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IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
DRILL
HOMEWORK
20 April 10
1. Bring your protractor and compass to class Thursday for the quiz (you should always bring them to class)
2. Study today and Wednesday for Quiz on energy and power Thursday.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
REVIEW: UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWERTopic 1: Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels FUEL: a material used to produce heat or power
Most of the following are power plants – what is the fuel shown/used in each image?
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POLY ENGINEERING3-1
1. Non-renewable1. Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)2. Nuclear – Uranium ore
2. RenewableBiofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro,
Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind
REVIEW: Fuel Types
Topic 1
Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-1
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal1. Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial
plants that died around 350 million years ago. 2. Plant remains preserved in water and mud.
Heat and Pressure
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POLY ENGINEERING3-1
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Methods of ExtractionUnderground Mining:
• 60% of world production• 33% of U.S. mining• Uses timber for support tunnel• Machines enter and extract coal
Surface (Strip) Mining:• More coal extracted than underground mining• Exposes coal by removing land above deposits
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POLY ENGINEERING3-1
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Uses - INDUSTRY• Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity,
etc. U.S.
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POLY ENGINEERING3-1
1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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POLY ENGINEERING3-2
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
California, 1938
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POLY ENGINEERING3-1
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but
includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, Uranium (U) is an energy source that must be processed before use.
• Front End: preparing the fuel• Service Period: using fuel in reactor• Back End: safely manage, contain,
reprocess/dispose of spent fuel
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End
1. Exploration:1)U is 500 times more abundant than gold2)Traces can be found everywhere – all rocks
and soils, rivers and oceans, food and human tissue
2. Mining and Milling:1)Mining – surface (strip) or underground
mining2)Milling – grind up ore, use sulfuric acid to
separate U from waste rock – “yellow cake” U3O8
3. Conversion: U must be converted into a gas before it can be enriched (uranium hexafluoride – UF6 )
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End
Uranium Ore
Yellow Cake
UF6
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End
4. Enrichment: increase concentration of U-235 and remove 85% of U-238Depleted Uranium: removed U-238, which includes .25% U-235, is used in metal to form yacht keels, radiation shielding, and (controversially) weapons as ammunition.
Keel
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End
5. Fuel Fabrication:1)UF6 converted to UO2 powder
2)Powder converted to pellets3)Pellets stacked in tubes4)These are nuclear fuel rods5)Groups of rods make up fuel
assembly6)Hundreds of assemblies make up
reactor core
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Front End: preparing the fuel1. Exploration2. Mining and Milling3. Conversion4. Enrichment 5. Fabrication
• Service Period: using fuel in reactor • Back End: safely manage, contain,
reprocess/dispose of spent fuel
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period
1. Electricity Generation1)Transport of radioactive materials2)In-core fuel management
Old fuel rods must be changed periodically (1/3 at a time)
2. Food and Agriculture1)FDA approved irradiation of food2)Kills bacteria, insects, and
parasites
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW : Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period
3. Nuclear medicine – Imaging1)Most medical imaging is anatomical
– deals only with structures2)Nuclear imaging shows
physiological functioning of organs3)Radiotracer injected into blood,
inhaled, or ingested4)“Gamma camera” detects energy
given off(PET scan – Positron Emission Tomography)
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
3. Nuclear weapons1)Only two known
uses of nuclear weapons use – Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WW2
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Service Period
“Fat Man” “Little Boy”
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Front End: preparing the fuel1. Exploration2. Mining and Milling3. Conversion4. Enrichment 5. Fabrication
• Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture,
Military
• Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End
Two options for spent fuel: • Interim storage and final disposal• Reprocessing to recover usable portion
1. Interim Storage:1)Used fuel assemblies: hot and highly
radioactive2)Stored in special ponds usually near reactor
site3)Water is radiation barrier and cools fuel
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Back End
2. Reprocessing Reprocessing separates U and Pu from waste products – chop up fuel rods and dissolve them in acid to separate materials
1)U enrichmenta)Spent fuel contains ~96% of original Ub)U-235 reduced to 1%c)Therefore, send back to enrichment
2)Plutonium (Pu)a)Spent fuel contains ~1% radioactive Pub)Can be blended with enriched U for new
fuelc)One of the most highly toxic elements
known
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
REVIEW: Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle – Front End
Background Chemistry• The number of protons are the atomic
number. Uranium’s atomic number is 92
• Atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes – “same place”
• Isotope U-235 is the only fissile isotope found in nature
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POLY ENGINEERING3-5
1. Non-renewable1.Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)
2.Nuclear – Uranium ore2. Renewable
Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind
Fuel Types
Topic 1
REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels
We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants”
DONE
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POLY ENGINEERING3-5
1. Fuels produced from renewable resources
2. Renewable Resources: A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users.
Renewable Fuels
Topic 1
REVIEW: Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-5
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
1. Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture
2. Ford’s “Model T” – 1st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol
3. The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel
4. Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy
5.It is biodegradable
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POLY ENGINEERING3-5
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
1. Bio Waste – biogas (methane)1)Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material
2)Sewage sludge3)Animal waste and manure4)Used oils
2. Edible FoodsAnimal fats, vegetable oils, seeds,
corn, wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc.
Sources
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POLY ENGINEERING3-5
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
3. Non-edible Parts of FoodsAgricultural residues (peels, skins,
husks, straw, cores, fish heads)4. Algae
1)Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds
2)Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains
3)Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestack to digest pollutants and give oil
Sources (cont.)
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POLY ENGINEERING3-5
3. Biodiesel1)Diesel engine was invented to run on
peanut oil2)Most common biofuel in Europe 3)Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel
counterpart4)Can be used in existing diesel engines
with little modification5)Made from vegetable oils – soybean,
canola, hemp6)Made from animal fats7)Made from algae
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Biofuel Types
"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“
Rudolf Diesel, 1912
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-5
4. Biogas 1)Produced by anaerobic digestion of
organic materiala)Anaerobic digestion –
microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen
b)Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay
2)Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes
3)Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere
4)Biogas contains methane
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Biofuel Types
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING3-5
5. Solid Biofuels – Biomass 1)Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings,
domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure
2)When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation)
3)When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove
REVIEW: Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Wood pellet stove
Graph of U.S. Biofuel Production
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1980/01 1985/06 1990/91 1995/96 2000/01 2005/06 2010/11
Billion gallons
Ethanol Biodiesel
Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016.
REVIEW
NOTE: -The most common fuel in Europe is Biodiesel -The most common fuel worldwide is Ethanol
REVIEW
World’s Largest Producer of Ethanol REVIEW
Largest Ethanol Producer
Brazil
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POLY ENGINEERING3-3
Non-Renewable Fuels – Nuclear
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
• Front End: preparing the fuel1. Exploration2. Mining and Milling3. Conversion4. Enrichment 5. Fabrication
• Service Period: using fuel in reactor Electricity, Medicine, Food and Agriculture,
Military
• Back End: safely manage, contain, reprocess/dispose of spent fuel
Topic 1 Energy Sources
– Fuels
• You will draw this pie chart in your notebook.
• The %s shown in chart are drawn exactly that % of a circle.
• 1 circle = 360 degrees.
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources
– Fuels 1.Calculate angles
Circle = 360 degreesa.Oil = .42 x 360 = b.NG = .22 x 360 = c.Coal = .24 x 360 = d.Nuclear = .06 x 360
= e.Renew. = .07 x 360
= 2.Make sure all angles
add up to 360 degrees.
~151~79~86
~22~25
We are 3 degrees over. Take 1 degree from 3 angles above
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources
– Fuels 2. Get out your compass
and protractor3. Draw circle with 3”
diameter4. Draw light vertical
line up from center point to perimeter
d.3”
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources
– Fuels
5. Measure angles and draw construction lines
6. Go in order from largest % to smallest %, clockwise.
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources
– Fuels
If correct:7. Darken lines and
label
Oil – 41%NG – 22%
Coal – 24%
Renewables 7%
Nuclear 6%
1997 Global Energy Consumption by Type
BEWARE when using Pie Charts:
1. Avoid using Pie Charts when > 6 or 7 components. There are 5 in our example.
2. If %s are similar, it’s difficult to tell the difference between slices.
REVIEW