i

INVESTIGATION OF

COARSE AGGREGATE SPECIAL GRADATION

ON CONCRETE STRENGTH

Final Project

In partial fulfillment for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted by:

NADYA CHAIRUNNISA KAMARUL

NIM : D100 113 001

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

ENGINEERING FACULTY

MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA UNIVERSITY

2018

v

PREFACE

Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.

Alhamdulillah. Praise the blessings and grace of Allah SWT so that the

authors are able to complete this Final Project to achieve the degree of S-1 at the

Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. Not forgetting the authors convey the

gratitude to the parties who have contributed to the completion of this Final

Project, among others:

1. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT., Ph.D as Dean of the Engineering Faculty in

University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

2. Mochamad Solikin, ST., MT., Ph.D as Head of the Department of Civil

Engineeing, Engineering Faculty, University Muhammadiyah Surakarta.

3. To the lecturers supervisors of Final Project Mrs. Yenny Nurchasanah, ST.,

MT, Mr. Budi Setiawan, ST., MT, and Mr. Ir. H. Suhendro Trinugroho, MT,

who had been taking the time to provide guidance and direction until the

completion of this Final Project. May the charity of the father of the mother

become a charity jariyyah. Amin.

4. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT., Ph.D as the Academic Supervisor.

5. Lecturer of Civil Engineering Faculty in University of Muhammadiyah

Surakarta.

6. Beloved mother, father, sister, and brother, who have provided both material,

moral support, and pray.

7. RSBI 2011 which has helped and has passed many fond memories in joy and

sorrow during this time.

Writer realized that there is no perfect thing, therefore suggestion and

constructive suggestion for the perfection extremely authors expect at this final

and hopefully, this final can be useful for us.

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................ ii

VALIDITY SHEET .......................................................................................... iii

STATEMENT LETTER .................................................................................. iv

PREFACE .......................................................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. vi

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ ix

LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... x

GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS ........................... xi

ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background ...................................................................... 1

B. Formulation of The Problem ........................................... 2

C. Purposes of Research ....................................................... 2

D. Benefits of Research ........................................................ 2

E. Limitation of Research .................................................... 3

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Concrete ........................................................................... 4

B. Coarse Aggregate (Gravel) .............................................. 4

CHAPTER III THEORETICAL BASIS

A. Concrete ........................................................................... 6

B. Concrete Material ............................................................ 7

1. Portland Cement ....................................................... 8

2. Aggregate .................................................................. 8

3. Water ........................................................................ 10

C. Aggregate Gradation ........................................................ 11

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHODS

A. General Description ......................................................... 12

B. Materials of Research ...................................................... 12

vii

1. Portland Cement ....................................................... 12

2. Water ........................................................................ 12

3. Fine Aggregate (Sand) .............................................. 13

4. Coarse Aggregate (Gravel) ....................................... 13

C. Test Objects ..................................................................... 14

D. Tools Used in Research ................................................... 15

E. Research Stages ............................................................... 21

F. Implementation of Research ............................................ 24

1. Testing of Fine Aggregate (Sand) ............................ 24

a) Organic Substances Content Test ...................... 24

b) Mud Content Test .............................................. 24

c) Saturated Surface Dry Test ................................ 25

d) Specific Gravity and Absorption Test ............... 26

e) Sand Gradation Test .......................................... 26

2. Testing of Coarse Aggregate (Gravel) ...................... 27

a) The Wear of Coarse Aggregate Test ................. 27

b) Specific Gravity and Absorption Test ............... 28

c) Gravel Gradation Test ....................................... 28

3. Testing of Cement .................................................... 29

a) Binding and Hardening of Cement Test ............ 29

4. Calculation of Mixed Design .................................... 29

5. Slump Test ................................................................ 30

6. Manufacture of Test Objects .................................... 30

7. Treatment .................................................................. 31

8. Concrete Compressive Strength Testing .................. 31

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Testing Material ............................................................... 32

1. Testing of Fine Aggregate ........................................ 32

2. Testing of Coarse Aggregate .................................... 35

3. Testing of Cement .................................................... 38

B. Slump Test ...................................................................... 39

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C. Concrete Compressive Strength Testing ......................... 41

1. Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test

At 7 Days .................................................................. 41

2. Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test

At 14 Days ................................................................ 42

3. Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test

At 21 Days ................................................................ 43

4. Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test

At 28 Days ................................................................ 44

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions ..................................................................... 47

B. Suggestions ...................................................................... 48

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

ix

LIST OF TABLES

Table II Gradation Gravel According to SK SNI-15-1990-03............................ 5

Table III Fine Aggregate Composition (Grading) .............................................. 10

Table IV.1 Aggregate Dimension Criteria .......................................................... 14

Table IV.2 Explanation Percentage of Aggregate Gradation.............................. 14

Table IV.3 Total of Research Objects ................................................................. 14

Table IV.4 Proportion of Material Requirements for Each Variation ................ 30

Table V.1 The Results of Fine Aggregate Testing .............................................. 32

Table V.2 The Results of Fine Aggregate Gradation .......................................... 34

Table V.3 The Results of Coarse Aggregate Testing .......................................... 36

Table V.4 The Results of Coarse Aggregate Gradation ...................................... 37

Table V.5 The Results of Binding and Hardening of Cement Test .................... 38

Table V.6 Test Result of Slump Mix Concrete ................................................... 40

Table V.7 Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test At 7 Days ....... 41

Table V.8 Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test At 14 Days ..... 42

Table V.9 Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test At 21 Days ..... 43

Table V.10 Test Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Test At 28 Days ... 44

Table V.11 Compressive Strength Compare With Normal Concrete ................. 45

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure IV.1 Portland Cement Type I Holcim Brand ........................................... 12

Figure IV.2 Fine Aggregate (Sand) ..................................................................... 13

Figure IV.3 Coarse Aggregate (Gravel) .............................................................. 13

Figure IV.4 Digital Scales ................................................................................... 15

Figure IV.5 Measuring Cup ................................................................................ 15

Figure IV.6 Measure Tube .................................................................................. 16

Figure IV.7 Volumetric Flask ............................................................................. 16

Figure IV.8 Filter ................................................................................................ 17

Figure IV.9 Sieve Tool ........................................................................................ 17

Figure IV.10 Conus Cone ................................................................................... 18

Figure IV.11 Water Scales .................................................................................. 18

Figure IV.12 Concrete Molds ............................................................................. 19

Figure IV.13 Oven .............................................................................................. 19

Figure IV.14 Los Angeles Machine .................................................................... 20

Figure IV.15 Concrete Mixer Machine ............................................................... 20

Figure IV.16 Compressive Strength Test Machine ............................................. 21

Figure IV.17 Flow Chart of Research ................................................................. 23

Figure V.1 Fine Aggregate Gradation ................................................................. 35

Figure V.2 Coarse Aggregate Gradation ............................................................. 38

Figure V.3 Binding and Hardening of Cement Test ........................................... 39

Figure V.4 Slump Test ........................................................................................ 40

Figure V.5 Concrete Compressive Strength Test (7 Days) ................................. 42

Figure V.6 Concrete Compressive Strength Test (14 Days) .............................. 43

Figure V.7 Concrete Compressive Strength Test (21 Days) ............................... 44

Figure V.8 Concrete Compressive Strength Test (28 Days) ............................... 45

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GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND NOTATIONS

A : Surface Area (cm2)

ACI : American Concrete Institute

f’c : Compressive Strength (MPa)

Pmax : Maximum Load (kg)

SNI : National Standard of Indonesia

w/c : Water Cement Ratio

xii

INVESTIGATION OF COARSE AGGREGATE SPECIAL GRADATION

ON CONCRETE STRENGTH

ABSTRACT

The development of concrete technology that increases over time and the

number of concrete users in the field of construction make an effort to create a

good and economical concrete quality. One attempt to increase the tensile strength

of concrete is by using special gradations on coarse aggregates (gravel). Coarse

aggregate (gravel) is a concrete material that has high strength and contributes the

greatest volume in the concrete composition. This composition should be a coarse

aggregate (gravel) capable of contributing optimally to the concrete. Gradation

specifically in coarse aggregate (gravel) is a gradation with a certain size range so

that the future of concrete can serve as a concrete intact and solid, in which the

coarse aggregate (gravel) with grains smaller to fill the gap that exists between the

coarse aggregate (gravel) with grain greater than. Based on the explanation above,

this final project uses coarse aggregate (gravel) gradations. There are 3 kinds

criteria of coarse aggregate (gravel) used divided into normal concrete, gradation

A, and gradation B with comparison of concrete compressive strength test at 7

days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. The results of the study showed that the

average maximum concrete compressive strength was 25,67 MPa which was

found in gradation B with 28 days of concrete. This shows that with the many

variations of coarse aggregate (gravel) gradations can fill a small gap in the

concrete mixture compared to concrete which only has one variation of coarse

aggregate (gravel) size.

Keywords: Aggregate Gradation, Coarse Aggregate (Gravel), Concrete