IOG

1

Information Unlimited, PO Box 716, Amherst, NH 03031-0716 IOG

IOG SERIES ION RAY GUN PLANSCOPYRIGHTED 4/89 REV 1/95

IOG70 Lab Assembled Unit (6 Stages) ................................................................ $149.50

IOG7K Complete kit ............................................................................................... $99.50

IOG90 Higher Powered Unit Lab Assembled (9 Stages) ...................................... $199.50

IOG9K Above Complete Kit ................................................................................. $149.50

SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS!

•OPERATION OF THIS PRODUCT IS FROM A 12 VOLT BATTERY PACK

•DO NOT USE NEAR PERSON WEARING PACEMAKER OR SIMILAR DEVICE

•DO NOT USE NEAR COMPUTERS OR SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

•DO NOT USE IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE

•DO NOT CHARGE EXTERNAL CAPACITORS UNLESS TOTALLY FAMILIAR WITH THE HANDLING OF HIGH ENERGY SYSTEMS

•MAY CAUSE ANNOYING SHOCK AND BURNS WHEN WEARING METAL FRAME GLASSES

THIS PRODUCT IS INTENDED FOR LAB, R&D, SCIENCE FAIR, HOBBYIST OR ANY APPLICATION INVOLVING THETRANSFER OF ELECTRICAL CHARGE, ION MOBILITY, STATIC ELECTRICITY, ION PROPULSION, CORONA, KIRLIANETC.

IT IS SUGGESTED THE NOVICE OBTAIN OUR “GENERAL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES” AVAILABLE FOR $5.00.ORDER #GCAT1

NO SPECIALIZED SKILLS OTHER THAN BASIC WIRING, SOLDERING AND USE OF HAND TOOLS ARE REQUIRED TOASSEMBLE.

SPECIALIZED PARTS INDIVIDUALLY AVAILABLE (REF PARTS LIST)� C5-16 SPECIAL .001/MFD 15KV CAPACITORS............................................................... $3.50 EACH

� D1-12 SPECIAL 20KV AVALANCHE DIODES .................................................................. $3.50 EACH

� T1 SPECIAL FERRITE TRANSFORMER 28K088 ...................................................... $18.50 EACH

� C4 SPECIAL 1MFD/100V POLYPROPYLENE CAPACITOR........................................ $4.50 EACH

OPTIONALLY AVAILABLE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT FURTHER DESCRIBED IN CATALOG

� LJAR - LEYDEN JAR HI VOLT CAPACITOR ................................................................................. $39.50

� ESCOPE - SUPER SENSITIVE ELECTROSCOPE ELECTRIC FIELD DETECTOR ..................... $29.50

� VDG5K - 500,000 VOLT VANDEGRAF GENERATOR KIT .......................................................... $349.50

� BTC3K - 250,000 VOLT KV TABLE TOP TESLA COIL KIT ......................................................... $349.50

IF YOU DISCOVER OR HAPPEN TO COME UP WITH ANY NEW EXPERIMENTS OR DATA RELATING TO YOUR UNIT, YOUCAN CONTACT US AS WE MAY INCLUDE IT IN FUTURE PLANS AND APPLICATION DATA WITH YOUR NAME TAKINGFULL CREDIT FOR THE INFORMATION. A GENEROUS CREDIT CERTIFICATE OR POSSIBLE ROYALTY WILL ALSO BEGIVEN WITH THE AMOUNT DEPENDING ON THE COMPLEXITY AND UNIQUENESS OF THE INFORMATION.

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Your - ION RAY GUN UNIT demonstrates an interesting phenomenon involving the mobility ofcharged particles. It is capable of producing the following effects:

• INDUCING ELECTRICAL SHOCKS IN OTHER PEOPLE• CAUSING LAMPS TO FLICKER AND IGNITE WITHOUT CONTACT• ABILITY TO CAUSE PAPER TO STICK TO SURFACE, PLAYING CARDS, ETC..• CAUSING MOTION OF OBJECTS/ION MOTORS• CHARGING OF OBJECTS TO HIGH POTENTIAL WITHOUT CONTACT• STATIC ELECTRICITY EXPERIMENTS• KIRLIAN PHOTOGRAPHY, OZONE PRODUCTION• STRANGE AND BIZARRE EFFECTS ON CERTAIN MATERIALS• EFFECTS ON PAINTED AND INSULATED SURFACES - REQUIRES DARKNESS• EFFECT ON VAPORS, STEAM, LIQUIDS, ETC..• VISUAL DISCHARGE OF PLASMA FORCE, CORONA, ETC..• EFFECT ON ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT, TV, COMPUTERS *ETC., PLEASE READ CAUTION STATE-

MENT

It accomplishes all the above without any direct connections other than the traveling of ions throughair. In order to demonstrate this effect, it is necessary to produce voltages of magnitudes that maybe at a hazardous shock potential but at relatively small amperage. Even though the device isbattery operated with low input voltage it must be treated with caution. Use discretion when usingit as it is possible for a person wearing insulated shoes to accumulate enough of a charge toproduce a moderately painful or irritating shock when he touches a grounded object. The effectcould cause injury to a person in weak physical condition (note warnings). Effects depend onmany parameters including humidity, leakage amounts and types of objects, proximity etc.

The device is shown constructed in two ways. When the output is terminated into a smooth largesurfaced collector it becomes a useful high potential source capable of powering particle accel-erators and other related devices. It may be built as a producer of negative or positive ions dem-onstrating a phenomenon that is often regarded as a figure of demerit when building and design-ing high voltage power supplies. The device is now terminated into a sharp point where leakageof positive and negative ions can occur. This will result in corona and the formation of nitric acidvia the production of the ozone produced combining with nitrogen and forming nitrous oxide whichwith water produces this very strong acid. The production of ions also robs the available currentfrom the supply.

It is well known that high voltage generators usually consist of large smooth surface collectorswhere leakage is minimized allowing these collective terminals to accumulate high voltages withless current demand. Leakage of a high voltage point is the result of the repulsion of like chargesto the extent that these charges are forced out Into the air as ions. The rate of ions produced is aresult of the charge density at a certain point. The magnitude of this quantity is a function of volt-age and the reciprocal of the angle of projection of the surface. Note FIG A on experiment sheet.This is why lightning rods are sharply pointed causing the charges to leak off into the air before avoltage can be developed to create the lightning bolt.

It is now evident that to create ions it is necessary to have a high voltage applied to an object suchas a needle or other sharp device used as an emitter. Once the ions leave the emitter they pos-sess a certain mobility allowing them to travel moderate distance contacting and charging upother objects by accumulation and collision.

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APPLICATION AND EXPERIMENTS1. ST. ELMO’S FIRE - this familiar glow discharge occurs during periods of high electrical activity.It is a corona discharge that is brush like, luminous, and often may be audible) when leaking fromcharged objects in the atmosphere. It occurs on ship masts, on aircraft propellers, wings, otherprojecting parts and on objects projecting from high terrain when the atmosphere is charged and asufficiently strong electrical potential is created between the object and the surrounding air. Aircraftmost frequently experience St. Elmo’s Fire when flying in or near cumulonimbus clouds, thunderstorms, in snow showers, and in dust storms. It is easily artificially produced by using your unit asshown FIG D on experiment sheet.

2. FLASHING FLUORESCENT OR NEON LIGHT - This experiment shows the mobility of theions and their ability to charge up the capacitance in a fluorescent light tube and discharge in theform of a flash. Perform the following: See FIG B on experiment sheet.

A. Have a buddy carefully hold a 10-40 watt fluorescent light or a neon filled tube and turn offlights. Allow eyes to become accustomed to total darkness.

B. Hold end about 3 feet from output and note lamp flickering.

Increase distance and note flicker rate decreasing. Under ideal conditions and total darkness,the lamp will flicker up to a considerable distance from the source. Use caution in totaldarkness. Hold lamp by glass envelope and touch end pins to water pipe, metal objects,etc., for best results and brightest flash. Flash time is equivalent of the familiar equation: T= CV / I where “T” is the time between flashes, “V” is the flash breakdown voltage charac-teristic of the tube. “C” is the Inherent capacity in the tube and “I” is equivalent of theamount of Ions reaching the lamp and obviously decreases by the 5/2 power of the dis-tance.

3. ION CHARGING - This demonstrates the same phenomena as in Experiment 2a but in adifferent way. Perform the following: See FIG C on experiment sheet.

A. Set up unit as shown with ground contact about 1/4" from charge sphere.

B. Note spark occurring to grounded contact as a result of ion accumulation on sphere.Increase distance and note where spark becomes indistinguishable.

C. Obtain a subject brave enough to stand a moderate electric shock (use caution as aperson with a heart condition should not be near this experiment).

D. Have SUBJECT STAND ON AN INSULATING SURFACE and then touch a grounded orlarge metal object. Rubber or similar sole shoes often work to an extent.

4. ION MOTOR - This dramatically demonstrates Newton’s Law of action producing reaction.Escaping ions at a high velocity produce a reactive force. This is a viable means of propulsion forspace craft where hypervelocities may approach the speed of light in this frictionless environment.Preform as FIG C with rotor and pin attached to sphere via lump of clay etc. A piece of foldedpaper will sometimes work.

A. Form piece of #18 wire as shown. For maximum results carefully balance and provideminimum frictions at pivot point. There are many different methods of performing this experiment with far better results. We leave this to the experimenter bearing in mind that a wellmade balanced rotor can achieve amazing rpm.

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B. Note as rotor spins giving off ions, that ones body hair will bristle, nearby objects will sparkand a cold feeling will persist.

The unit generates ions that are accumulated on the insulated spherical object charging it theoreti-cally to its open circuit potential (this in practice doesn’t occur due to leakage etc.) The objectaccumulates a voltage equal to V = it / c. Note the unit is also directly grounded to increase thiseffect by producing the necessary electrical mirror image. The quantity “Q” (Coulombs) of thecharge is equal to “CV” where C = capacitance of object and V=voltage charged. The energy “W”(joules) stored is equal to 1/2 CVE2. The capacitance can be calculated by approximating thearea of the shadow of the object projected directly beneath it and calculating the mean separationdistance. The capacitance is now approximately equal to “C” pfd = .25 times projected area ininches squared divided by mean separation in inches.

5. CHARGE ATTRACTION - demonstrates the force between unlike charges. Place a 8 x 11"piece of paper on a wooden desk or table top. Scan the paper with the unit holding approx. 2 to3" from surface. Note paper pressing to surface and becoming strongly attracted as indicatedwhen attempting to lift up.

6. CHARGE REPULSION - demonstrates the force between like charges. Place a small papercup on top of the output.

Obtain some small pieces of styrofoam and place in cup. Note some pieces ejecting out of cup.Bring a grounded lead near the cup and note reaction.

7. CORONA DISCHARGE - FIG D on experiment sheet - Demonstrates the difference in dis-charge length between a high and a low leakage surface. Perform the following:

Note that the spark may only be 1/2" or so with the pointed object while the smooth surface objectproduces a 1-2" spark. This is due to the inability of the device to maintain a voltage under thehigh leakage conditions with the points while the other produces just enough ions to produce aleader for the main discharge.

8. DEMONSTRATES THE TRANSMISSION OF ENERGY via mobile ions. Perform as FIG Eon experiment sheet. Objects are round spheres placed on glass bottles used a insulators. Oneobject is grounded using thin insulated wire. Other object discharges to grounded object. Notegrounding wire physically jumping at time of discharge, this phenomena is the result of currentproducing a mechanical force. As unit is brought closer, length of spark discharge and dischargerate will increase. A discharge length of 1/2" may be obtainable with the unit 4 to 5 feet away.This demonstrates the potential effectiveness of the device.

9. DEMONSTRATES THE ABILITY OF THE DEVICE to cause a person to become chargedand experience a moderate shock when grounded. Perform as FIG F on experiment sheet.CAUTION DO NOT ATTEMPT ON INDIVIDUALS UNLESS YOU KNOW THEY ARE INGOOD PHYSICAL CONDITION.

The unit is directed to victim. Ideal condition is for victim to be standing on insulated floor, platformor wearing rubber or other insulating type shoes. Unit should be grounded for maximum effect,however, some grounding effect will occur through person holding it. The AC switch/receptacle,pipe etc., for temporary ground.

Victim charges up with ions and when he touches grounded or large object, a flow of currentoccurs causing a shock. Please note that the severity of this shock depends on many factors and

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can be painful under proper conditions. AGAIN USE CAUTION.

10. Detect ions with detector as shown FIG G on experiment sheet. Note our IOD1 Ion Detectordescribed in our catalog is a excellent device and provides extra ordinary sensitivity. TheESCOPE electroscope also is an excellent detector.

Other experiments and uses are materials and insulation dielectric breakdown testing, ozoneproduction for odor control, X-ray power supplies, capacitance charging-use of our LJAR LeydenJar is excellent for this demonstration. Ignition of gas tubes and spark gaps, particle accelerationand atom smashers, Kirlian photography, electrostatics and ion generation. Other related mate-rial may easily be obtained on the above subjects.

The effects on many materials can supply hours of interesting experiments producing some-times weird and bizarre phenomena.

IF YOU DISCOVER OR HAPPEN TO COME UP WITH ANY NEW EXPERIMENTS OR DATARELATING TO YOUR UNIT YOU CAN CONTACT US AS WE MAY INCLUDE IT IN FUTUREPLANS AND APPLICATION DATA WITH YOUR NAME TAKING FULL CREDIT FOR THEINFORMATION. A GENEROUS CREDIT CERTIFICATE WILL ALSO BE GIVEN WITH THEAMOUNT DEPENDING ON THE COMPLEXITY AND UNIQUENESS OF THE INFORMA-TION.

NEGATIVE ION INFORMATIONIn the last two decades a medical controversy has evolved pertaining to the beneficial effects ofthese minute electrical particles. As with any device that appears to affect people in a beneficialsense there are those who sensationalize and exaggerate these claims as a cure for all ailmentsand ills. Such people manufacture and market these devices under false pretenses and conse-quently give the products a diverse name. The Food and Drug Administration now steps in onthese claims and the product along with any beneficial facets goes down the tubes.

The builder may wish to obtain the following articles: NEGATIVE ION AFFECT HEALTH - Oct 22,1976; INT’L PRESS RELEASE: IONS - Oct 1960; ROTARIAN - Oct 1960; 1960 READERSDIGEST NEGATIVE IONS; POPULAR ELECTRONICS - Sept 1961.

People are affected by negative ions from the property of these particles to increase the rate ofactivity by cilia thus enhancing (whose property is to keep the tracheas clean from foreign objects)oxygen intake and increasing the flow of mucous. This property neutralizes the effects of cigarettesmoking that slows down this activity of the cilia. Hay fever and bronchial asthma victims aregreatly relieved by these particles. Burns and surgery patients are relieved of pain and heal faster.Tiredness, lethargy and the general dragged out feeling are replaced by a sense of well being andrenewed energy. Negative ions destroy bacteria and purify the air with a country air freshness.They cheer people up by decreasing the serotonin content of the blood. As can be seen in count-less articles and technical writings, negative ions are a benefit to man and his environment.

Negative ions occur naturally from static electricity, certain winds, water falls) crashing surf, cosmicradiation, radioactivity and ultra violet radiation. Positive ions are also produced from some of theabove phenomena and usually neutralize each other out as a natural statistical occurrence. How-ever, many man-made objects and devices have a tendency to neutralize the negative ions, thusleaving an abundance of positive ions which create sluggishness and most of the opposite physi-ological effect of its negative counterpart.

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One method of producing negative ions is obtaining a radio active source rich in Beta radiations(electronics neg) Alpha and gamma emission from this source produces positive ions that are neu-tralized electrically. The resulting negative ions are electrostatically directed to the output exit of thedevice and further dispersed by the action of a fan (this method is recently come under attack by theBureau of Radiological Health and Welfare) for the use of tritium or other radio active salts. Thisapproach appears to be the more hazardous of the two according to the product consumer safetypeople.

A more accepted method is to place a small tuft of stainless steel wool as the ION EMITTER at theoutput terminal of a negative HV DC power supply. The hairlike property of the stainless steelwood allows ions to be produced at relatively low voltage yet reducing ozone output. Ions areproduced by leakage of the particles charging air molecules in the immediate vicinity of the steelwool emitter. The unit should be operated below 15KV as over voltage can produce substantialamounts of ozone that can mask the beneficial effect of the increased ions obtained, A suitableand effective ion detector #IOD1 capable of indicating relative amounts of ion flux and a high fluxnegative ion generator #NIG9 are described in our catalog.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION REF FIG 1

The circuit consists of high a frequency, high voltage oscillator being fed into a multistageCockcroft Walton multiplier. This energy is converted to a potential of 25 to 100 thousand volts.

The high frequency stage consists of transistor Q1 connected as a simple oscillator where itscollector drives the primary winding [PR1] of resonant transformer [T1]. Feedback is obtained viaa second winding [FB] and fed to the base of Q1 thru current limiting resistor R3. Resistor R1biases Q1 into conduction and initiates oscillation.

Capacitor C2 speeds up the “turn off” time of Q1 while R2 and C3 provide a filter to preventoscillation at the resonant frequency of T1.

The high frequency output of T1 is fed into a voltage multiplier stage consisting of diode string D1to D12 and capacitor string C5 to C16. High voltage resistors R4 and R5 limits the potentiallyhigh peaks currents to a value for reducing potentially damaging transients and to avoid any shockhazards.

Ions are now produced by charge concentration occurring at the end of the ion emitter. In order tobe effective a return path to ground must be produced for optimizing ion emission. This is accom-plished via a conductive hand grip connected to the common line of the circuit. The user nowcreates the ground or electrical image necessary for enhancing ion mobility.

Control of the system is done via push button switch SI. This switch may easily be modified orchanged to suit the users needs. A low current spring loaded push button is shown.

Power to the unit is via 8 cell AA cell battery pack fitted in the handle. This approach provides aneat compact unit. Rechargeable batteries may be used utilizing a built in charging circuit forthose applications where constant use is required.

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CONSTRUCTION STEPSDetermine the number of multiplication stages-usually from 6-9. Note each stage con-sists of (2) 22KV avalanche diodes and (2) .001/15KV capacitors. Note:IOG7K Kits contain 6 stagesIOG9K Kits contain 9 stagesNOTE: YOU MAY CONVERT 6 STAGE UNIT TO 9 STAGES BY SIMPLY “ADDING ON”NECESSARY DIODES AND CAPACITORS AND EXTENDING ASSEMBLY BOARD.

1. [ ] Layout and identify all parts and pieces, check with parts list. Note that some parts maysometimes vary in value. This is acceptable as all components are 10 to 20% tolerance unlessotherwise noted.

2. [ ] Cut apiece of 11 x 1-1/4" .1 x .1 perforated circuit board as shown FIG 2A&B. Length shouldbe xxxxx for 6 stages. It will be necessary to add on a yyyyyy piece of perforated board as anextension if planning to use additional stages Note that cut lines should bisect a row of holesalong all edges of board.

3. [ ] Fabricate HS1 heatsink from a .062 thick piece of 1 x 2 1/2" aluminum as shown FIG 3 and4. Use small vise to bend as required.

4. [ ] Position T1 transformer as shown FIG 2. Note it will be necessary to drag holes inperfboard for lining up with connection pins. Transformer should be positioned 2" from edge ofboard.

5. [ ] Start to insert components into the board holes as shown. Note to start at the Q1 end andproceed from right to left attempting to obtain the layout as shown FIG 2A.

Note certain leads of the actual components will be used for connecting points and circuit runs.Do not cut or trim at this time. Fold over to secure the individual part from falling out of the boardholes for now.

Please read the following before doing any soldering.A. Note components are mounted both horizontal and vertical. Leave at least 1/16" length

between the component body and surface of the board.

B. Note polarity of the following parts:

Q1 NPN transistor

D1-12 high voltage diodes - note color band is positive output

Use a good pencil type soldering iron, keeping tinned and cleaned. Use rosin core solder. Donot overheat solder joint as you may damage the component. Connection should be smooth andshiny. Avoid excess solder.

6. [ ] Recheck component positions and make any corrections before cutting leads and solder-ing.

7. [ ] Proceed to connect together the circuit using the dashed lines shown on FIG 2A as a guide.The actual leads of the respective components now become the actual circuit runs. Solder pointsand leads together and trim off the excess wires not used. Selection of the actual leads used isnot important as long as a reliable solder connection is maintained. The finished circuit shouldresemble a printed circuit board where the foil runs are now actually the “soldered together” com-

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ponent leads.

8. [ ] Insert diode string D1 and D12 and capacitor string C5 to C16. Insert diodes firstnoting polarity bands. Insert capacitors and solderpoints shown. Cut away remaining leadsas close as possible. Resolder diode/capacitor junctions and allow solder to form a smoothglobular ball. This cuts down leakage and corona and is only done for this section as normalsolder joints should never be “globular”.

9. [ ] Insert high voltage resistors R4 and R5 and wire as shown FIG 2B. Note free lead of R5is output port and temporarily serves as the “ion antenna”. Note: Kits include a single 100meg high voltage “TIGER” resistor.

10. [ ] Attach a 4" lead of #24 vinyl hook up wire to circuit common line at C1 minus. Connectother end to a pin of push button switch SI along with another 2" lead.

11. [ ] Connect positive lead of battery clip CL1 to +Vdc. You may wish to strain relieve lead bysnaking it thru holes in assembly perfboard.

12. [ ] Connect negative lead of CL1 to free end of switch SI as shown FIG 2A.

13. [ ] Check for accuracy, quality of solder joints, potential shorts etc. This completes the elec-tronic assembly board.

14. [ ] Attach HS1 heatsink to collector tab of Q1 as shown FIG 3.

15. [ ] Position “Ion Antenna” lead approximately 1/2" to 1" from a lead to common or ground ofcircuit. Connect up external batteries if using.

16. [ ] Connect a current meter across contacts of SI and immediately note a bluish flame of ionsemitting from ion antenna. Current as read thru the meter is approximately 500-750ma. Currentwill drop when ions decrease in flow to approximately 300ma.

17. [ ] Connect a grounded scope across collector of Q1 and circuit common to verify waveshapeon FIG 1 (not necessary for proper operation).

18. [ ] Fabricate enclosure EN1 as shown FIG 4 from you choice of plastic or other insulatingtubing. Dimensions are 15 x 1-5/8 OD. Note 1/2" access hole for passage of battery clip CL1and switch SI as shown FIG 5. You may wish to drill this after unit is assembled to verify correctposition. Keep all leads away from output pins of T1 and high voltage section.

19. [ ] Fabricate handle [HA1] from a piece of 6-1/2" x 1-5/8" x .058 wall PVC plastic tube. Notecontoured nesting grooves for EN1. Aluminum tube may also be used. Drill hole for switch SI asshown FIG 5.

20. [ ] Fabricate bracket [BK1] as shown FIG 4 from a 6 x 1/2" x .035 thin aluminum strip. Drillthe clearance holes for screws as shown.

21. [ ] Drill a small hole into EN1 enclosure for attaching the midpoint of bracket BK1. This holeis approximately 3-1/4" from the rear end and should be a diameter to accommodate the sheetmetal screw SW1. Attach BK1 to EN1 via the one screw and shape as shown fig 4.

22. [ ] Insert completed electronic assembly from FIG 2A into the enclosure tube EN1 and threadS1 switch and CL1 battery clip thru the 1/2" hole. Position as shown in FIG 5 noting that end ofboard where R4 and R5 are, is about 1" from end of enclosure. Install rear cap CAP2.

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23. [ ] Install cap CAP1. Note small hole in center of CAP1 to position output lead when assem-bly is inserted.

24. [ ] Assemble S1 to handle HA1 as shown.

25. [ ] Position EN1 assembly to handle noting proper nesting into grooves. Press bracket toproper position on handle and mark holes for screws using a pointed object.

26. [ ] Drill a third hole as shown FIG 4 for the exiting of the free ended lead connected to SI. Thisis now connected under the screw head holding that side of the bracket and provides the ionreturn contact necessary to be made with the hand. You may wish to extend this contact by addinga strip of metal tape along the handle. Note this point is circuit common.

27. [ ] Insert 8 fresh AA cells into holder BH1 and connect to CL1. Insert into handle and securecap CAP3.

28. [ ] Hold ion emitter approximately 1" from a grounded metal object. Note bluish ray of ions.Experiment on different surfaces noting weird effects. Do in darkness allowing eyes to becomeaccustomed for best effects. A heavily painted surface such as a appliance appears to produce a“star effect” where many flashing points occur when the device is held a distance away.

SPECIAL NOTE:A. The ion emitter plays an important function in the proper operation of this unit for the particularapplication. It is suggested to use a small sharp stainless steel needle attached to the lead of R5.This can be accomplished by wrapping thin wire around the overlapping junction of the needle andlead of R5. A dab of epoxy or hot melt will now further secure this point. The builder should usehis own experimental ingenuity in determining the best approach for this part.

B. The output potential of the unit is several more times than that necessary for actual charging ofthe person or object. The peak energy is limited by the two high meg, high voltage resistors R4and R5. The peak current output is approximately equal to the open circuit voltage that is about50,000 volts divided by 400 x 10 e+6 ohms. This equates out to approximately 125 micro amps.

The average current is about 100 micro amps and can be considered constant for most loads andcharges objects of electrical capacitance [C] up to a voltage by the following formula: V = it/cwhere t = time in seconds c = capacitor of object in farads. The average human body usuallyequates out to 40-60 pfd. Objects of larger capacity could mathematically charge up to dangerousenergy amounts if they were well insulated. Consequently this must be taken into consideration.An example is the following: An object of capacity equal to .001 mfd, insulated up to 25,000 voltswould charge up to near this value in approximately 1/3 sec. This should equate out to [1/2] [.001][10E-6] [625] [10E+6] [.5] equals .2 joules and can result in a painful electric shock as anyoneknows who has gotten across a charged capacitor.

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ELECTRICAL PARTSR1 1 2.2K 1/4 WATT RESISTOR (RED,RED,RED)

R2,7 2 27 OHM 1/4 WATT RESISTOR (RED,PUR,BLK)

R3 1 220 1/4 WATT RESISTOR (RED,RED,BRN)

*R4,5 1 SINGLE 100 MEG HIGH VOLT RESISTOR-TIGER TYPE

R6 0 NOT USED

R8 1 220 OHM 1 WATT RESISTOR (RED,RED, BRN) NOT USED

C1 1 .47 MFD/50V POLYESTER CAP

C2,3 2 .047 TO .068 MFD/50V POLYESTER CAP

*C4 1 1MFD 100V SPECIAL POLYPROPLENE

*C5-Cn 12-18 .001 MFD/15KV HV CAPACITOR-12 FOR IOG7, 18 FOR IOG9

*D1-Dn 12-18 22KV 5MA AVALANCHE DIODES-12 FOR IOG7, 18 FOR IOG9

Q1 1 MJE3055 T0220 NPN GP TRANSISTOR

*T1 1 SPECIAL TRANSFORMER 2100:8:8 INFO #28K088

BH1 1 8 CELL AA BATTEREY HOLDER

S1 1 PUSH BUTTON SWITCH

PB1 1 PERFBOARD [11-14.5” X 1-1/4"] .2 X .2 PERFORATED CIRCUIT BOARD

CL1 1 BATTERY SNAP CLIP

HS1 1 HEATSINK BRACKET [3 X 1 X .062] ALUMINUM FAB PER SKETCH FIG 3 & 4

SW1/NU1 3 SMALL SCREW/NUT 6-32 X 3/8

WR1 6’ #24 HOOKUP WIRE

WR2 6’ #22 BUSS WIRE

LABIOG 1 HIGH VOLTAGE LABEL

MECHANICAL PARTSBK1 1 FAB AS SHOWN FIG 4 FOR ATTACHING HANDLE

SW2 3 SMALL #6 X 1/4 TYPE SHEET METAL

EN1 1 MAIN ENCLOSURE 12 TO 14" X 1-5/8 PVC TUBE FAB PER FIG4

CAP1,2,3 3 1-5/8 PLASTIC CAPS

HA1 1 6 X 1 5/8” PVC FAB PER FIG 4

NEEDLE SMALL STAINLESS STEEL SEWING NEEDLE-NOT INCLUDED IN KIT

TAPE 12” 1/2” METALLIC TAPE FOR HANDLE CONTACT

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This figure shows lower powered6 stages as used in our model IOG7

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+

1KResistor

Any LED

Diode Under TestThree 9 VoltBatteries

HIGH VOLTAGE DIODE POLARITY IDENTIFICATION

Blue Tinge

+

By Observation

Obtain a very bright light or use direct sunlight to note a bluish tinge on the cathode lead.

By Measurement

Some high resistance battery powered volt ohm milliampere meters, such as the Simpson260 series, will indicate the diode's reverse direction. Other similar meters should also work

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