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Ionic Bonding
&
Covalent Bonding
Ionic Bonding• Ionic Bonding – TRANSFER of electrons
Metals + Nonmetals = Ionic Bond
Ionic Bonding- Transfer of Electrons
11 P
12 N
17 P
18 N
Sodium (Na)
METAL
Chlorine (Cl)
NONMETAL
BEFORE BONDINGNeutral Atom – Equal number of
protons and electrons
11 P
12 N
Sodium (Na)
11 Protons (+)
- 11 Electrons (-)
-----
0 (NO CHARGE)
11 P
12 N
Sodium (Na) ION
After Bonding…..Atom loses or gains electrons,
resulting in an ion with a charge
X 11 Protons (+)
- 10 Electrons (-)
-----
1+ (POSTIVE CHARGE)
MORE
LOSE ELECTRONS Positive Charge (+)
17 P
18 N
Chlorine (Cl)
BEFORE BONDINGNeutral Atom – Equal number of protons
and electrons
17 Protons (+)
- 17 Electrons (-)
-----
0 (NO CHARGE)
17 P
18 N
Chlorine (Cl)
17 Protons (+)
- 18 Electrons (-)
-----
1- (NO CHARGE)
After Bonding…..Atom loses or gains electrons, resulting in
an ion with a charge
GAIN ELECTRONS Negative Charge (-)
MORE
Valence Electrons
How many valence electrons does sodium (Na) have?
How many valence electrons does chlorine (Cl) have?
Lets look……
11 P
12 N
17 P
18 N
Electron Dot Diagram- symbol of element and valence electrons
When sodium LOSES an electron to chlorine, it becomes a sodium ion with a +1 charge.
When chlorine GAINS an electron from sodium, it becomes a chlorine ion with a -1 charge.
How many valence electrons does lithium (Li) have?
How many valence electrons does oxygen (O) have?
Valence Electrons
Let’s Look…..
Are the atoms stable after the electron transfer? Why? Or Why not?
NO! the oxygen atom needs to gain 2 electrons to have a complete outer energy level!
Let’s Look…..
2 lithium atoms are needed to complete the ionic bond!
-2 Charge
+1 Charge
+1 Charge
Question?
How would you write the chemical formula?
+1 Charge
+1 Charge
-2 Charge
Li2O
Let’s Practice…..
Directions: Show the ionic bond and charge formed between the following compounds, using the electron dot diagram!
1. CaO
2. KI
3. MgCl
Covalent Bonding = Sharing of electrons
Nonmetal + Nonmetal = Covalent Bond
Covalent Bonds: SHARING of electrons
Electrons can be shared: EQUALLY between nonmetal atoms
= NONPOLAR covalent bond
UNEQUALLY between nonmetal atoms = POLAR covalent bond
Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons does nitrogen have (N)?
How many electrons would two nitrogen atoms have to share to become stable?
NONPOLAR Covalent Bond- EQUAL SHARING of electrons between
NONMETALS
Each PAIR of electrons represents a bond.
How many bonds are there between the two nitrogen atoms?
Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons does chlorine (Cl) have?
How many electrons would two chlorine atoms have to share to become stable?
NONPOLAR Covalent Bond- EQUAL SHARING of electrons between
NONMETALS
Chlorine molecule
Chlorine atom
Chlorine atom
Valence Electrons
• How many valence electrons does hydrogen (H) have?
• How many valence electrons does chlorine (Cl) have?
• How many electrons would the atoms have to share to both be stable?
POLAR Covalent Bonds- UNEQUAL SHARING of electrons between
NONMETALS
+ -Partially positive charged end
Partially negative charged end
The shared electron will spend more time near the chlorine atom.
POLAR Covalent Bonds- UNEQUAL SHARING of electrons between
NONMETALS
+
-A water molecule is POLAR because it has a partially positive end and a partially negative end.