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INVESTIGATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR
ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY
Synopsis submitted to
VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY
Salem
Towards Partial Fulfillment for the Award of Degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Pharmaceutical Sciences
Submitted By
D.HEPCY KALARANI, M.Pharm.,
Regd. No: D763600005
Under the guidance of
Dr.A.DINAKAR, M.Pharm.,Ph.D.,
Principal
Sun Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Nellore
2013
1
1. Introduction
Herbal drug research gained momentum in the latter part of the 20th
century with increased demand for herbal drugs in developing countries, under
developed countries. Herbal drugs constitute a diverse range of plant materials
such as herbs, roots, bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and other plant parts. In herbal
drugs, several of the constituent metabolites or at least one of the metabolites
exhibit medicinal properties. Scientific validation of existing and new herbal drugs
is extremely significant before they are put to clinical applications. Standardized
drugs provide authentic and reliable range of active principles. Scientific
validation of herbal drugs through standardization with reference to the
identification and isolation of phytochemicals is an ongoing process. The
heightened interest in standardized products is due to the belief that
standardization is directly related to the potency of the extract [1,2].
Diabetes is one of the major crippling diseases in the world leading to huge
economic losses. The persons suffering from this metabolic disease is
considered to ‘die-a-bit’ and hence ‘die-a-bit-is’ (diabetes) [3]. Gastrointestinal
(GI) disorders are common among all people, including those affected by
diabetes. As many as 75% of patients visiting diabetes clinics report significant
GI symptoms. The entire GI tract can be affected by diabetes from oral cavity
and esophagus to the large bowel and anorectal region. Ulcer disease is a
common problem in patients with or without diabetes and affects upto 10% of the
population at some time during their lives [4]. Recent research suggests that
2
inflammation inside the body plays a role in the development of tyupe 2 diabetes.
An anti-inflammatory diet and exercise plan can help prevent and treat type 2
diabetes [5].
Diabetes causes a specific form of nerve damage called neuropathy, which
cause pain in several ways [6]. Diabetes mellitus has a number of long-term
effects on genitourinary system. These effects predispose to bacterial urinary
tract infections in the patient with diabetes mellitus [7].
2. Review of literature
Literature review of selected plants [8]
Plant description of Alangium Salvifolum Wang
Family: Alangiaceae
Vernacular Names:
English: Sage leaved alangium, Ancole, Stone mango.
Tamil: Azhinjil
Telugu: Aankolam, Nalla oodaga.
3
Habitat:
It is commonly distributed in most parts of Chittoor district of Andhra
Pradesh like Tirupati, Talakona, Chandragiri and Aragonda.
Parts Used: Root bark, leaves, fruits and seeds.
Monograph: It is a deciduous shrub or tree.
Therapeutic uses:
The root bark is used for snake bite,
cutaneous troubles, anthelmintic, astringent, purgative,
diaphoretic and colic. Leaves are used in diabetes and
the fruits are used as astringent, tonic and laxative,
whereas the seeds are used in hemorrhage.
Plant description of Pavonia Zeylanica Cav
Family: Malvaceae
Vernacular Names:
Common: karubenda
Tamil: Chitta mutti
Telugu: Chittimulli, Peramuthi.
4
Habitat:
It is very commonly distributed weed in farm fields, wastelands and rare in
forest fringes, throughout the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.
Parts Used: Stem, leaves and whole plant.
Therapeutic uses:
The plant is used as anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, laxative, Anti-
tumor, febrifuge and anthelmintic.
An extended literature review shows that an Anti-fertility activity of the stem
bark of Alangium Salvifolium Wang in wistar female rat [9], Anti-arthritic activity of
bark extracts of Alangium Salvifolium Wang [10], Antioxidant and Antimicrobial
activities of Alangium Salvifolium (L.F) Wang root [11], Wound healing property
of alcoholic extract of leaves of Alangium Salvifolium [12], Antitumor activity of
Alangium Salvifolium against Dalton’s ascetic lymphoma [13], Antibacterial and
antidiarrhoeal activity of Alangium Salvifolium Wang flowers [14] and Larvicidal
efficacy of Pavonia Zeylanica extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex
quinquefasciatus [15] has been reported.
However, stem and leaves of the plants are not scientifically explored for
its antidiabetic activity and associated complications of diabetes like ulcer, pain,
inflammation and bacterial infections. Hence an effort has been made to screen
5
the plants for antidiabetic, anti-ulcer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and
antibacterial activity.
3. Need for the Study
Natural products (also referred to as secondary metabolites) encompass a
wide array of truly unique chemical structures. From the largest trees to the
smallest microorganisms, all types of living creatures make natural products.
Natural products represent some of the remarkable compounds known to
mankind. The vast array of known and yet to be discovered plants, microbes, and
marine organisms that make natural products astounding. The incredible wealth
of yet to be explored microbes, plants and marine organisms means that today’s
researchers have scarcely begun to realize the true potential of natural products
for helping solve a wide range of biomedical problems.
The future of natural products is very promising. Humans also benefit
tremendously from natural products. For many years, natural products have
served as a cornerstone of the pharmaceutical industry leading to the
development of numerous lifesaving drugs that help to treat everything from
cancer to heart disease. Today, natural products are still key components of the
drug discovery process and labs.
Hence, an effort has been made to extract, isolate, characterize and
screen the selected plants, Alangium salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica.
6
4. Objectives
Collection and authentication of selected plants.
Extraction and Phytochemical screening.
Acute toxicity studies.
Pharmacological studies on the plant extract.
Anti-diabetic activity
Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
Alloxan induced diabetic rats.
The complications which are associated with diabetes are
Gastric ulcer
Pain
Inflammation
Bacterial infections
The aim and objective of the present study is to investigate the anti-diabetic
activity of the plant extracts and screening of the plant extracts on its
associated complications.
Isolation and Characterization of chemical constituent.
7
5. Methodology
The proposed plants material of fresh stem and leaves of Alangium
Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica were collected from Tirupati, Chittoor district
of Andhra Pradesh, India. The species was identified and authentified by
Dr.K.Madhava Chetty, S.V.University, Tirupati. Voucher specimens were
deposited at Dept. of Pharmacognosy for further reference.
Powdered drug was extracted successively with various solvents of
increasing polarity using Soxhlet apparatus.
Preliminary phytochemical studies were done using the procedure of
Khandelwal. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols,
proteins, steroids, saponins and triterpenoids were qualitatively analyzed [16].
An acute toxicity was performed for the ethanolic, aqueous and Chloroform
extracts of Alangium salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica to determine LD50 using
different doses of the extracts [17].
Pharmacological Studies
i) Antidiabetic activity of Ethanolic, Aqueous and Chloroform extracts of
Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica [EEAS, EEPZ, AEAS, AEPZ, and
CEAS & CEPZ].
Effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS & AEPZ and CEAS &AEPZ on blood
glucose level in normoglycemic rats, in glucose fed hyperglycemic rats, in
8
Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats [18] and Alloxan induced diabetic rats [19]
were investigated with the doses of 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight of
each plant extract. Glibenclamide was taken as a standard drug.
ii) Anti-ulcer activity
Effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS & AEPZ and CEAS &AEPZ against
Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer and Aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rats
were evaluated. Volume of gastric juice, PH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index
and percentage inhibition of ulcer was calculated. The standard drug used was
Ranitidine [20].
iii) Analgesic activity
For the evaluation of analgesic activity, effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS
& AEPZ and CEAS &AEPZ by acetic acid induced writhing in mice and hot plate
method in mice were studied. Aspirin used as a standard drug.
iv) Anti-inflammatory activity
The anti-inflammatory activity was determined in albino rats by
Carrageenan induced rat paw edema method. Indomethacin was the standard
drug used [21].
9
v) Antibacterial activity
The activity of the plants against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
was evaluated by Agar well diffusion method [22].
Isolation and Characterization of chemical constituent
The extracts were subjected to thin layer chromatographic technique and a
constituent from the extracts were isolated by column chromatography. The
isolated compounds were characterized by IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopic
techniques.
Statistical Analysis: By One Way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test using
Graph Pad Instat 3 software.
10
6. Results and Discussion
6.1 Preliminary phytochemical Studies
The preliminary phytochemical studies of extractives of Alangium
Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica were given in table-1.
Table-1: Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
S.No. Phytochemical Constituents
EEAS EEPZ AEAS AEPZ CEAS CEPZ
1 Alkaloids + + + + + + 2 Carbohydrates + + + + - - 3 Flavonoids + + + - + + 4 Glycosides + + + + + + 5 Tannins/Phenols + + + + + + 6 Proteins + + + + - - 7 Steroids - - - - + + 8 Saponins + + + + - - 9 Triterpenoids + + - - + +
+: Indicate the presence of phytochemical constituents
- : Indicate the presence of phytochemical constituents
6.2 Acute toxicity study
Acute toxicity studies of the extracts are shown in table-2. Based on the
study 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight of Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia
Zeylanica were selected for the investigation of pharmacological activities.
11
Table-2: Toxicity Study
Treatment Dose (mg/kg)
No. of animals
No. of survival
No. of death
Mortality
EEAS&EEPZ AEAS&AEPZ CEAS&CEPZ
5 3 3 0 0 50 3 3 0 0 300 3 3 0 0 2000 3 3 0 0
6.3 Anti-diabetic activity
6.3.1 Effect on Blood glucose level in Normoglycemic rats
The mean blood glucose level maintained at 92.83 to 91.00mg/dl at dose
EEAS 400mg/kg and decreased from 89.17 to 83.16 mg/dl at dose EEAS
800mg/kg. For the standard drug, the same was 89.50 to 80.50 mg/dl (Table-3).
Table-3: Effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS & AEPZ and CEAS & CEPZ on
Blood Glucose Level in Normoglycemic Rats
Groups Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL) 0 hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
I Normal 90.16± 1.08
88.67± 1.28
87.16± 2.40
85.00± 2.32
91.17± 2.24
II EEAS 400mg
92.83± 1.83
83.16± 1.85
84.50± 2.28
76.33± 1.89*
91.00± 2.08
III EEAS 800mg
89.17± 2.07
83.50± 2.04
79.83± 1.60*
72.50± 1.71**
83.16± 1.96*
IV EEPZ 400mg
92.00± 1.41
83.83± 1.51
82.66± 1.38
75.17± 2.53*
90.33± 1.38
V EEPZ 800mg
90.00± 1.53
84.66± 1.08
78.33± 1.41**
72.16± 2.43**
82.66± 2.03*
12
VI AEAS 400mg
89.83± 2.07
87.16± 2.17
85.00± 2.38
82.83± 1.83
92.16± 1.76
VII AEAS 800mg
90.66± 1.98
87.00± 1.53
84.00± 1.39
77.67± 1.69*
84.00± 1.46
VIII AEPZ 400mg
89.17± 1.80
87.50± 1.73
87.16± 2.27
83.16± 1.78
90.83± 2.09
IX AEPZ 800mg
92.00± 1.95
89.33± 1.80
79.33± 1.40*
75.33± 1.71**
83.00± 1.75*
X CEAS 400mg
91.67± 1.85
85.83± 1.40
85.00± 2.42
80.16± 2.04
89.00± 2.52
XI CEAS 800mg
90.00± 2.61
86.16± 1.78
83.83± 1.47
76.50± 1.76*
87.66± 1.58
XII CEPZ 400mg
91.33± 1.48
86.00± 2.67
85.66± 1.98
79.33± 1.70
87.83± 1.07
XIII CEPZ 800mg
89.83± 1.35
84.50± 1.41
79.67± 1.40*
74.83± 3.21*
83.50± 1.65
XIV
Standard
89.50± 2.45
85.50± 1.65
77.00± 1.73**
71.50± 2.04**
80.50± 2.81**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM (n=6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01. The blood
glucose values of group II to XIV are compared with group I.
6.3.2 Effect on Blood Glucose Levels on Glucose fed Hyperglycemic Rats
(Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
Peak increase in blood glucose concentration was observed after 1 hour
and found to reduce significantly from 81.50 to 74.50 mg/dl at dose of EEAS
800mg/kg. Standard drug group animals showed reduction from 79.50 to 71.66
mg/dl (Table-4).
13
Table-4: Effect on Blood Glucose Levels on Glucose fed Hyperglycemic
Rats
Groups
Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL) 0 hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours
I
Glucose
83.83±1.92
144.83±2.52
113.50±4.14
101.17±3.52
86.00±3.39
II
EEAS 400mg
80.00±1.88
140.00±3.02
125.00±3.18
87.00±3.88*
76.67±2.39*
III
EEAS 800mg
81.50±2.23
150.00±2.34
131.16±4.56*
86.50±3.21*
74.50±1.54**
IV
EEPZ 400mg
88.17±2.56
137.17±3.26
125.67±3.63
88.66±3.13*
77.00±1.24*
V
EEPZ 800mg
90.16±3.58
151.33±3.12
131.33±4.59*
82.17±2.72**
74.16±1.25**
VI
AEAS 400mg
82.16±1.85
144.50±2.67
132.33±3.90*
92.66±3.65
84.50±2.10
VII
AEAS 800mg
84.33±1.52
150.33±2.66
135.00±4.97**
88.17±3.50*
77.50±1.41*
VIII
AEPZ 400mg
86.00±2.30
141.00±2.48
130.17±3.82*
91.16±3.64
82.16±2.24
IX
AEPZ 800mg
87.67±2.52
152.17±3.12
133.83±4.31**
86.33±3.01*
76.67±1.61*
X CEAS 400mg
82.00±2.54
134.83±4.53
129.67±3.49
100.50±3.74
85.50±2.17
XI CEAS 800mg
84.50±1.98
137.66±4.88
127.50±4.92
97.83±3.56
84.00±1.37
XII CEPZ 400mg
86.67±2.30
134.00±3.87
125.16±4.74
97.00±3.59
84.66±2.15
XIII CEPZ 800mg
88.33±3.16
140.16±3.53
127.33±5.67
86.67±2.43*
77.50±1.52*
XIV
Standard
79.50±1.41
154.83±2.57
131.33±3.05*
82.83±3.08**
71.66±2.20**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM (n=6). * p<0.05, **p<0.01. The blood
glucose values of group II to XIV are compared with group I.
14
6.3.3 Effect on Blood glucose level in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
The effects of the treatments with all extracts and standard drug on blood
glucose concentration in normal and diabetic rats are shown in table-5. At the
end of experiment (15th day) blood glucose level was 166.50 mg/dl and 172.33
mg/dl in the diabetic rat treated with 800mg/kg of EEPZ and EEAS respectively.
Whereas AEPZ and AEAS at dose of 800mg/kg also showed significant
reduction in blood glucose level on diabetic rats at 15th day of the study and
Chloroform extracts showed less significant activity among all other extracts
(Table-5).
Table-5: Effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS & AEPZ and CEAS & CEPZ on
Blood Glucose in STZ Induced Diabetic Rats
Groups Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL)
Initial Day 5 Day 10 Day 15
I
Normal Control
78.83±1.19
84.83±3.16
82.50±2.42
81.00±1.51
II
Diabetic Control
276.50±2.23
279.00±4.52
306.33±3.15
312.67±1.45
III
EEAS 400mg
296.17±8.95
293.50±3.91
289.83±3.67*
286.50±3.17**
IV
EEAS 800mg
270.33±6.78
262.00±6.35*
252.17±5.71**
172.33±6.27**
V
EEPZ 400mg
300.16±8.44
292.67±3.18
288.50±2.49*
233.83±5.79**
15
VI
EEPZ 800mg
274.33±7.20
261.83±3.70*
226.66±4.69**
166.50±4.61**
VII
AEAS 400mg
295.33±6.82
291.83±3.72
289.66±3.60*
286.17±3.93**
VIII
AEAS 800mg
268.00±4.47
264.16±4.73
256.00±3.80**
227.00±3.94**
IX
AEPZ 400mg
296.16±6.64
290.00±4.75
287.33±4.01*
282.33±4.80**
X AEPZ 800mg
270.50±5.23
262.66±3.99*
232.83±4.42**
196.83±4.72**
XI CEAS 400mg
280.83±3.94
282.16±3.42
300.83±3.67
302.00±3.67
XII CEAS 800mg
272.50±3.74
273.33±3.38
287.00±4.85*
286.67±5.44**
XIII CEPZ 400mg
291.50±4.45
290.33±3.53
288.50±2.48*
282.50±3.46**
XIV CEPZ 800mg
273.33±4.30
269.00±4.26
260.33±4.74**
245.83±4.46**
XV
Standard
267.66±4.89
255.16±3.09**
219.67±5.15**
150.16±5.71**
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM (n=6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01. The blood
glucose values of group III to XV are compared with group II.
6.3.4 Effect on Blood Glucose Level in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
Blood glucose level in normal and experimental animals was tested on 0,
1, 3, 5 and 7 days of drug treatment. Ethanolic extract significantly decreased the
elevated blood sugar level in dose dependent manner. EEPZ at a dose of
800mg/kg decreased blood sugar level from 209.00 to 104.66 mg/dl after seven
days treatment, which was found significant and antidiabetic activity is
comparable to that of the standard drug (Table-6).
16
Table-6: Effect of EEAS & EEPZ and AEAS & AEPZ and CEAS & CEPZ on
Blood Glucose Level in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
Groups Blood Glucose Level (mg/dL) 0 Day 1st Day 3rd Day 5th Day 7th Day
I Normal Control
81.66± 1.11
81.83± 0.94
81.50± 0.62
81.67± 2.44
81.00± 1.29
II Diabetic Control
205.17± 1.72
212.00± 3.91
219.83± 4.70
236.33± 3.71
259.00± 3.36
III EEAS 400mg
205.00± 2.08
204.17± 2.86
202.16± 4.23*
174.00± 3.56**
147.83± 2.75**
IV EEAS 800mg
206.33± 2.39
203.30± 3.24
198.00± 4.74**
160.66± 4.39**
125.17± 3.32**
V EEPZ 400mg
206.16± 2.02
203.83± 3.42
199.80± 4.31*
162.16± 3.60**
130.50± 2.64**
VI EEPZ 800mg
209.00± 2.14
202.67± 3.59
190.16± 4.08**
147.00± 3.71**
104.66± 2.87**
VII AEAS 400mg
204.83± 1.83
204.00± 3.39
202.83± 4.16*
192.66± 3.27**
172.50± 3.31**
VIII AEAS 800mg
206.67± 1.80
204.83± 3.22
201.83± 3.87*
174.67± 4.03**
142.00± 3.08**
IX AEPZ 400mg
207.50± 2.20
206.00± 3.27
203.50± 3.31*
180.83± 4.36**
155.16± 2.55**
X AEPZ 800mg
206.83± 2.21
203.66± 3.40
194.66± 3.59**
164.00± 4.01**
129.83± 2.84**
XI CEAS 400mg
206.33± 1.94
210.67± 2.80
213.33± 3.15
224.83± 3.10
244.33± 3.28*
XII CEAS 800mg
207.00± 2.29
209.83± 2.18
210.50± 3.09
218.66± 4.52*
220.00± 3.50**
XIII CEPZ 400mg
207.67± 2.31
207.33± 2.49
206.83± 3.66
202.00± 3.37**
197.16± 2.82**
XIV CEPZ 800mg
208.17± 1.96
207.00± 2.83
205.16± 3.08*
192.67± 3.25**
173.50± 3.70**
XV
Standard
208.00± 2.70
198.33± 3.14*
179.67± 3.24**
130.50± 4.50**
85.83± 2.61**
17
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM (n=6). *p<0.05, **p<0.01. The blood glucose levels of group III to XV are compared with group II.
6.4 Anti-ulcer activity
6.4.1 Effect of extracts against Pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer
The Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the Alangium salvifolium and
Pavonia Zeylanica in the doses of 400 and 800mg/kg, chloroform extract of
Alangium Salvifolium 800mg/kg produced a reduction in the ulcer index, gastric
volume free acidity, total acidity and raised gastric PH significantly in comparison
with control group. The percentage inhibition of ulcer was 62.92% at dose of
EEAS 800mg/kg which is comparable with that of the percentage inhibition of
standard, i.e., 70.61% .
Control Standard
EEAS 400 EEAS 800 EEPZ 400 EEPZ 800
AEAS 400 AEAS 800 AEPZ 400 AEPZ 800
18
CEAS 400 CEAS 800 CEPZ 400 CEPZ 800
6.4.2 Effect of extracts against Aspirin induced gastric ulcer
The ulcer index and the calculated percentage inhibition of ulcer against
aspirin induced gastric ulcer in rats shows 69.17% at dose of EEAS 800mg/kg,
66.73% at dose of EEPZ 800mg/kg, 65.07% at dose of AEAS 800mg/kg, 52.10%
at dose of AEPZ 800mg/kg and 50.44% at dose of CEAS 800mg/kg.
6.5 Analgesic activity
6.5.1 Acetic acid induced writhing method
In acetic acid induced writhing test, at doses of 800mg/kg the EEPZ,
EEAS, AEPZ, AEAS and CEPZ inhibited the writhing responses and the number
of writhes were significantly lower than the control group and the maximum
inhibition is seen at EEPZ 800mg/kg i.e., 54.25%. The standard drug exhibited
74.84% of inhibition.
6.5.2 Hot plate method
The results of hot plate method revealed that the reaction time for mice
was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner with the reaction time
19
from 7.16 to 9.83 sec and 6.83 to 12.83 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
EEAS, 6.33 to 11.00 sec and 7.00 to 13.33 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
EEPZ, 6.16 to 9.33 sec and 7.00 to 12.67 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
AEAS, 6.50 to 10.83 sec and 7.33 to 12.83 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
AEPZ, 6.66 to 7.67 sec and 6.50 to 9.30 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
CEAS, 6.67 to 10.66 sec and 6.83 to 13.16 sec at dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg of
CEPZ. The standard drug exhibited the reaction time from 6.67 to 14.00 sec.
6.6 Anti-inflammatory effect on Carrageenan induced rat paw edema
The EEAS, EEPZ, AEAS, AEPZ, CEAS and CEPZ in the doses of
800mg/kg showed the percentage inhibition 63.50%, 60.32%, 60.32%, 55.55%,
34.13% and 7.93% at 24 hour. Inhibition of edema at EEAS 800mg/kg was
higher; however the standard drug exhibited the percentage inhibition of edema
as 73.81%.
6.7 Antibacterial activity
Followed by incubation, the plates were inspected to identify the zone of
inhibition. The diameter of zone of inhibition of each extracts and standard discs
of different concentrations was recorded with the help of zone measuring scale.
Zone of inhibition was 20mm, 19mm, 17mm & 18mm for high concentration of
EEAS in different organisms. Standard drug showed zone of inhibition 22mm,
26mm, 18mm & 21mm in the same organisms.
20
6.8. Isolation and Characterization of Chemical Constituent
Spectrum of isolated compound from Alangium Salvifolium
Figure 1: IR Spectrum Figure 2: Mass Spectrum
Figure 3: NMR Spectrum Probable Structure: Di-demethoxy Alanginol
Spectrum of isolated compound from Pavonia Zeylanica
Figure 4: IR Spectrum Figure 5: Mass Spectrum
N
O H
21
Figure 6: NMR Spectrum Probable Structure: Osthole dimer
7.Conclusion
Screening of anti-diabetic activity in Streptozotocin induced and Alloxan
induced diabetic rats method indicate the efficiency of Alangium salvifolium and
Pavonia Zeylanica in the maintenance of blood glucose level in diabetic induced
rats. Administration of ethanolic extracts showed a significant decrease in blood
glucose level in diabetic rats than that of aqueous and chloroform extracts.
Ethanolic extracts of the plant Alangium Salvifoilum was significantly
effective in protecting gastric mucosa against pylorus ligation induced and aspirin
induced gastric ulcer at all the dose level studied.
Many chemical agents have been reported to produce writhing but acetic
acid and phenyl benzoquinone are the two most commonly used irritants. EEPZ
at its higher doses produces a maximum percentage of inhibition. In hot plate
method a cut off period of 15 sec was observed to avoid damage to the paws.
EEPZ 800mg/kg showed the reaction time comparable with that of standard.
O
O
O
O O
O
22
Many phlogistic agents have been used for the induction of edema, among
them Carrageenan been found to be the most suitable agent and provides a
good predictive value for anti-inflammatory potential of a novel compound. EEAS
800mg/kg showed 63.50% inhibition of paw edema, which is closer to the
inhibition by a standard drug.
The antibacterial activity of Alangium salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica
was proved by its zone of inhibition against various gram positive and gram
negative organisms. The activity was compared with a standard drug.
Characterization of the isolated compounds by various spectroscopic
studies has been done and the probable structure was predicted.
The results of these studies confirm that the ethanolic, aqueous and
chloroform extracts of Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica has an anti-
diabetic activity. Further the plant extracts are also useful for the treatment of
complications (gastric ulcer, pain, inflammation and bacterial infection) which are
associated with diabetes.
8. References
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Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi; 2006: p.60.
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active principles from medicinally important plants. In: Rakesh KS, Rajesh A,
editors. Herbal drugs-A wenty first century perspective. Jaypee Brothers Medical
Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi; 2006: p.71.
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and-diabetes
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https://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&id=10025
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Dis Clin North Am, 1997; 11(3):735-50.
8. Madhava Chetty K, Sivaji K, Tulasi Rao. Flowering Plants of Chittoor District
Andhra Pradeh, India,1st edition, 2008. Student Offset Printers, Tirupati.
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9. Murugan V, Shareef H, Rama Sarma GVS, Ramanathan M, Sureh B. Anti-
fertility activity of the stem bark of Alangium Salvifolium (Linn.F) Wang in wistar
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stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).. Trop Biomed. 2010;
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26
Publications
• Hepcy Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N. Evaluation of Anti-diabetic
activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of stem and leaves of Alangium
Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci., 2013, 5(2):
363-366.
• Hepcy Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N. Antidiabetic, Analgesic and
Anti-inflammatory activity of Aqueous extracts of Stem and Leaves of
Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica. Int. J. Drug Dev & Res.,
2012, 4(4): 298-306.
• Hepcy Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N. Analgesic and Anti-
inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of Alangium Salvifolium and
Pavonia Zeylanica . Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2012, 17(1): 77-80.
• Hepcy Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N. Screening of Anti-ulcer
activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Alangium Salvifolium and
Pavonia Zeylanica in rats. Int. J. Advances in Pharm. Res., 2012, 3(12):
1264-1268.
• Hepcy Kalarani D, Dinakar A, Senthilkumar N. Antidiabetic activity of
ethanolic extracts of Alangium Salvifolium and Pavonia Zeylanica in
Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2012, 4(5):
337-339.