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This IOM publication provides a study of migration-related deaths and presents humanitarian recommendations for countering the problem.
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Fatal JourneysTracking Lives Lost
during Migration
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
3
Table of Contents
7
11
Chapter 1
32
Chapter 2
73
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
132133137
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 177177
Table of Contents
Foreword
William Lacy Swing
Foreword
7
Acknowledgements
List of Tables and Figures
List of Tables and Figures
11
Executive Summary
12
13
•
•
•
1
1
1
1.1 Introduction
2
*
1
2
Migrant Deaths: An International OverviewChapter 1
1.2 International policy context and geography of deaths
3
3 ;
17
1.3 How many have died? Statistics on migrant border-related fatalities
Figure 1.1: Migrant border-related deaths around the world, January–September 2014a
1.3.1 Challenges concerning comparability
Where are deaths occurring?
Figure 1.2: Regions in which migrant deaths occurred, 2014
Mediterranean
21
Africa
22
South-East Asia and Australia
Central and North America
7
7
23
Table 1.1
Region Number of deaths
Years Source
1.3.2 Who is most at risk?
Origin of migrants
Figure 1.3: Deaths by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
si
Figure 1.4: Deaths in the Mediterranean by migrants’ region of origin, 2014
30%
30%
29%
11%
0%
MENA
Sub-Saharan Africa
Not speci ed/Unknown
Horn of Africa
South Asia
27
Sex of migrants and other basic data
Figure 1.5globally, 2014
3% 1%
96%
Male
Female
Not speci ed/Unknown
1.4 Challenges of collecting data on migrant deaths
1.4.1 Invisibility
1.4.2 Remote topography and challenging environments
1.4.3 Missing information
1.4.4 Involvement of criminal actors
31
32
1.5 Who collects the data?
1.5.1 The media as a source of data
33
11
12
11
12
1.6 Keeping count: Why we need better data
1.6.1 Greater accountability and action
1.6.2 More accurate determination of causes and effective response
13
13
1.6.3 Respect for the dead and greater closure for families
1.7 Way forward: Better monitoring, data collection and analysis
1.7.1 Who should be counting?
37
1.8 Outline and chapter overviews
Bibliography
1 2
2.1 Introduction
3
*
1
2
3
Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.2 Historical and geographical overview
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.1south-western border
2.2.1 Demographics
2.2.2 Routes and risks: United States–Mexico border
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.2.3 Routes and risks: Within Mexico
7
7
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.3 Estimated number of migrant fatalities
2.3.1 United States
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013US Border Patrol deaths South-western apprehensions
Mig
rant
dea
ths a
cros
s sou
th-w
este
rn b
orde
r
Sout
h-w
este
rn a
ppre
hens
ions
Figure 2.3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Mig
rant
Dea
ths p
er 1
00,0
00 A
ppre
hens
ions
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.4
California
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013San Diego, CAEl Centro, CAYuma, AZ-CA
Tucson, AZEl Paso, TX-NMBig Bend, TX
Del Rio, TXLaredo, TXRio Grande Valley, TX
Figure 2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (San Diego and El Centro Sectors)
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Arizona
Figure 2.6Examiner in Tucson, Arizona
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (Tucson Sector) Pima County OME
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Table 2.1
Country of origin Number
2111
1
77
Texas
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
11
Comparisons across California, Arizona and Texas
11
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Num
ber o
f dea
ths
California Arizona Texas
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Figure 2.10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Rem
ains
reco
vere
d pe
r 100
,000
US
Bord
er P
atro
l app
rehe
nsio
ns
California Arizona Texas
2.3.2 Mexico
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
2.4 Record keeping and limitations to existing counts
71
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
72
73
2.5 Conclusion and recommendations
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
•
•
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
77
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)
Tracking Deaths in the MediterraneanChapter 3
1 2
3.1 Introduction
*
1
2
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
3.2 Brief historical and geographical overview
Figure 3.1
2013
3
4
3
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Figure 3.2
, ,
.
, , , ,
-10,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Central Mediterranean sea routeEastern Mediterranean sea routeEastern Mediterranean land route
Western Balkan routeOther routes
, ,
Figure 3.3
24%
11%
9%
8%6%5%
5%
3%3%
3%
23%Syrian Arab Republic
Eritrea
Afghanistan
Albania
Kosovo/UNSC 1244
Somalia
Pakistan
Nigeria
Algeria
Other
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
5
6
, , , , ,
3.3 Risks associated with unauthorized travel
,,
7
7
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
, ,
3.4 How many die? Existing data and its quality
8
9
10
Figure 3.4
,
•
•
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
UNITED Fortress Europe
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
•
,
.
,,
, , ,
11
11
Figure 3.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,20019
8819
8919
9019
9119
9219
9319
9419
9519
9619
9719
9819
9920
0020
0120
0220
0320
0420
0520
0620
0720
0820
0920
1020
1120
1220
1320
14
UNITED Fortress Europe APDHA Carling (2007) Kiza (2008)
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
12
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12
13
3.5 Methods and sources for a more accurate and comprehensive count
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
•
15
•
,
•
16
.,
3.6 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
17
17
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Bibliography
Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean
Crossing the Mediterranean
country or to bring his family to Libya, Louay Khalid planned his crossing to
2013.18
1 2
4.1 Introduction
3
*
1
2
3
From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the WayChapter 4
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Figure 4.1: Migratory routes from Sub-Saharan Africa
4.2 Brief historical and geographical background: The migration context
4.2.1 Similarities and differences between the two routes
111
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
112
4.2.2 Key drivers
113
7
7
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
4.2.3 West and Central Africa context
West Africa
•
•
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
•
Central Africa
117
4.2.4 East Africa and the Horn of Africa context
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
11
11
12
4.3 Calculating deaths
12
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
4.3.1 Smuggling: The protection-free underworld
121
4.3.2 Special case of commoditization and victimization of Eritreans
13
13
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
122
123
4.3.3 Libya: No protection16
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
17
4.3.4 Dying to migrate north
17
Death in the desert crossing
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
127
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Death in the sea crossing
21
21
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
22
22
131
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
132
4.4 Conclusions: Methodological challenges and information gaps
133
Bibliography
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way
.
137
Death in the desert
turned out to be much harsher than she had expected, and she saw many die 23
23
1
Figure 5.1: Migratory routes in the Horn of Africa
5.1 Introduction
*
1
Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South AfricaChapter 5
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.2 Brief historical and geographical background: The migration context
5.2.1 The Ethiopian exodus
2
2
3
3
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.2.2 The Eritrean exodus
7
7
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
11
5.2.3 The Somali exodus
11
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
12
13
5.2.4 Somaliland
12
13
5.3 Calculating deaths
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.3.1 Death from physical hardship
Death in the desert
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death on the road
17 17
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Table 5.1: Migrants recorded as dead or missing at sea, from 2006 to May 2014
Year Number recorded as dead or missing at sea
131
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death from “natural causes” including illness, suicide and general debilitation
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.3.2 Death as stranded migrants
21
21
5.3.3 Death due to malicious neglect or abusive practices when smuggled
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
22
other criminals
22
23
23
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
27
27
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Death from en route banditry
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
29
Death by organ removal
31
32
31
32
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
33
33
5.3.4 Death of labour migrants
5.4 Methodological challenges and information gaps
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
5.5 Conclusions and recommendations
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Bibliography
171
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
172
173
Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa
Journey of hope
177
1
6.1 Importance of counting migrant deaths
2
*
1
2
Counting and Accounting for Deaths of Asylum-seekers en Route to AustraliaChapter 6
6.2 Illegalized journeys to Australia by boat
3
3
Figure 6.1
Figure 6. 2
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
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1996
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2001
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2013
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4,000
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14,000
2003
–20
04
2004
–20
05
2005
–20
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2006
–20
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2007
–20
08
2008
–20
09
2009
–20
10
2010
–20
11
2011
–20
12
2012
–20
13
Onshore visas
Num
ber o
f visa
s gra
nted
Figure 6.3: Migrant smuggling routes to Australia
7
6.3 Data sources and information gaps
7
11
12
13
11 12
13
6.4 What we know and do not know about deaths en route to Australia
6.4.1 How many people die?
Table 6.1: Known deaths related to Australian border controls, January 2000–July 2014
Circumstances Deaths
171 11 31 2
1
3 2
Total
Figure 6.4January 2000–July 2014
3
361
1 1 0 0 0 12 0
110
152
231
356
212
10
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
6.4.2 Origins of those who died
Figure 6.5January 2000–July 2014
864
300
120
67
45
37
4
3
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Not recorded
Afghan
Iraqi
Sri Lankan
Iranian
Pakistani
Burmese
Figure 6.6January 2000–July 2014
6.4.3 Cause of death
Not known, 84, 6%
South-East Asia/Oceania,
216, 15%
164, 11%Middle East,
981, 68%
6.4.4 Age and sex
17
Figure 6.7sex, January 2000–May 2014
17
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Male Female Unknown
6.5 A chronology of counting
6.5.2 Recovering bodies and identifying the dead
6.5.3 Conduct of coronial inquiries
21
22
23
21
22
23
6.5.4 Inclusion of border-related deaths in national deaths in custody statistics
6.6 Improving data and saving lives
6.6.1 Conclusions: Counting and accounting for deaths
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6.6.2 Recommendations
Bibliography
.
A sinking ship
25
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Annex
