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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

DRILL

09 March 10

Copy tonight’s homework:

On a separate sheet of paper, define the following:• Combustion, Compression, Conservation, Energy,

Essay, Force, Fuel, Kinetic Energy, Municipal, Potential Energy, Power, Power Plant, Pressure, Propulsion, Renewable, Rudimentary, Thermodynamics, Vector, Volatile, Work

LETTER

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Communication technology significantly impacts the way we live.

2. Information is an essential resource for design (e.g., Drafting, AutoCAD and Sketchup)

3. Technology has changed the nature of communication in our society (evidenced by the chronology of communication technology).

Main Ideas:

Unit 2 Completion

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

– Goals Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate

– Inputs Source of Communication

– ProcessesEncoder Transmitter Receiver Decoder Storage Retrieval

– OutputsMessage to the destination

– Feedback and ControlReversing the communication line

INPUTS PROCESSES

OUTPUTS

GOALS

GOALS

FEEDBACKControl

Not always

Unit 2 Completion

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels2. Classical Mechanics:

Force, Work, Energy, and Power3. Trigonometry and Vectors4. Energy and Power 5. Impacts of Current Generation and Use

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Topics Covered

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWERTopic 1: Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels FUEL: a material used to produce heat or power

Most of the following are power plants – what is the fuel shown/used in each image?

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

Why a watermark of the Sun?

The Sun is the source of all energy on Earth.

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.

FUEL ENERGY2. Fuels are a source of energy.3. Fuels are the material source of energy,

containing it as a potential.

Fuels and Energy

Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels

Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore

2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,

Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

Fuel Types

Topic 1

Energy Sources – Fuels

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

1. Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.2. Formed from the heated and pressurized

remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.

3. Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.

4. Volatile: natural gas and petroleum5. Nonvolatile: coal

Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal1. Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial

plants that died around 350 million years ago. 2. Plant remains preserved in water and mud.

Heat and Pressure

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

1. 4,000 B.C.E. – China carved ornaments2. 2,000 B.C.E. – funeral pyres in Britain3. 1,200s C.E. – underground mining developed

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

History of Extraction and Use• Colliery (COLL-yer-ee) – a coal mine and its

connected buildings.Coal must be cleaned and refined (improved) after

extraction• South Wales, Great Britain – oldest known colliery.• First commercial coal mining in U.S. in 1730s, VA.• Prior to 1880s, coal was picked by hand

underground.• By 1912, surface mining was used.

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Methods of ExtractionUnderground Mining:

• 60% of world production• 33% of U.S. mining• Uses timber for support tunnel• Machines enter and extract coal

Surface (Strip) Mining:• More coal extracted than underground mining• Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Uses• Coal is mostly used as a solid fuel to produce

electricity and heat through combustion.• It is usually pulverized (crushed into small

particles) then burned in a furnace for electricity generation at a power plant.

• ~40% of world’s electricity comes from coal• ~49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but

includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C

CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

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POLY ENGINEERING3-1

Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Methods of Extraction1. Associated – found in oil fields2. Non-associated – found in natural gas fields3. Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds4. Before use, it must undergo processing to remove

everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

Methods of Extraction1. Geologists locate types of rock that are known to

contain gas and oil deposits.Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source

2. Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.3. NG flows up the well to the surface.4. Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline5. NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is

added to give it odor – Mercaptan

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Storage and Transport

• NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.• NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in

underground storage systemsOld oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds

• Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

• LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Processing

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Uses - HOME• NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.• ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water

heaters, dryers, and other appliances.• NG is raw material for:

• Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives

• Propane – barbecue grills

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal

Uses - INDUSTRY• Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity,

etc. U.S.