96.5

Help teach others the importance of sustainable fishing and respecting the environment

7 1.2 1.2 97.7

To satisfy a need/addiction to be on the water

7 1.2 1.2 98.8

Spending time with my children 1 .2 .2 99.0

Something to look forward to 3 .5 .5 99.5

Stress relief 2 .3 .3 99.8 Vitamin D 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 604 100.0 100.0

Q13li. How important the other reasons are to the participant

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 1 .2 14.3 14.3

Somewhat important 2 .3 28.6 42.9

Neither important or unimportant

1 .2 14.3 57.1

Important 3 .5 42.9 100.0 Total 7 1.2 100.0

Missing System 597 98.8 Total 604 100.0

Q14i. Things that stop the participant going fishing as much as they would like.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Working away 9 1.5 1.6 1.6

Work 193 32.0 34.9 36.5

105

Part F: Demographics

Weather 148 24.5 26.8 63.3 Time 42 7.0 7.6 70.9 Money 19 3.1 3.4 74.3 Fishing regulations and restrictions 6 1.0 1.1 75.4

Fuel prices 2 .3 .4 75.8 Other commitments

8 1.3 1.4 77.2

Bait makes my boat smell 1 .2 .2 77.4

Don't own a boat 7 1.2 1.3 78.7 Illness 9 1.5 1.6 80.3 Lack of launching facilities 7 1.2 1.3 81.6

Tides 1 .2 .2 81.7 Housework 5 .8 .9 82.6 School 4 .7 .7 83.4 Young children 6 1.0 1.1 84.4 Boating facilities 4 .7 .7 85.2 My wife 14 2.3 2.5 87.7 Family commitments

15 2.5 2.7 90.4

Having children 6 1.0 1.1 91.5 Live too far away from the coast /fishing spots

23 3.8 4.2 95.7

Seasickness 2 .3 .4 96.0 Moving country 1 .2 .2 96.2 Transport 2 .3 .4 96.6 Grandchildren 2 .3 .4 96.9 Over fishing 2 .3 .4 97.3 Lack of good fishing spots

4 .7 .7 98.0

Lack of fishing companions 5 .8 .9 98.9

Age 2 .3 .4 99.3 Crowded fishing spots 2 .3 .4 99.6

106

Part F: Demographics

Sporting commitments 2 .3 .4 100.0

Total 553 91.6 100.0 Missing System 51 8.4 Total 604 100.0

Q14ii. Things that stop the participant going fishing as much as they would like.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Working away 5 .8 1.4 1.4

Work 55 9.1 14.9 16.2 Weather 98 16.2 26.5 42.7 Time 31 5.1 8.4 51.1 Money 25 4.1 6.8 57.8 Fishing regulations and restrictions 1 .2 .3 58.1

Fuel prices 2 .3 .5 58.6 Other commitments 17 2.8 4.6 63.2

Don't own a boat 5 .8 1.4 64.6 Illness 7 1.2 1.9 66.5 Lack of launching facilities

3 .5 .8 67.3

Tides 2 .3 .5 67.8 Housework 16 2.6 4.3 72.2 School 3 .5 .8 73.0 Young children 8 1.3 2.2 75.1 Boating facilities 2 .3 .5 75.7 My wife 7 1.2 1.9 77.6 Family commitments 45 7.5 12.2 89.7

Football 1 .2 .3 90.0 Cyclones 1 .2 .3 90.3 Having children 3 .5 .8 91.1 Live too far away from the coast /fishing spots

13 2.2 3.5 94.6

107

Part F: Demographics

Not really interested 1 .2 .3 94.9

Transport 2 .3 .5 95.4 Lack of good fishing spots

3 .5 .8 96.2

Lack of fishing companions 8 1.3 2.2 98.4

Age 4 .7 1.1 99.5 Lack of energy 2 .3 .5 100.0 Total 370 61.3 100.0

Missing System 234 38.7 Total 604 100.0

Q14iii. Things that stop the participant going fishing as much as they would like.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Working away 1 .2 .8 .8

Work 12 2.0 9.3 10.1 Weather 21 3.5 16.3 26.4 Time 7 1.2 5.4 31.8 Money 12 2.0 9.3 41.1 Fishing regulations and restrictions

3 .5 2.3 43.4

Fuel prices 1 .2 .8 44.2 Other commitments 6 1.0 4.7 48.8

Lack of launching facilities 2 .3 1.6 50.4

Housework 6 1.0 4.7 55.0 Young children 5 .8 3.9 58.9 Boating facilities 1 .2 .8 59.7 My wife 5 .8 3.9 63.6 Family commitments

22 3.6 17.1 80.6

Having children 2 .3 1.6 82.2 Live too far away from the coast /fishing spots

4 .7 3.1 85.3

108

Part F: Demographics

Boat issues /maintenance

2 .3 1.6 86.8

Transport 2 .3 1.6 88.4 Busy boat ramps 1 .2 .8 89.1 Lack of good fishing spots 2 .3 1.6 90.7

University 1 .2 .8 91.5 Lack of fishing companions 5 .8 3.9 95.3

Lack of energy 2 .3 1.6 96.9 Crowded fishing spots

3 .5 2.3 99.2

Sporting commitments 1 .2 .8 100.0

Total 129 21.4 100.0 Missing System 475 78.6 Total 604 100.0

Q15i. Health and well-being benefits the participant gains from recreational

fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Many 4 .7 .7 .7

Sun 10 1.7 1.8 2.6 Relaxation 145 24.0 26.6 29.2 Stress relief 57 9.4 10.5 39.6 Fitness 2 .3 .4 40.0 Mateship 4 .7 .7 40.7 Happiness 13 2.2 2.4 43.1 Life 2 .3 .4 43.5 Being outdoors 40 6.6 7.3 50.8 Exercise 79 13.1 14.5 65.3 Interest 1 .2 .2 65.5 Close to nature 9 1.5 1.7 67.2 I always feel better after fishing 3 .5 .6 67.7

Family bonding 7 1.2 1.3 69.0

109

Part F: Demographics

Nutritional benefits of eating fish 5 .8 .9 69.9

Mental health 41 6.8 7.5 77.4 Learning new skills

1 .2 .2 77.6

Happiness catching a fish 1 .2 .2 77.8

Sense of achievement 2 .3 .4 78.2

Fresh air 59 9.8 10.8 89.0 Feel connected to my roots

1 .2 .2 89.2

Time to think 6 1.0 1.1 90.3 Fun 2 .3 .4 90.6 Fresh fish 7 1.2 1.3 91.9 None 2 .3 .4 92.3 Socialising 5 .8 .9 93.2 Don't know 2 .3 .4 93.6 Find peace 13 2.2 2.4 96.0 Lifts depressed mood 5 .8 .9 96.9

Humour/laughter 1 .2 .2 97.1 Enjoyment 2 .3 .4 97.4 Teaches patience 1 .2 .2 97.6 Learn to focus 2 .3 .4 98.0 Being on the water 5 .8 .9 98.9 Solitude 2 .3 .4 99.3 Excitement 1 .2 .2 99.4 Sleep better 1 .2 .2 99.6 Time away from computer, tv etc. 1 .2 .2 99.8

326 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 545 90.2 100.0

Missing System 59 9.8 Total 604 100.0

Q15ii. Health and well-being benefits the participant gains from recreational

fishing.

110

Part F: Demographics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Sun 17 2.8 4.1 4.1

Relaxation 46 7.6 11.0 15.1 Stress relief 46 7.6 11.0 26.1 Fitness 2 .3 .5 26.6 Mateship 6 1.0 1.4 28.0 Happiness 19 3.1 4.5 32.5 Life 1 .2 .2 32.8 Being outdoors 25 4.1 6.0 38.8 Exercise 50 8.3 12.0 50.7 Interest 3 .5 .7 51.4 Close to nature 15 2.5 3.6 55.0 I always feel better after fishing

2 .3 .5 55.5

Family bonding 19 3.1 4.5 60.0 Nutritional benefits of eating fish 6 1.0 1.4 61.5

Mental health 25 4.1 6.0 67.5 Learning new skills 4 .7 1.0 68.4

Happiness catching a fish

2 .3 .5 68.9

Sense of achievement 6 1.0 1.4 70.3

Meet new people 1 .2 .2 70.6 Engaged 2 .3 .5 71.1 Fresh air 28 4.6 6.7 77.8 Clarity of the mind 3 .5 .7 78.5 Feel connected to my roots 1 .2 .2 78.7

Time to think 10 1.7 2.4 81.1 Using your hands 1 .2 .2 81.3 Fun 8 1.3 1.9 83.3 Fresh fish 9 1.5 2.2 85.4 Socialising 13 2.2 3.1 88.5 Find peace 10 1.7 2.4 90.9 Lifts depressed mood

3 .5 .7 91.6

111

Part F: Demographics

Humour/laughter 4 .7 1.0 92.6 Enjoyment 4 .7 1.0 93.5 Teaches patience 3 .5 .7 94.3 Learn to focus 4 .7 1.0 95.2 Being on the water 10 1.7 2.4 97.6 Solitude 4 .7 1.0 98.6 Excitement 1 .2 .2 98.8 Time away from computer, tv etc. 1 .2 .2 99.0

Adrenalin 2 .3 .5 99.5 Challenge 1 .2 .2 99.8 Good for my back 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 418 69.2 100.0

Missing System 186 30.8 Total 604 100.0

Q15iii. Health and well-being benefits the participant gains from recreational

fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Sun 6 1.0 2.3 2.3

Relaxation 26 4.3 10.1 12.5 Stress relief 15 2.5 5.8 18.3 Mateship 2 .3 .8 19.1 Happiness 2 .3 .8 19.8 Life 1 .2 .4 20.2 Being outdoors 10 1.7 3.9 24.1 Exercise 26 4.3 10.1 34.2 Close to nature 8 1.3 3.1 37.4 I always feel better after fishing 1 .2 .4 37.7

Family bonding 8 1.3 3.1 40.9 Nutritional benefits of eating fish

13 2.2 5.1 45.9

Mental health 7 1.2 2.7 48.6 Learning new skills 6 1.0 2.3 51.0

112

Part F: Demographics

Happiness catching a fish 7 1.2 2.7 53.7

Sense of achievement

7 1.2 2.7 56.4

Soothing 2 .3 .8 57.2 Meet new people 2 .3 .8 58.0 Fresh air 10 1.7 3.9 61.9 Clarity of the mind 1 .2 .4 62.3 Feel connected to my roots 2 .3 .8 63.0

Time to think 6 1.0 2.3 65.4 Using your hands 1 .2 .4 65.8 Fun 3 .5 1.2 66.9 Fresh fish 22 3.6 8.6 75.5 Socialising 26 4.3 10.1 85.6 Find peace 4 .7 1.6 87.2 Lifts depressed mood 1 .2 .4 87.5

Humour/laughter 2 .3 .8 88.3 Enjoyment 3 .5 1.2 89.5 Learn to focus 1 .2 .4 89.9 Being on the water 5 .8 1.9 91.8 Solitude 7 1.2 2.7 94.6 Excitement 7 1.2 2.7 97.3 Time away from computer, tv etc.

3 .5 1.2 98.4

Adrenalin 1 .2 .4 98.8 Challenge 2 .3 .8 99.6 Good for my back 1 .2 .4 100.0 Total 257 42.5 100.0

Missing System 347 57.5 Total 604 100.0

Q16i. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks other people could

gain from recreational fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Many 4 .7 .7 .7

113

Part F: Demographics

Sun 12 2.0 2.2 2.9 Relaxation 142 23.5 26.0 28.9 Stress relief 51 8.4 9.3 38.3 Mateship 5 .8 .9 39.2 Being outdoors 49 8.1 9.0 48.2 Happiness 12 2.0 2.2 50.4 Life 1 .2 .2 50.5 Fresh air 42 7.0 7.7 58.2 Close to nature 18 3.0 3.3 61.5 Enjoyment 9 1.5 1.6 63.2 Great escape 1 .2 .2 63.4 Exercise 68 11.3 12.5 75.8 Mental health 28 4.6 5.1 81.0 Nutritional benefits of eating fish 6 1.0 1.1 82.1

Family bonding 4 .7 .7 82.8 Happiness catching a fish

3 .5 .5 83.3

Positive activity 3 .5 .5 83.9 Teaches patience 5 .8 .9 84.8 Confidence 2 .3 .4 85.2 Learning new skills 3 .5 .5 85.7

Meet new people 4 .7 .7 86.4 Socialising 7 1.2 1.3 87.7 Fresh fish 12 2.0 2.2 89.9 Less time playing computer games, watching tv etc.

2 .3 .4 90.3

Sense of achievement 2 .3 .4 90.7

None 1 .2 .2 90.8 Haven't thought about it 4 .7 .7 91.6

Don’t know 15 2.5 2.7 94.3 Fun 2 .3 .4 94.7 Excitement 1 .2 .2 94.9 Solitude 4 .7 .7 95.6 Find peace 11 1.8 2.0 97.6

114

Part F: Demographics

Respect 1 .2 .2 97.8 Time to think 4 .7 .7 98.5 Being out on the water 3 .5 .5 99.1

Relief from depression/anxiety

2 .3 .4 99.5

Humour/laughter 1 .2 .2 99.6 Cheap activity 1 .2 .2 99.8 Problem solving 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 546 90.4 100.0

Missing System 58 9.6 Total 604 100.0

Q16ii. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks other people could

gain from recreational fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Sun 16 2.6 4.0 4.0

Relaxation 36 6.0 8.9 12.8 Stress relief 35 5.8 8.6 21.5 Fitness 1 .2 .2 21.7 Mateship 7 1.2 1.7 23.5 Being outdoors 26 4.3 6.4 29.9 Happiness 11 1.8 2.7 32.6 Life 1 .2 .2 32.8 Fresh air 29 4.8 7.2 40.0 Close to nature 17 2.8 4.2 44.2 Enjoyment 5 .8 1.2 45.4 Great escape 2 .3 .5 45.9 Exercise 57 9.4 14.1 60.0 Interest 1 .2 .2 60.2 Mental health 19 3.1 4.7 64.9 Nutritional benefits of eating fish

12 2.0 3.0 67.9

Healthy lifestyle 1 .2 .2 68.1 Family bonding 7 1.2 1.7 69.9 Happiness catching a fish 4 .7 1.0 70.9

115

Part F: Demographics

Positive activity 3 .5 .7 71.6 Teaches patience 4 .7 1.0 72.6 Learning new skills 4 .7 1.0 73.6

Discover a new passion

2 .3 .5 74.1

Meet new people 1 .2 .2 74.3 Socialising 18 3.0 4.4 78.8 Fresh fish 14 2.3 3.5 82.2 Less time playing computer games, watching tv etc.

3 .5 .7 83.0

Sense of achievement

12 2.0 3.0 85.9

Enjoying life 1 .2 .2 86.2 Feel connected to their roots 1 .2 .2 86.4

Fun 13 2.2 3.2 89.6 Excitement 5 .8 1.2 90.9 Solitude 3 .5 .7 91.6 Find peace 10 1.7 2.5 94.1 Contentment 2 .3 .5 94.6 Time to think 8 1.3 2.0 96.5 Being out on the water 5 .8 1.2 97.8

An activity everyone can take part in young and old

1 .2 .2 98.0

Challenge 4 .7 1.0 99.0 Adrenalin 3 .5 .7 99.8 Humour/laughter 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 405 67.1 100.0

Missing System 199 32.9 Total 604 100.0

Q16iii. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks other people could

gain from recreational fishing.

116

Part F: Demographics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Sun 9 1.5 3.6 3.6

Relaxation 26 4.3 10.5 14.2 Stress relief 13 2.2 5.3 19.4 Mateship 2 .3 .8 20.2 Being outdoors 15 2.5 6.1 26.3 Happiness 1 .2 .4 26.7 Fresh air 12 2.0 4.9 31.6 Close to nature 14 2.3 5.7 37.2 Enjoyment 4 .7 1.6 38.9 Great escape 2 .3 .8 39.7 Exercise 26 4.3 10.5 50.2 Mental health 13 2.2 5.3 55.5 Nutritional benefits of eating fish

13 2.2 5.3 60.7

Family bonding 4 .7 1.6 62.3 Happiness catching a fish 5 .8 2.0 64.4

Teaches patience 1 .2 .4 64.8 Confidence 1 .2 .4 65.2 Learning new skills 5 .8 2.0 67.2

Discover a new passion

2 .3 .8 68.0

Meet new people 3 .5 1.2 69.2 Socialising 27 4.5 10.9 80.2 Fresh fish 10 1.7 4.0 84.2 Less time playing computer games, watching tv etc.

8 1.3 3.2 87.4

Sense of achievement

3 .5 1.2 88.7

None 1 .2 .4 89.1 Feel connected to their roots 2 .3 .8 89.9

Fun 2 .3 .8 90.7 Excitement 4 .7 1.6 92.3 Solitude 3 .5 1.2 93.5

117

Part F: Demographics

Using your hands 1 .2 .4 93.9 Find peace 6 1.0 2.4 96.4 Contentment 1 .2 .4 96.8 Time to think 5 .8 2.0 98.8 Being out on the water 1 .2 .4 99.2

Challenge 1 .2 .4 99.6 Humour/laughter 1 .2 .4 100.0 Total 247 40.9 100.0

Missing System 357 59.1 Total 604 100.0

Q17i. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks families could gain

from recreational fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Being together 141 23.3 26.1 26.1

Sun 7 1.2 1.3 27.4 Relaxation 39 6.5 7.2 34.6 Stress relief 9 1.5 1.7 36.2 Mateship 2 .3 .4 36.6 Being outdoors 16 2.6 3.0 39.6 Happiness 6 1.0 1.1 40.7 Learning new skills 9 1.5 1.7 42.3

Life 1 .2 .2 42.5 Less times playing video games, watching tv etc.

16 2.6 3.0 45.5

Family bonding 148 24.5 27.4 72.8 Exercise 29 4.8 5.4 78.2 Nutritional benefits of eating fish 6 1.0 1.1 79.3

Team work 9 1.5 1.7 81.0 Seeing wildlife 1 .2 .2 81.1 Mental health 10 1.7 1.8 83.0 Common interest 4 .7 .7 83.7 Good stories 1 .2 .2 83.9

118

Part F: Demographics

Happiness catching a fish 1 .2 .2 84.1

Socialising 15 2.5 2.8 86.9 Making memories 3 .5 .6 87.4 Being responsible for catching own dinner

1 .2 .2 87.6

Fresh air 20 3.3 3.7 91.3 Fresh fish 6 1.0 1.1 92.4 None 2 .3 .4 92.8 Fun 13 2.2 2.4 95.2 Adrenalin 1 .2 .2 95.4 Being out on the water 1 .2 .2 95.6

Close to nature 2 .3 .4 95.9 Cheap activity 1 .2 .2 96.1 Communicating 5 .8 .9 97.0 Builds self esteem 1 .2 .2 97.2 Peace 4 .7 .7 98.0 An activity everyone can take part in young and old

3 .5 .6 98.5

Healthy competition

1 .2 .2 98.7

Teach sustainability 1 .2 .2 98.9

Don't know 2 .3 .4 99.3 Families who fish together, stay together

2 .3 .4 99.6

Rest 1 .2 .2 99.8 Good adventure 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 541 89.6 100.0

Missing System 63 10.4 Total 604 100.0

Q17ii. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks families could gain

from recreational fishing.

119

Part F: Demographics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Being together 22 3.6 5.9 5.9

Sun 10 1.7 2.7 8.6 Relaxation 19 3.1 5.1 13.6 Stress relief 11 1.8 2.9 16.6 Fitness 1 .2 .3 16.8 Mateship 5 .8 1.3 18.2 Being outdoors 28 4.6 7.5 25.7 Happiness 5 .8 1.3 27.0 Learning new skills

19 3.1 5.1 32.1

Life 3 .5 .8 32.9 Less times playing video games, watching tv etc.

19 3.1 5.1 38.0

Family bonding 39 6.5 10.4 48.4 Exercise 33 5.5 8.8 57.2 Encourages respect for knowledge

3 .5 .8 58.0

Nutritional benefits of eating fish 5 .8 1.3 59.4

Vitamin D 3 .5 .8 60.2 Team work 9 1.5 2.4 62.6 Seeing wildlife 1 .2 .3 62.8 Mental health 9 1.5 2.4 65.2 Positive activity 1 .2 .3 65.5 Common interest 7 1.2 1.9 67.4 Happiness catching a fish

11 1.8 2.9 70.3

Socialising 9 1.5 2.4 72.7 Making memories 9 1.5 2.4 75.1 Fresh air 16 2.6 4.3 79.4 Fresh fish 11 1.8 2.9 82.4 None 3 .5 .8 83.2 Fun 21 3.5 5.6 88.8 Adrenalin 3 .5 .8 89.6

120

Part F: Demographics

Being out on the water 2 .3 .5 90.1

Close to nature 7 1.2 1.9 92.0 Cheap activity 1 .2 .3 92.2 Communicating 7 1.2 1.9 94.1 Helps learn patience

5 .8 1.3 95.5

Builds self esteem 1 .2 .3 95.7 Peace 2 .3 .5 96.3 Encourage respect for nature and the environment

8 1.3 2.1 98.4

An activity everyone can take part in young and old

2 .3 .5 98.9

Healthy competition

1 .2 .3 99.2

Get to know each other better 1 .2 .3 99.5

Teach sustainability 1 .2 .3 99.7

Good adventure 1 .2 .3 100.0 Total 374 61.9 100.0

Missing System 230 38.1 Total 604 100.0

Q17iii. Health and well-being benefits the participant thinks families could gain

from recreational fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Being together 9 1.5 4.5 4.5

Sun 4 .7 2.0 6.5 Relaxation 10 1.7 5.0 11.6 Stress relief 2 .3 1.0 12.6 Mateship 2 .3 1.0 13.6 Being outdoors 10 1.7 5.0 18.6 Happiness 3 .5 1.5 20.1

121

Part F: Demographics

Learning new skills 8 1.3 4.0 24.1

Life 2 .3 1.0 25.1 Less times playing video games, watching tv etc.

16 2.6 8.0 33.2

Family bonding 26 4.3 13.1 46.2 Exercise 15 2.5 7.5 53.8 Encourages respect for knowledge

1 .2 .5 54.3

Nutritional benefits of eating fish 7 1.2 3.5 57.8

Vitamin D 3 .5 1.5 59.3 Team work 3 .5 1.5 60.8 Seeing wildlife 1 .2 .5 61.3 Mental health 1 .2 .5 61.8 Positive activity 3 .5 1.5 63.3 Common interest 3 .5 1.5 64.8 Happiness catching a fish 5 .8 2.5 67.3

Socialising 12 2.0 6.0 73.4 Making memories 5 .8 2.5 75.9 Being responsible for catching own dinner

4 .7 2.0 77.9

Fresh air 6 1.0 3.0 80.9 Fresh fish 4 .7 2.0 82.9 Fun 7 1.2 3.5 86.4 Adrenalin 1 .2 .5 86.9 Being out on the water 1 .2 .5 87.4

Close to nature 6 1.0 3.0 90.5 Encourages kids independence

2 .3 1.0 91.5

Communicating 2 .3 1.0 92.5 Peace 3 .5 1.5 94.0 Encourage respect for nature and the environment

3 .5 1.5 95.5

122

Part F: Demographics

An activity everyone can take part in young and old

2 .3 1.0 96.5

Healthy competition 3 .5 1.5 98.0

Teach sustainability

3 .5 1.5 99.5

Families who fish together, stay together

1 .2 .5 100.0

Total 199 32.9 100.0 Missing System 405 67.1 Total 604 100.0

Q18i. Whether there are any health or medical conditions which impact the

participants ability to fish or go fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid No 414 68.5 77.5 77.5

Back problems 20 3.3 3.7 81.3 Dialysis 1 .2 .2 81.5 Sunburn 4 .7 .7 82.2 Osteoarthritis 2 .3 .4 82.6 Cannot hike distances to good fishing spots

1 .2 .2 82.8

Seasickness 7 1.2 1.3 84.1 Hip issues 2 .3 .4 84.5 I don't know 1 .2 .2 84.6 Yes 8 1.3 1.5 86.1 Arthritis 12 2.0 2.2 88.4 Eye sight deteriorating 2 .3 .4 88.8

Ross river virus 1 .2 .2 89.0 Insomnia 1 .2 .2 89.1 Age 17 2.8 3.2 92.3 Knees 10 1.7 1.9 94.2 Hand injury 1 .2 .2 94.4

123

Part F: Demographics

Diabetes 4 .7 .7 95.1 Shoulder injury 1 .2 .2 95.3 Wrist injury 2 .3 .4 95.7 Overweight/obesity 4 .7 .7 96.4

Laziness 1 .2 .2 96.6 Cancer 2 .3 .4 97.0 Heart problems 2 .3 .4 97.4 Fatigue 1 .2 .2 97.6 Recent operations 2 .3 .4 97.9 Compartment syndrome

1 .2 .2 98.1

Poor lungs 1 .2 .2 98.3 Sore arm 1 .2 .2 98.5 Hangover 2 .3 .4 98.9 Asthma 1 .2 .2 99.1 Depression 3 .5 .6 99.6 Tennis injury 1 .2 .2 99.8 Broken pelvis 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 534 88.4 100.0

Missing System 70 11.6 Total 604 100.0

Q18ii. Whether there are any health or medical conditions which impact the

participants ability to fish or go fishing.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Back problems 1 .2 5.9 5.9

Ankle injury 1 .2 5.9 11.8 Arthritis 1 .2 5.9 17.6 Eye sight deteriorating

1 .2 5.9 23.5

Age 1 .2 5.9 29.4 Knees 4 .7 23.5 52.9 Aortic stenosis 1 .2 5.9 58.8 Shoulder injury 1 .2 5.9 64.7 Cancer 1 .2 5.9 70.6 Poor lungs 1 .2 5.9 76.5

124

Part F: Demographics

Poor balance 1 .2 5.9 82.4 Hernia 1 .2 5.9 88.2 Anxiety 2 .3 11.8 100.0 Total 17 2.8 100.0

Missing System 587 97.2 Total 604 100.0

Q19a. How important sport is to the participants health and well-being.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 90 14.9 16.1 16.1

Somewhat important

57 9.4 10.2 26.3

Neither important or unimportant 130 21.5 23.3 49.6

Important 195 32.3 34.9 84.6 Very important 86 14.2 15.4 100.0 Total 558 92.4 100.0

Missing System 46 7.6 Total 604 100.0

Q19b. How important recreation is to the participants health and well-being.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 10 1.7 1.8 1.8

Somewhat important

24 4.0 4.2 6.0

Neither important or unimportant 36 6.0 6.4 12.4

Important 288 47.7 51.0 63.4 Very important 207 34.3 36.6 100.0 Total 565 93.5 100.0

Missing System 39 6.5 Total 604 100.0

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Part F: Demographics

Q19c. How important recreational fishing is to the participants health and well-being.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Unimportant 12 2.0 2.1 2.1

Somewhat important 31 5.1 5.5 7.6

Neither important or unimportant

43 7.1 7.6 15.2

Important 218 36.1 38.5 53.7 Very important 262 43.4 46.3 100.0 Total 566 93.7 100.0

Missing System 38 6.3 Total 604 100.0

Q20. How often does the participant usually eat seafood?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Twice or more a

week 205 33.9 36.2 36.2

Once a week 220 36.4 38.9 75.1 Once a fortnight 91 15.1 16.1 91.2 Once a month 32 5.3 5.7 96.8 6 times a year 7 1.2 1.2 98.1 4 times a year 2 .3 .4 98.4 Once a year 2 .3 .4 98.8 Never 7 1.2 1.2 100.0 Total 566 93.7 100.0

Missing System 38 6.3 Total 604 100.0

Q21a. How much of the participants seafood consumption is sourced

from recreational fishing (%)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 18 3.0 3.2 3.2

1 16 2.6 2.9 6.1

126

Part F: Demographics

2 5 .8 .9 7.0 5 36 6.0 6.5 13.5 10 63 10.4 11.3 24.8 15 8 1.3 1.4 26.3 20 39 6.5 7.0 33.3 25 6 1.0 1.1 34.4 30 22 3.6 4.0 38.3 40 15 2.5 2.7 41.0 50 47 7.8 8.5 49.5 60 20 3.3 3.6 53.1 65 2 .3 .4 53.4 70 30 5.0 5.4 58.8 75 13 2.2 2.3 61.2 80 52 8.6 9.4 70.5 85 5 .8 .9 71.4 90 67 11.1 12.1 83.5 95 27 4.5 4.9 88.3 97 1 .2 .2 88.5 98 4 .7 .7 89.2 99 11 1.8 2.0 91.2 100 49 8.1 8.8 100.0 Total 556 92.1 100.0

Missing System 48 7.9 Total 604 100.0

Q21b. How much of the participants seafood consumption has been

purchased (%)

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 23 3.8 4.3 4.3

1 11 1.8 2.1 6.4 2 4 .7 .8 7.1 3 1 .2 .2 7.3 5 27 4.5 5.1 12.4 10 68 11.3 12.8 25.2 15 5 .8 .9 26.1 20 52 8.6 9.8 35.9

127

Part F: Demographics

25 13 2.2 2.4 38.3 30 29 4.8 5.5 43.8 35 2 .3 .4 44.2 40 23 3.8 4.3 48.5 50 48 7.9 9.0 57.5 60 15 2.5 2.8 60.3 70 22 3.6 4.1 64.5 75 5 .8 .9 65.4 80 41 6.8 7.7 73.1 85 7 1.2 1.3 74.4 90 56 9.3 10.5 85.0 95 36 6.0 6.8 91.7 98 4 .7 .8 92.5 99 15 2.5 2.8 95.3 100 25 4.1 4.7 100.0 Total 532 88.1 100.0

Missing System 72 11.9 Total 604 100.0

Q22. How the participant would rate their quality of life.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very poor 1 .2 .2 .2

Poor 6 1.0 1.1 1.3 Neither poor nor good

23 3.8 4.1 5.4

Good 273 45.2 48.9 54.3 Very good 255 42.2 45.7 100.0 Total 558 92.4 100.0

Missing System 46 7.6 Total 604 100.0

Q23. How satisfied the participant is with their health.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 10 1.7 1.8 1.8

Dissatisfied 65 10.8 11.6 13.4

128

Part F: Demographics

Nether satisfied or dissatisfied 76 12.6 13.5 26.9

Satisfied 336 55.6 59.9 86.8 Very satisfied 74 12.3 13.2 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q24a. The extent to which the participant feel that physical pain prevents them

from doing what they need to do.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 259 42.9 46.1 46.1

A little 189 31.3 33.6 79.7 Moderately 73 12.1 13.0 92.7 Very much 31 5.1 5.5 98.2 An extreme amount 10 1.7 1.8 100.0

Total 562 93.0 100.0 Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q24b. The extent to which the participant needs medical treatment to function in

their daily life.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 324 53.6 58.3 58.3

A little 140 23.2 25.2 83.5 Moderately 51 8.4 9.2 92.6 Very much 35 5.8 6.3 98.9 An extreme amount 6 1.0 1.1 100.0

Total 556 92.1 100.0 Missing System 48 7.9 Total 604 100.0

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Part F: Demographics

Q24c. The extent to which the participant enjoys life.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid A little 9 1.5 1.6 1.6

Moderately 55 9.1 9.8 11.4 Very much 327 54.1 58.5 69.9 An extreme amount 168 27.8 30.1 100.0

Total 559 92.5 100.0 Missing System 45 7.5 Total 604 100.0

Q24d. The extent to which the participant feels their life to be meaningful.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 5 .8 .9 .9

A little 25 4.1 4.5 5.3 Moderately 104 17.2 18.5 23.9 Very much 284 47.0 50.6 74.5 An extreme amount

143 23.7 25.5 100.0

Total 561 92.9 100.0 Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q24e. How well the participant thinks they are able to concentrate.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 3 .5 .5 .5

A little 19 3.1 3.4 3.9 Moderately 136 22.5 24.2 28.2 Very much 310 51.3 55.3 83.4 An extreme amount 93 15.4 16.6 100.0

Total 561 92.9 100.0 Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

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Part F: Demographics

Q24f. How safe the participant feels in their daily life.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 1 .2 .2 .2

A little 9 1.5 1.6 1.8 Moderately 72 11.9 12.9 14.6 Very much 321 53.1 57.3 72.0 An extreme amount 157 26.0 28.0 100.0

Total 560 92.7 100.0 Missing System 44 7.3 Total 604 100.0

Q24g. How healthy the participant thinks their physical environment is.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 3 .5 .5 .5

A little 20 3.3 3.6 4.1 Moderately 130 21.5 23.2 27.3 Very much 303 50.2 54.0 81.3 An extreme amount 105 17.4 18.7 100.0

Total 561 92.9 100.0 Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q25a. Whether the participant thinks they have enough energy for

everyday life.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 5 .8 .9 .9

A little 18 3.0 3.2 4.1 Moderately 80 13.2 14.2 18.3 Mostly 306 50.7 54.4 72.8 Completely 153 25.3 27.2 100.0

131

Part F: Demographics

Total 562 93.0 100.0 Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q25b. Whether the participant is you able to accept their bodily

appearance.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 8 1.3 1.4 1.4

A little 37 6.1 6.6 8.0 Moderately 94 15.6 16.8 24.8 Mostly 235 38.9 41.9 66.7 Completely 187 31.0 33.3 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q25c. Whether the participant thinks they have enough money to meet

their needs.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 25 4.1 4.5 4.5

A little 35 5.8 6.3 10.8 Moderately 106 17.5 19.0 29.7 Mostly 260 43.0 46.6 76.3 Completely 132 21.9 23.7 100.0 Total 558 92.4 100.0

Missing System 46 7.6 Total 604 100.0

Q25d. How available the information that the participant needs in their

day-to-day life is to them.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 3 .5 .5 .5

A little 8 1.3 1.4 2.0

132

Part F: Demographics

Moderately 66 10.9 11.8 13.8 Mostly 305 50.5 54.5 68.2 Completely 178 29.5 31.8 100.0 Total 560 92.7 100.0

Missing System 44 7.3 Total 604 100.0

Q25e. To what extent the participant has the opportunity for leisure

activities.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Not at all 2 .3 .4 .4

A little 64 10.6 11.4 11.8 Moderately 193 32.0 34.4 46.2 Mostly 231 38.2 41.2 87.3 Completely 71 11.8 12.7 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q26a. How satisfied the participant is with their sleep.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 20 3.3 3.6 3.6

Dissatisfied 100 16.6 17.8 21.4 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 116 19.2 20.7 42.1

Satisfied 252 41.7 44.9 87.0 Very satisfied 73 12.1 13.0 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q26b. How satisfied the participant is with their ability to perform daily living

activities.

133

Part F: Demographics

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 2 .3 .4 .4

Dissatisfied 24 4.0 4.3 4.6 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

62 10.3 11.1 15.7

Satisfied 339 56.1 60.4 76.1 Very satisfied 134 22.2 23.9 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q26c. How satisfied the participant is with their capacity for work.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 8 1.3 1.4 1.4

Dissatisfied 18 3.0 3.2 4.7 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 56 9.3 10.0 14.7

Satisfied 331 54.8 59.2 73.9 Very satisfied 146 24.2 26.1 100.0 Total 559 92.5 100.0

Missing System 45 7.5 Total 604 100.0

Q26d. How satisfied the participant is with themselves.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 1 .2 .2 .2

Dissatisfied 20 3.3 3.6 3.8 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 69 11.4 12.3 16.1

Satisfied 334 55.3 59.7 75.8 Very satisfied 135 22.4 24.2 100.0 Total 559 92.5 100.0

Missing System 45 7.5 Total 604 100.0

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Part F: Demographics

Q26e. How satisfied the participant is with their personal relationships.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 5 .8 .9 .9

Dissatisfied 27 4.5 4.8 5.7 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 68 11.3 12.1 17.8

Satisfied 254 42.1 45.2 63.0 Very satisfied 208 34.4 37.0 100.0 Total 562 93.0 100.0

Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q26f. How satisfied the participant is with the support they get from their

friends.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 4 .7 .7 .7

Dissatisfied 18 3.0 3.2 3.9 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 99 16.4 17.6 21.5

Satisfied 291 48.2 51.8 73.3 Very satisfied 150 24.8 26.7 100.0 Total 562 93.0 100.0

Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q26g. How satisfied the participant is with the conditions of their living place.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 7 1.2 1.2 1.2

Dissatisfied 12 2.0 2.1 3.4 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 34 5.6 6.1 9.4

Satisfied 269 44.5 48.0 57.4

135

Part F: Demographics

Very satisfied 239 39.6 42.6 100.0 Total 561 92.9 100.0

Missing System 43 7.1 Total 604 100.0

Q26h. How satisfied the participant is with their access to health services.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 4 .7 .7 .7

Dissatisfied 29 4.8 5.2 5.9 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

69 11.4 12.3 18.1

Satisfied 266 44.0 47.3 65.5 Very satisfied 194 32.1 34.5 100.0 Total 562 93.0 100.0

Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q26i. How satisfied the participant is with their transport.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Very dissatisfied 5 .8 .9 .9

Dissatisfied 14 2.3 2.5 3.4 Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied 31 5.1 5.5 8.9

Satisfied 262 43.4 46.6 55.5 Very satisfied 250 41.4 44.5 100.0 Total 562 93.0 100.0

Missing System 42 7.0 Total 604 100.0

Q27. How often the participant has negative feelings such as blue mood,

despair, anxiety, depression.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Never 108 17.9 19.6 19.6

136

Part F: Demographics

Seldom 334 55.3 60.5 80.1 Quite often 97 16.1 17.6 97.6 Very often 8 1.3 1.4 99.1 Always 5 .8 .9 100.0 Total 552 91.4 100.0

Missing System 52 8.6 Total 604 100.0

Q28. The participants sex.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Male 470 77.8 85.0 85.0

Female 83 13.7 15.0 100.0 Total 553 91.6 100.0

Missing System 51 8.4 Total 604 100.0

Q29. The participants age in years.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 8 1 .2 .2 .2

11 1 .2 .2 .4 12 1 .2 .2 .5 14 1 .2 .2 .7 15 2 .3 .4 1.1 16 4 .7 .7 1.8 17 2 .3 .4 2.2 18 2 .3 .4 2.5 19 2 .3 .4 2.9 20 1 .2 .2 3.1 21 3 .5 .5 3.6 22 2 .3 .4 4.0 23 4 .7 .7 4.7 24 8 1.3 1.4 6.1 25 8 1.3 1.4 7.6 26 11 1.8 2.0 9.5

137

Part F: Demographics

27 11 1.8 2.0 11.5 28 11 1.8 2.0 13.5 29 9 1.5 1.6 15.1 30 5 .8 .9 16.0 31 11 1.8 2.0 18.0 32 13 2.2 2.3 20.3 33 11 1.8 2.0 22.3 34 9 1.5 1.6 23.9 35 7 1.2 1.3 25.2 36 8 1.3 1.4 26.6 37 16 2.6 2.9 29.5 38 10 1.7 1.8 31.3 39 21 3.5 3.8 35.1 40 9 1.5 1.6 36.7 41 9 1.5 1.6 38.3 42 11 1.8 2.0 40.3 43 22 3.6 4.0 44.2 44 10 1.7 1.8 46.0 45 19 3.1 3.4 49.5 46 13 2.2 2.3 51.8 47 12 2.0 2.2 54.0 48 10 1.7 1.8 55.8 49 5 .8 .9 56.7 50 9 1.5 1.6 58.3 51 12 2.0 2.2 60.4 52 12 2.0 2.2 62.6 53 15 2.5 2.7 65.3 54 13 2.2 2.3 67.6 55 14 2.3 2.5 70.1 56 10 1.7 1.8 71.9 57 10 1.7 1.8 73.7 58 20 3.3 3.6 77.3 59 10 1.7 1.8 79.1 60 12 2.0 2.2 81.3 61 7 1.2 1.3 82.6 62 11 1.8 2.0 84.5 63 4 .7 .7 85.3 64 7 1.2 1.3 86.5

138

Part F: Demographics

65 12 2.0 2.2 88.7 66 9 1.5 1.6 90.3 67 11 1.8 2.0 92.3 68 7 1.2 1.3 93.5 69 6 1.0 1.1 94.6 70 9 1.5 1.6 96.2 71 5 .8 .9 97.1 72 7 1.2 1.3 98.4 73 2 .3 .4 98.7 74 1 .2 .2 98.9 75 4 .7 .7 99.6 77 1 .2 .2 99.8 78 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 556 92.1 100.0

Missing System 48 7.9 Total 604 100.0

Q30. The participants suburb/town of residence

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Kalamunda 4 .7 .7 .7

Swanbourne 3 .5 .5 1.3 South Fremantle 1 .2 .2 1.4 Mindarie 2 .3 .4 1.8 Bullcreek 2 .3 .4 2.2 Wannanup 5 .8 .9 3.1 Maylands 4 .7 .7 3.8 Perth 12 2.0 2.2 5.9 Geraldton 7 1.2 1.3 7.2 Joondanna 1 .2 .2 7.4 Willetton 4 .7 .7 8.1 Nedlands 6 1.0 1.1 9.2 Spearwood 2 .3 .4 9.5 Alexander Heights 1 .2 .2 9.7 Cervantes 2 .3 .4 10.1 Bunbury 7 1.2 1.3 11.3 Henty 1 .2 .2 11.5

139

Part F: Demographics

Trigg 2 .3 .4 11.8 Swan View 2 .3 .4 12.2 Dianella 3 .5 .5 12.7 Duncraig 8 1.3 1.4 14.2 Cable Beach 3 .5 .5 14.7 Broome 29 4.8 5.2 19.9 Lockridge 2 .3 .4 20.3 Aveley 1 .2 .2 20.5 Kewdale 4 .7 .7 21.2 North Beach 3 .5 .5 21.7 Girrawheen 2 .3 .4 22.1 Booragoon 1 .2 .2 22.3 College Grove 1 .2 .2 22.4 Ashfield 2 .3 .4 22.8 Scarborough 4 .7 .7 23.5 Piara Waters 2 .3 .4 23.9 Shelley 1 .2 .2 24.1 Albany 13 2.2 2.3 26.4 Padbury 4 .7 .7 27.1 Gooseberry Hill 1 .2 .2 27.3 Subiaco 3 .5 .5 27.8 Greenwood 6 1.0 1.1 28.9 Tapping 1 .2 .2 29.1 The Vines 3 .5 .5 29.6 Stirling 3 .5 .5 30.2 Bindoon 2 .3 .4 30.5 Mariginiup 1 .2 .2 30.7 Huntingdale 2 .3 .4 31.1 Bicton 2 .3 .4 31.4 Craigie 3 .5 .5 32.0 Yangebup 2 .3 .4 32.3 Bayswater 1 .2 .2 32.5 Nollamara 2 .3 .4 32.9 Toodyay 2 .3 .4 33.2 Tuart Hill 3 .5 .5 33.8 Floreat 3 .5 .5 34.3 Mt Lawley 4 .7 .7 35.0 Landsdale 3 .5 .5 35.5

140

Part F: Demographics

Morley 5 .8 .9 36.4 Madora Bay 1 .2 .2 36.6 Bibra Lake 3 .5 .5 37.2 Beeliar 1 .2 .2 37.3 Canning Vale 6 1.0 1.1 38.4 Thornlie 6 1.0 1.1 39.5 Greenfields 1 .2 .2 39.7 Attadale 1 .2 .2 39.9 Mullaloo 3 .5 .5 40.4 Nannup 2 .3 .4 40.8 Margaret River 2 .3 .4 41.1 Koondoola 1 .2 .2 41.3 Leeming 4 .7 .7 42.0 Redcliffe 1 .2 .2 42.2 Cooloongup 4 .7 .7 42.9 Rockingham 4 .7 .7 43.6 Ballajura 4 .7 .7 44.3 Madeley 1 .2 .2 44.5 Currambine 4 .7 .7 45.2 Withers 1 .2 .2 45.4 Wonthella 1 .2 .2 45.6 Mandurah 5 .8 .9 46.5 Australind 4 .7 .7 47.2 Dongara 3 .5 .5 47.8 North Yunderup 1 .2 .2 47.9 Karratha 5 .8 .9 48.8 Lathlain 1 .2 .2 49.0 Kingsley 4 .7 .7 49.7 Esperance 4 .7 .7 50.4 Mt Helena 1 .2 .2 50.6 Northcliffe 1 .2 .2 50.8 Meadow Springs 1 .2 .2 51.0 Warnbro 3 .5 .5 51.5 Claremont 3 .5 .5 52.1 Sorrento 3 .5 .5 52.6 York 1 .2 .2 52.8 Carnarvon 2 .3 .4 53.1 Port Hedland 3 .5 .5 53.7

141

Part F: Demographics

Iluka 2 .3 .4 54.0 Carramar 3 .5 .5 54.6 Waikiki 6 1.0 1.1 55.7 Busselton 9 1.5 1.6 57.3 Byford 3 .5 .5 57.8 Atwell 1 .2 .2 58.0 Yallingup 1 .2 .2 58.2 Cannington 1 .2 .2 58.3 Bertram 1 .2 .2 58.5 Butler 1 .2 .2 58.7 Falcon 2 .3 .4 59.1 Heathridge 2 .3 .4 59.4 Coolbellup 4 .7 .7 60.1 Gnangara 1 .2 .2 60.3 Edgewater 4 .7 .7 61.0 Leederville 2 .3 .4 61.4 Halls Head 2 .3 .4 61.8 Eden Hill 1 .2 .2 61.9 Lakelands 1 .2 .2 62.1 Karakin 1 .2 .2 62.3 Guilderton 1 .2 .2 62.5 Churchlands 2 .3 .4 62.8 Port Denison 1 .2 .2 63.0 Safety Bay 4 .7 .7 63.7 Mosman Park 1 .2 .2 63.9 Parmelia 2 .3 .4 64.3 Orelia 1 .2 .2 64.5 Derby 2 .3 .4 64.8 Lower Chittering 1 .2 .2 65.0 Dunsborough 3 .5 .5 65.5 Woodvale 3 .5 .5 66.1 Quindanning 1 .2 .2 66.2 Ascot 1 .2 .2 66.4 Sinagra 1 .2 .2 66.6 Parkerville 1 .2 .2 66.8 Karrinyup 1 .2 .2 67.0 Jurien Bay 1 .2 .2 67.1 Walpole 1 .2 .2 67.3

142

Part F: Demographics

Collie 2 .3 .4 67.7 Shepparton 1 .2 .2 67.9 North Perth 1 .2 .2 68.0 Gwelup 1 .2 .2 68.2 Forrestfield 2 .3 .4 68.6 Gosnells 2 .3 .4 68.9 Joondalup 3 .5 .5 69.5 Hamersley 2 .3 .4 69.8 Quinns Rock 3 .5 .5 70.4 Inglewood 1 .2 .2 70.6 Williams 1 .2 .2 70.7 Baldivis 3 .5 .5 71.3 Northampton 1 .2 .2 71.5 Glendalough 1 .2 .2 71.6 Cranbrook 2 .3 .4 72.0 Hillarys 3 .5 .5 72.5 Armadale 2 .3 .4 72.9 Brookton 1 .2 .2 73.1 Northam 1 .2 .2 73.2 Rudds Gully 1 .2 .2 73.4 Capel 1 .2 .2 73.6 Yokine 1 .2 .2 73.8 Ocean Reef 4 .7 .7 74.5 Jandakot 1 .2 .2 74.7 Dampier 2 .3 .4 75.0 Tom Price 1 .2 .2 75.2 Augusta 2 .3 .4 75.6 Aubin Grove 2 .3 .4 75.9 Maida Vale 1 .2 .2 76.1 Mt Hawthorn 1 .2 .2 76.3 Strathalbyn 1 .2 .2 76.5 Wembley 3 .5 .5 77.0 Hilbert 1 .2 .2 77.2 Fremantle 4 .7 .7 77.9 Ellenbrook 1 .2 .2 78.1 Wanneroo 3 .5 .5 78.6 Hedland 1 .2 .2 78.8 Wangara 1 .2 .2 79.0

143

Part F: Demographics

East Bunbury 1 .2 .2 79.2 Bedfordale 1 .2 .2 79.4 Mundaring 1 .2 .2 79.5 South Yunderup 2 .3 .4 79.9 South Perth 1 .2 .2 80.1 Erskine 2 .3 .4 80.4 Bassendean 1 .2 .2 80.6 Katanning 1 .2 .2 80.8 Murrumbateman 1 .2 .2 81.0 Cloverdale 1 .2 .2 81.1 Narrogin 1 .2 .2 81.3 Singleton 1 .2 .2 81.5 Exmouth 21 3.5 3.8 85.3 Kardinya 1 .2 .2 85.5 Beckenham 1 .2 .2 85.6 Glen Iris 1 .2 .2 85.8 Clifton Park 1 .2 .2 86.0 Darlington 1 .2 .2 86.2 Port Kennedy 1 .2 .2 86.4 Leschenault 1 .2 .2 86.5 Wellard 1 .2 .2 86.7 Clarkson 1 .2 .2 86.9 Binningup 1 .2 .2 87.1 Wilson 1 .2 .2 87.3 Carlisle 3 .5 .5 87.8 Applecross 1 .2 .2 88.0 St James 1 .2 .2 88.2 Waterford 2 .3 .4 88.5 West Leederville 1 .2 .2 88.7 Kelmscott 1 .2 .2 88.9 Lesmurdie 1 .2 .2 89.0 Winthrop 1 .2 .2 89.2 Glen Forest 1 .2 .2 89.4 Kellerberrin 1 .2 .2 89.6 Manjimup 1 .2 .2 89.8 Watermans Bay 1 .2 .2 89.9 Coogee 1 .2 .2 90.1 Innaloo 1 .2 .2 90.3

144

Part F: Demographics

Lynwood 1 .2 .2 90.5 Mundijong 1 .2 .2 90.7 Bullsbrook 1 .2 .2 90.8 Coolbinia 1 .2 .2 91.0 Waroona 1 .2 .2 91.2 South Hedland 1 .2 .2 91.4 Beacon 1 .2 .2 91.6 Edithvale 1 .2 .2 91.7 Bruce Rock 1 .2 .2 91.9 High Wycombe 1 .2 .2 92.1 Mt Beauty 1 .2 .2 92.3 Bedford 1 .2 .2 92.5 Palmyra 2 .3 .4 92.8 Eleebana 1 .2 .2 93.0 Wattleup 3 .5 .5 93.5 Herron 1 .2 .2 93.7 Hamilton Hill 2 .3 .4 94.1 Pinjarra 1 .2 .2 94.3 Cape Burney 1 .2 .2 94.4 Bateman 1 .2 .2 94.6 Kenwick 1 .2 .2 94.8 Success 1 .2 .2 95.0 Secret Harbour 1 .2 .2 95.2 Hocking 1 .2 .2 95.3 King River 1 .2 .2 95.5 Gracetown 1 .2 .2 95.7 Bentley 1 .2 .2 95.9 Kalgoorlie 1 .2 .2 96.1 Alfred Cove 1 .2 .2 96.2 Munster 1 .2 .2 96.4 Noranda 1 .2 .2 96.6 Kallaroo 1 .2 .2 96.8 Alkimos 1 .2 .2 96.9 Kununurra 3 .5 .5 97.5 Karatha 1 .2 .2 97.7 Jane Brook 1 .2 .2 97.8 Doubleview 1 .2 .2 98.0 Darch 1 .2 .2 98.2

145

Part F: Demographics

Kinross 1 .2 .2 98.4 Kensington 1 .2 .2 98.6 West Perth 1 .2 .2 98.7 Harvey 1 .2 .2 98.9 Hilton 1 .2 .2 99.1 Balingup 1 .2 .2 99.3 Roleystone 1 .2 .2 99.5 Lancelin 3 .5 .5 100.0 Total 557 92.2 100.0

Missing System 47 7.8 Total 604 100.0

Q31. The participant's postcode.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 2282 1 .2 .2 .2

2582 1 .2 .2 .4 3196 1 .2 .2 .5 3630 1 .2 .2 .7 3699 1 .2 .2 .9 3725 4 .7 .7 1.6 6000 1 .2 .2 1.8 6005 1 .2 .2 2.0 6006 1 .2 .2 2.2 6007 3 .5 .5 2.7 6008 3 .5 .5 3.3 6009 6 1.0 1.1 4.3 6010 6 1.0 1.1 5.4 6012 1 .2 .2 5.6 6014 6 1.0 1.1 6.7 6016 3 .5 .5 7.2 6017 1 .2 .2 7.4 6018 7 1.2 1.3 8.7 6019 3 .5 .5 9.2 6020 7 1.2 1.3 10.5 6021 3 .5 .5 11.0 6022 2 .3 .4 11.4

146

Part F: Demographics

6023 7 1.2 1.3 12.7 6024 7 1.2 1.3 13.9 6025 12 2.0 2.2 16.1 6026 7 1.2 1.3 17.4 6027 16 2.6 2.9 20.3 6028 7 1.2 1.3 21.5 6029 2 .3 .4 21.9 6030 6 1.0 1.1 23.0 6031 3 .5 .5 23.5 6036 1 .2 .2 23.7 6038 1 .2 .2 23.9 6041 1 .2 .2 24.1 6043 1 .2 .2 24.2 6044 3 .5 .5 24.8 6050 5 .8 .9 25.7 6051 4 .7 .7 26.4 6052 2 .3 .4 26.8 6053 2 .3 .4 27.1 6054 7 1.2 1.3 28.4 6056 3 .5 .5 28.9 6057 2 .3 .4 29.3 6058 2 .3 .4 29.7 6059 4 .7 .7 30.4 6060 6 1.0 1.1 31.5 6061 2 .3 .4 31.8 6062 6 1.0 1.1 32.9 6064 5 .8 .9 33.8 6065 12 2.0 2.2 36.0 6066 4 .7 .7 36.7 6069 5 .8 .9 37.6 6070 1 .2 .2 37.8 6071 1 .2 .2 38.0 6073 1 .2 .2 38.2 6076 5 .8 .9 39.1 6077 1 .2 .2 39.2 6078 1 .2 .2 39.4 6081 1 .2 .2 39.6 6082 1 .2 .2 39.8

147

Part F: Demographics

6084 2 .3 .4 40.1 6100 1 .2 .2 40.3 6101 3 .5 .5 40.9 6102 3 .5 .5 41.4 6104 2 .3 .4 41.8 6105 5 .8 .9 42.7 6107 5 .8 .9 43.6 6108 6 1.0 1.1 44.7 6110 4 .7 .7 45.4 6111 2 .3 .4 45.8 6112 7 1.2 1.3 47.0 6122 3 .5 .5 47.6 6123 1 .2 .2 47.7 6147 1 .2 .2 47.9 6148 1 .2 .2 48.1 6149 6 1.0 1.1 49.2 6150 2 .3 .4 49.5 6151 2 .3 .4 49.9 6152 2 .3 .4 50.3 6153 1 .2 .2 50.5 6154 2 .3 .4 50.8 6155 10 1.7 1.8 52.6 6156 1 .2 .2 52.8 6157 4 .7 .7 53.5 6158 1 .2 .2 53.7 6160 2 .3 .4 54.1 6162 2 .3 .4 54.4 6163 14 2.3 2.5 57.0 6164 8 1.3 1.4 58.4 6166 4 .7 .7 59.1 6167 4 .7 .7 59.9 6168 8 1.3 1.4 61.3 6169 12 2.0 2.2 63.5 6170 1 .2 .2 63.7 6171 3 .5 .5 64.2 6172 1 .2 .2 64.4 6173 1 .2 .2 64.6 6175 1 .2 .2 64.7

148

Part F: Demographics

6180 1 .2 .2 64.9 6208 4 .7 .7 65.6 6210 18 3.0 3.3 68.9 6211 2 .3 .4 69.3 6215 1 .2 .2 69.4 6220 1 .2 .2 69.6 6225 2 .3 .4 70.0 6230 11 1.8 2.0 72.0 6233 7 1.2 1.3 73.2 6236 1 .2 .2 73.4 6253 1 .2 .2 73.6 6258 1 .2 .2 73.8 6262 1 .2 .2 74.0 6271 1 .2 .2 74.1 6275 2 .3 .4 74.5 6280 8 1.3 1.4 75.9 6281 2 .3 .4 76.3 6282 2 .3 .4 76.7 6284 1 .2 .2 76.9 6285 2 .3 .4 77.2 6290 2 .3 .4 77.6 6302 1 .2 .2 77.8 6306 1 .2 .2 77.9 6312 1 .2 .2 78.1 6317 1 .2 .2 78.3 6321 2 .3 .4 78.7 6330 15 2.5 2.7 81.4 6391 2 .3 .4 81.7 6398 1 .2 .2 81.9 6401 1 .2 .2 82.1 6410 1 .2 .2 82.3 6418 1 .2 .2 82.5 6430 1 .2 .2 82.6 6450 4 .7 .7 83.4 6472 1 .2 .2 83.5 6502 2 .3 .4 83.9 6511 1 .2 .2 84.1 6516 1 .2 .2 84.3

149

Part F: Demographics

6525 4 .7 .7 85.0 6530 8 1.3 1.4 86.4 6532 2 .3 .4 86.8 6535 1 .2 .2 87.0 6540 1 .2 .2 87.2 6566 2 .3 .4 87.5 6701 2 .3 .4 87.9 6707 19 3.1 3.4 91.3 6713 2 .3 .4 91.7 6714 6 1.0 1.1 92.8 6721 2 .3 .4 93.1 6722 3 .5 .5 93.7 6725 26 4.3 4.7 98.4 6726 4 .7 .7 99.1 6728 1 .2 .2 99.3 6743 3 .5 .5 99.8 6751 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 553 91.6 100.0

Missing System 51 8.4 Total 604 100.0

Q32. The number of adults (18 years or over) that reside with the

participant.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 15 2.5 2.7 2.7

1 67 11.1 12.2 15.0 2 344 57.0 62.8 77.7 3 72 11.9 13.1 90.9 4 41 6.8 7.5 98.4 5 6 1.0 1.1 99.5 6 2 .3 .4 99.8 7 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 548 90.7 100.0

Missing System 56 9.3 Total 604 100.0

150

Part F: Demographics

Q32a. The number of children (under 18 years) that reside with the

participant.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 216 35.8 50.2 50.2

1 74 12.3 17.2 67.4 2 94 15.6 21.9 89.3 3 37 6.1 8.6 97.9 4 7 1.2 1.6 99.5 5 2 .3 .5 100.0 Total 430 71.2 100.0

Missing System 174 28.8 Total 604 100.0

Q33. The participants country of birth.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Ireland 4 .7 .7 .7

Australia 426 70.5 76.9 77.6 South Africa 14 2.3 2.5 80.1 New Zealand 11 1.8 2.0 82.1 England 33 5.5 6.0 88.1 India 2 .3 .4 88.4 UK 13 2.2 2.3 90.8 Northern Ireland 2 .3 .4 91.2 Germany 5 .8 .9 92.1 Singapore 4 .7 .7 92.8 Scotland 7 1.2 1.3 94.0 Malaysia 3 .5 .5 94.6 Canada 3 .5 .5 95.1 Spain 1 .2 .2 95.3 Philippines 1 .2 .2 95.5 Holland 2 .3 .4 95.8 Wales 3 .5 .5 96.4 Sweden 1 .2 .2 96.6 Northern Ireland 1 .2 .2 96.8 Denmark 2 .3 .4 97.1

151

Part F: Demographics

Italy 1 .2 .2 97.3 USA 3 .5 .5 97.8 Portugal 1 .2 .2 98.0 Cyprus 1 .2 .2 98.2 Indonesia 4 .7 .7 98.9 Slovakia 1 .2 .2 99.1 Malta 1 .2 .2 99.3 Rhodesia 1 .2 .2 99.5 Zimbabwe 1 .2 .2 99.6 Botswana 1 .2 .2 99.8 The Netherlands 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 554 91.7 100.0

Missing System 50 8.3 Total 604 100.0

Q34. The main language spoken at the participant's place of residence.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid English 543 89.9 98.4 98.4

Afrikaans 3 .5 .5 98.9 German 2 .3 .4 99.3 Indonesian 4 .7 .7 100.0 Total 552 91.4 100.0

Missing System 52 8.6 Total 604 100.0

Q35. Whether the participant is of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

origin.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Yes 10 1.7 1.8 1.8

No 533 88.2 98.2 100.0 Total 543 89.9 100.0

Missing System 61 10.1 Total 604 100.0

152

Part F: Demographics

Q36. How tall the participant is in cms.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 2 1 .2 .2 .2

2 1 .2 .2 .4 2 1 .2 .2 .5 2 1 .2 .2 .7 80 1 .2 .2 .9 108 1 .2 .2 1.1 130 1 .2 .2 1.3 145 1 .2 .2 1.4 147 1 .2 .2 1.6 150 2 .3 .4 2.0 152 3 .5 .5 2.5 153 1 .2 .2 2.7 154 1 .2 .2 2.9 155 7 1.2 1.3 4.1 156 3 .5 .5 4.7 157 8 1.3 1.4 6.1 158 4 .7 .7 6.8 160 7 1.2 1.3 8.1 161 2 .3 .4 8.5 162 1 .2 .2 8.6 163 2 .3 .4 9.0 164 3 .5 .5 9.5 165 23 3.8 4.1 13.7 166 3 .5 .5 14.2 167 15 2.5 2.7 16.9 168 9 1.5 1.6 18.6 169 5 .8 .9 19.5 170 48 7.9 8.6 28.1 171 8 1.3 1.4 29.5 172 27 4.5 4.9 34.4 173 8 1.3 1.4 35.9 174 9 1.5 1.6 37.5 175 35 5.8 6.3 43.8 176 13 2.2 2.3 46.1

153

Part F: Demographics

177 9 1.5 1.6 47.7 178 50 8.3 9.0 56.8 179 8 1.3 1.4 58.2 180 50 8.3 9.0 67.2 181 8 1.3 1.4 68.6 182 15 2.5 2.7 71.4 183 43 7.1 7.7 79.1 184 10 1.7 1.8 80.9 185 29 4.8 5.2 86.1 186 7 1.2 1.3 87.4 187 13 2.2 2.3 89.7 188 12 2.0 2.2 91.9 189 7 1.2 1.3 93.2 190 11 1.8 2.0 95.1 191 2 .3 .4 95.5 192 3 .5 .5 96.0 193 9 1.5 1.6 97.7 194 1 .2 .2 97.8 195 4 .7 .7 98.6 196 3 .5 .5 99.1 198 4 .7 .7 99.8 200 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 555 91.9 100.0

Missing System 49 8.1 Total 604 100.0

Q37. How much the participant weighs in kg

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 35 1 .2 .2 .2

36 1 .2 .2 .4 40 1 .2 .2 .5 44 1 .2 .2 .7 45 2 .3 .4 1.1 51 2 .3 .4 1.4 52 3 .5 .5 2.0 53 1 .2 .2 2.2

154

Part F: Demographics

55 4 .7 .7 2.9 57 3 .5 .5 3.4 58 3 .5 .5 4.0 59 4 .7 .7 4.7 60 7 1.2 1.3 6.0 61 1 .2 .2 6.1 62 2 .3 .4 6.5 63 4 .7 .7 7.2 64 4 .7 .7 7.9 65 11 1.8 2.0 9.9 66 3 .5 .5 10.5 67 3 .5 .5 11.0 68 7 1.2 1.3 12.3 69 4 .7 .7 13.0 70 15 2.5 2.7 15.7 71 6 1.0 1.1 16.8 72 12 2.0 2.2 19.0 73 9 1.5 1.6 20.6 74 6 1.0 1.1 21.7 75 23 3.8 4.2 25.8 76 10 1.7 1.8 27.6 77 8 1.3 1.4 29.1 78 10 1.7 1.8 30.9 79 4 .7 .7 31.6 80 26 4.3 4.7 36.3 81 4 .7 .7 37.0 82 11 1.8 2.0 39.0 83 1 .2 .2 39.2 83 13 2.2 2.3 41.5 84 13 2.2 2.3 43.9 85 29 4.8 5.2 49.1 86 12 2.0 2.2 51.3 87 9 1.5 1.6 52.9 88 9 1.5 1.6 54.5 89 11 1.8 2.0 56.5 90 40 6.6 7.2 63.7 91 6 1.0 1.1 64.8 92 14 2.3 2.5 67.3

155

Part F: Demographics

93 7 1.2 1.3 68.6 94 6 1.0 1.1 69.7 95 9 1.5 1.6 71.3 96 8 1.3 1.4 72.7 97 7 1.2 1.3 74.0 98 9 1.5 1.6 75.6 99 2 .3 .4 76.0 100 23 3.8 4.2 80.1 101 4 .7 .7 80.9 102 9 1.5 1.6 82.5 103 7 1.2 1.3 83.8 104 3 .5 .5 84.3 105 19 3.1 3.4 87.7 106 4 .7 .7 88.4 107 3 .5 .5 89.0 108 3 .5 .5 89.5 109 1 .2 .2 89.7 110 10 1.7 1.8 91.5 112 1 .2 .2 91.7 113 1 .2 .2 91.9 114 2 .3 .4 92.2 115 7 1.2 1.3 93.5 116 3 .5 .5 94.0 118 2 .3 .4 94.4 120 10 1.7 1.8 96.2 122 1 .2 .2 96.4 125 6 1.0 1.1 97.5 128 1 .2 .2 97.7 130 3 .5 .5 98.2 132 1 .2 .2 98.4 135 2 .3 .4 98.7 137 1 .2 .2 98.9 138 1 .2 .2 99.1 150 2 .3 .4 99.5 170 1 .2 .2 99.6 174 1 .2 .2 99.8 210 1 .2 .2 100.0 Total 554 91.7 100.0

156

Part F: Demographics

Missing System 50 8.3 Total 604 100.0

Q38. Whether the participant considers themselves to be acceptable weight,

underweight or overweight.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid Acceptable weight 273 45.2 48.8 48.8

Underweight 10 1.7 1.8 50.5 Overweight 277 45.9 49.5 100.0 Total 560 92.7 100.0

Missing System 44 7.3 Total 604 100.0

Q39. Comments or questions the participant has about the

questionnaire.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 1 1 .2 1.2 1.2

2 1 .2 1.2 2.4 3 1 .2 1.2 3.6 4 1 .2 1.2 4.8 5 1 .2 1.2 6.0 6 1 .2 1.2 7.1 7 1 .2 1.2 8.3 8 1 .2 1.2 9.5 9 1 .2 1.2 10.7 10 1 .2 1.2 11.9 11 1 .2 1.2 13.1 12 1 .2 1.2 14.3 13 1 .2 1.2 15.5 14 1 .2 1.2 16.7 15 1 .2 1.2 17.9 16 1 .2 1.2 19.0 17 1 .2 1.2 20.2 18 1 .2 1.2 21.4 19 1 .2 1.2 22.6

157

Part F: Demographics

20 1 .2 1.2 23.8 21 1 .2 1.2 25.0 22 1 .2 1.2 26.2 23 1 .2 1.2 27.4 24 1 .2 1.2 28.6 25 1 .2 1.2 29.8 26 1 .2 1.2 31.0 27 1 .2 1.2 32.1 28 1 .2 1.2 33.3 29 1 .2 1.2 34.5 30 1 .2 1.2 35.7 31 1 .2 1.2 36.9 32 1 .2 1.2 38.1 33 1 .2 1.2 39.3 34 1 .2 1.2 40.5 35 1 .2 1.2 41.7 36 1 .2 1.2 42.9 37 1 .2 1.2 44.0 38 1 .2 1.2 45.2 39 1 .2 1.2 46.4 40 1 .2 1.2 47.6 41 1 .2 1.2 48.8 42 1 .2 1.2 50.0 43 1 .2 1.2 51.2 44 1 .2 1.2 52.4 45 1 .2 1.2 53.6 46 1 .2 1.2 54.8 47 1 .2 1.2 56.0 48 1 .2 1.2 57.1 49 1 .2 1.2 58.3 50 1 .2 1.2 59.5 51 1 .2 1.2 60.7 52 1 .2 1.2 61.9 53 1 .2 1.2 63.1 54 1 .2 1.2 64.3 55 1 .2 1.2 65.5 56 1 .2 1.2 66.7 57 1 .2 1.2 67.9

158

Part F: Demographics

58 1 .2 1.2 69.0 59 1 .2 1.2 70.2 60 1 .2 1.2 71.4 61 1 .2 1.2 72.6 62 1 .2 1.2 73.8 63 1 .2 1.2 75.0 64 1 .2 1.2 76.2 65 1 .2 1.2 77.4 66 1 .2 1.2 78.6 67 1 .2 1.2 79.8 68 1 .2 1.2 81.0 69 1 .2 1.2 82.1 70 1 .2 1.2 83.3 71 1 .2 1.2 84.5 72 1 .2 1.2 85.7 73 1 .2 1.2 86.9 74 1 .2 1.2 88.1 75 1 .2 1.2 89.3 76 1 .2 1.2 90.5 77 1 .2 1.2 91.7 78 1 .2 1.2 92.9 79 1 .2 1.2 94.0 80 1 .2 1.2 95.2 81 1 .2 1.2 96.4 82 1 .2 1.2 97.6 83 1 .2 1.2 98.8 84 1 .2 1.2 100.0 Total 84 13.9 100.0

Missing System 520 86.1 Total 604 100.0

Q40. In the past 7 days how many times the participant has walked

continuously for at least 10 minutes.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 3 .5 4.5 4.5

1 5 .8 7.5 11.9

159

Part F: Demographics

2 8 1.3 11.9 23.9 3 7 1.2 10.4 34.3 4 8 1.3 11.9 46.3 5 9 1.5 13.4 59.7 6 2 .3 3.0 62.7 7 9 1.5 13.4 76.1 10 3 .5 4.5 80.6 11 1 .2 1.5 82.1 14 3 .5 4.5 86.6 20 5 .8 7.5 94.0 30 1 .2 1.5 95.5 40 1 .2 1.5 97.0 45 1 .2 1.5 98.5 70 1 .2 1.5 100.0 Total 67 11.1 100.0

Missing System 537 88.9 Total 604 100.0

Q40a. The total estimated time the participant spent walking

continuously for longer than 10 minutes (minutes).

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 3 .5 4.7 4.7

10 2 .3 3.1 7.8 30 6 1.0 9.4 17.2 60 7 1.2 10.9 28.1 75 1 .2 1.6 29.7 80 1 .2 1.6 31.3 90 6 1.0 9.4 40.6 100 2 .3 3.1 43.8 120 9 1.5 14.1 57.8 130 1 .2 1.6 59.4 150 2 .3 3.1 62.5 180 6 1.0 9.4 71.9 200 1 .2 1.6 73.4 210 2 .3 3.1 76.6 240 1 .2 1.6 78.1

160

Part F: Demographics

300 6 1.0 9.4 87.5 360 1 .2 1.6 89.1 420 3 .5 4.7 93.8 480 1 .2 1.6 95.3 720 1 .2 1.6 96.9 780 1 .2 1.6 98.4 2400 1 .2 1.6 100.0 Total 64 10.6 100.0

Missing System 540 89.4 Total 604 100.0

Q41. In the past 7 days how many times the participant did any

moderate physical activity other than walking.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 18 3.0 30.5 30.5

1 6 1.0 10.2 40.7 2 12 2.0 20.3 61.0 3 6 1.0 10.2 71.2 4 3 .5 5.1 76.3 5 6 1.0 10.2 86.4 6 2 .3 3.4 89.8 7 4 .7 6.8 96.6 15 2 .3 3.4 100.0 Total 59 9.8 100.0

Missing System 545 90.2 Total 604 100.0

Q41a. In the past 7 days how long (in minutes) the participant did any

moderate physical activity other than walking.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 12 2.0 20.3 20.3

10 1 .2 1.7 22.0 30 3 .5 5.1 27.1 60 7 1.2 11.9 39.0 80 1 .2 1.7 40.7

161

Part F: Demographics

90 1 .2 1.7 42.4 120 10 1.7 16.9 59.3 150 4 .7 6.8 66.1 180 5 .8 8.5 74.6 210 2 .3 3.4 78.0 240 2 .3 3.4 81.4 300 2 .3 3.4 84.7 360 2 .3 3.4 88.1 420 1 .2 1.7 89.8 480 1 .2 1.7 91.5 840 1 .2 1.7 93.2 1200 1 .2 1.7 94.9 1260 1 .2 1.7 96.6 1800 1 .2 1.7 98.3 2400 1 .2 1.7 100.0 Total 59 9.8 100.0

Missing System 545 90.2 Total 604 100.0

Q42. In the past 7 days how many times the participant did any

vigorous activity that made them breathe harder/puff/pant.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 17 2.8 29.3 29.3

1 3 .5 5.2 34.5 2 12 2.0 20.7 55.2 3 6 1.0 10.3 65.5 4 4 .7 6.9 72.4 5 5 .8 8.6 81.0 6 2 .3 3.4 84.5 7 4 .7 6.9 91.4 8 2 .3 3.4 94.8 10 1 .2 1.7 96.6 15 1 .2 1.7 98.3 19 1 .2 1.7 100.0 Total 58 9.6 100.0

Missing System 546 90.4 Total 604 100.0

162

Part F: Demographics

Q42a. In the past 7 days how long (in minutes) the participant did any

vigorous activity that made them breathe harder/puff/pant.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 14 2.3 24.6 24.6

2 1 .2 1.8 26.3 10 1 .2 1.8 28.1 20 1 .2 1.8 29.8 30 3 .5 5.3 35.1 40 1 .2 1.8 36.8 45 1 .2 1.8 38.6 60 6 1.0 10.5 49.1 80 1 .2 1.8 50.9 90 1 .2 1.8 52.6 120 6 1.0 10.5 63.2 140 1 .2 1.8 64.9 150 1 .2 1.8 66.7 170 1 .2 1.8 68.4 180 3 .5 5.3 73.7 195 1 .2 1.8 75.4 240 3 .5 5.3 80.7 300 3 .5 5.3 86.0 350 1 .2 1.8 87.7 480 1 .2 1.8 89.5 600 1 .2 1.8 91.2 660 1 .2 1.8 93.0 780 1 .2 1.8 94.7 1200 1 .2 1.8 96.5 2100 1 .2 1.8 98.2 2400 1 .2 1.8 100.0 Total 57 9.4 100.0

Missing System 547 90.6 Total 604 100.0

163

Part F: Demographics

Q43. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends watching TV/videos on weekdays.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 4 .7 6.3 6.3

10 1 .2 1.6 7.9 30 2 .3 3.2 11.1 60 10 1.7 15.9 27.0 90 5 .8 7.9 34.9 120 20 3.3 31.7 66.7 180 4 .7 6.3 73.0 210 1 .2 1.6 74.6 230 1 .2 1.6 76.2 300 4 .7 6.3 82.5 360 4 .7 6.3 88.9 420 1 .2 1.6 90.5 480 1 .2 1.6 92.1 600 3 .5 4.8 96.8 900 1 .2 1.6 98.4 1800 1 .2 1.6 100.0 Total 63 10.4 100.0

Missing System 541 89.6 Total 604 100.0

Q43a. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends watching

TV/videos on weekends.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 2 .3 3.6 3.6

30 3 .5 5.5 9.1 60 7 1.2 12.7 21.8 90 2 .3 3.6 25.5 120 20 3.3 36.4 61.8 150 1 .2 1.8 63.6 180 4 .7 7.3 70.9 240 6 1.0 10.9 81.8 270 1 .2 1.8 83.6 300 4 .7 7.3 90.9

164

Part F: Demographics

360 1 .2 1.8 92.7 480 2 .3 3.6 96.4 720 1 .2 1.8 98.2 1200 1 .2 1.8 100.0 Total 55 9.1 100.0

Missing System 549 90.9 Total 604 100.0

Q44. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends on the

computer for work on weekdays.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 7 1.2 11.5 11.5

15 2 .3 3.3 14.8 30 2 .3 3.3 18.0 60 7 1.2 11.5 29.5 120 2 .3 3.3 32.8 150 1 .2 1.6 34.4 180 2 .3 3.3 37.7 240 1 .2 1.6 39.3 300 11 1.8 18.0 57.4 360 4 .7 6.6 63.9 420 2 .3 3.3 67.2 480 4 .7 6.6 73.8 540 1 .2 1.6 75.4 600 2 .3 3.3 78.7 720 1 .2 1.6 80.3 960 1 .2 1.6 82.0 1200 5 .8 8.2 90.2 1440 1 .2 1.6 91.8 1920 1 .2 1.6 93.4 2100 1 .2 1.6 95.1 2280 1 .2 1.6 96.7 2400 1 .2 1.6 98.4 3000 1 .2 1.6 100.0 Total 61 10.1 100.0

Missing System 543 89.9 Total 604 100.0

165

Part F: Demographics

Q44a. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends on the

computer for work on weekends.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 15 2.5 27.8 27.8

15 1 .2 1.9 29.6 30 2 .3 3.7 33.3 60 9 1.5 16.7 50.0 120 11 1.8 20.4 70.4 180 4 .7 7.4 77.8 240 4 .7 7.4 85.2 300 1 .2 1.9 87.0 480 1 .2 1.9 88.9 600 1 .2 1.9 90.7 840 1 .2 1.9 92.6 900 1 .2 1.9 94.4 1200 1 .2 1.9 96.3 2280 2 .3 3.7 100.0 Total 54 8.9 100.0

Missing System 550 91.1 Total 604 100.0

Q44. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends on the

computer for pleasure on weekdays.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 8 1.3 14.5 14.5

5 3 .5 5.5 20.0 10 2 .3 3.6 23.6 20 1 .2 1.8 25.5 30 7 1.2 12.7 38.2 60 16 2.6 29.1 67.3 120 7 1.2 12.7 80.0 180 3 .5 5.5 85.5 240 2 .3 3.6 89.1 270 1 .2 1.8 90.9

166

Part F: Demographics

300 1 .2 1.8 92.7 420 1 .2 1.8 94.5 600 2 .3 3.6 98.2 720 1 .2 1.8 100.0 Total 55 9.1 100.0

Missing System 549 90.9 Total 604 100.0

Q44. The length of time (in minutes) the participant spends on the

computer for pleasure on weekends.

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent Valid 0 10 1.7 18.2 18.2

1 1 .2 1.8 20.0 5 1 .2 1.8 21.8 10 2 .3 3.6 25.5 20 1 .2 1.8 27.3 30 4 .7 7.3 34.5 60 15 2.5 27.3 61.8 120 12 2.0 21.8 83.6 180 2 .3 3.6 87.3 240 6 1.0 10.9 98.2 420 1 .2 1.8 100.0 Total 55 9.1 100.0

Missing System 549 90.9 Total 604 100.0