UNCLASSIFIED,. , RITY 7 USSIFICATION OF THIPAG IL

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEla. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS .

Unclassified "____-2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. A. -TR,_

____________________________ON 8TAIh~2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE A r NT-- -A-be cz

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZAVION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5. MONITORING

6a. NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORG6.. NaME (If applicable) "TI i.

U.S. Naval Safety Center6•,• 4.i ii

6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZiP Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City, State, od \

Naval Air StationNorfolk, Virginia 23511

S.. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT iTIFICAVI NUMBERORGANIZATION (If applicable)

.hief of Naval Operations (OP-04

Sc. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZiP Code) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS :.' : '

NvDeatetPROGRAM PROJECT -[TASK WORK UNITNavy Department ELEMENT NO. NO NO. ACCESSION NO.Washington, D.C. 20350-2000 I I.,

I1. TITLE (Include Security Classification)

READINESS AND RETENTION: PILOT FLIGHT EXPERIENCE AND AIRCRAFT MISUiAPS (UNCLASSIFIED) ,

12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Borowsky, Michael S. .4

13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED T 14. DATE OF REPORT (Year, Month, Day) S.PAGECOUNT Jn P13.Final FROUM 1977 TO 1985 1986/June/24 ~ 15 ON

16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

I "'17. COSATI CODES I !8 SUBIEC' TERMS (Continue on reverse if neceSSary and identify by block number)

FIELD IGROUP SUB-GROUP Safety, Accident, Mishap, Aircraft, Aviation,

Flight Experience,. Readiness and Retention

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necesstay and identify by block number)0 "Budget constraints which yield reductions in flight hours per pilot imply an eventual

shifting of the distribution of flight hours.

Analyses show that the rate of pilot error mishaps tends to decrease as pilots' flight ..experience increase. These data suggest, therefore, that as the experience levels of navalaviators decline, the mishap rate will increase. The experience levels of Training Command/ "Fleet Readiness Squadron instructor pfiots would also tend to decrease, thereby contributing l qboth directly and indirectly to an increased mishap rate. The total effect will, of course,also depend upon aggregate flight hour reductions as well as pilot retention rates. -

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DO FORM 1473. 84 MAR

W % ... r,.-

I.,,,,

READINESS AND RETENTION:

PILOT FLIGHT EXPERIENCE

AIRCRAFT MISHAPS

DR. MICHAEL S. BOROWSKY

U.S. NAVAL SAFETY CENTER

"STATISTICS AND MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT

lie.10

LTIC TAB " "*" *"

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Jue2, 1986 ~. si-.., . ..... .- ,,>

"Or:"U'J _ t

June~~~ 24 98 ,7•

ABSTRACT

Budget constraints which yield reductions in flight hoursper pilot imply an eventual shifting of the distribution offlight hours. "4"

Analyses show that the rate of pilot error mishaps tends todecrease as pilots' flight experience increase. These datasuggest, therefore, that as the experience levels of navalaviators decline, the mishap rate will increase. The experiencelevels of Training Command/Fleet Readiness Squadron instructorpilots would also tend to decrease, thereby contributing bothdirectly and indirectly to an increased mishap rate. The total"effect will, of course, also depend upon aggregate flight hourreductions as well as pilot retention rates.

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INTRODUCTION

Pilot error mishaps in Naval Aviation during the calendar years 1977-1985

cost $1.7 billion- not including "indirect" items such as survivors' benefits,

litigation, and full aircraft replacement costs. In addition, there were 400 - -

fatalities, including 173 pilots in these mishaps.

Analyses of aircraft mishaps, pilot flight experience, and exposure data

showed that in general, more experienced aviators had a lower probability of

pilot error mishaps than those aviators with little flight experience. In

particular, pilots with extensive experience--both in model and total

hours--had a low pilot error mishap rate, while inexperienced pilots in the

fleet readiness squadrons and during the initial half of their first tour had

a particularly high rate.

These results imply a strong relationship between aviation safety and

flight experience, and therefore, readiness and retention. Higher retention

rates likely imply an increased distribution of flight hours for experienced

aviators and, therefore, lower mishap rates and increased operationalreadiness--if mission and flight tempo parameters are not modified.

Previous studies (References 1-3) have shown the existence of relation-

ships between pilot error mishaps and the experience levels of the pilots.

Updated results are provided in this analysis.

The high risk levels for pilots were:

Hours in Model/Total Hours

Fighter: 300- / 750- 1ý 6

Attack: 300- / 450-1500

Single-seat TACAIR: 300- / 450-750

Multi-seat TACAIR: 300- / 750-

Helo: 300- / 450-750 ''.% '.%]

(e.g., fighter pilots with 300- hours in model and simultaneously 750-total

hours had a high pilot error mishap rate. On the other hand, pilots with .- .

extensive experience--toth in model and total hours--had a low pilot error

mishap rate.)

Analysis pertaining to the Training Command (4) showed that the pilot

error mishap rate for instructor pilots (while flying with students)

significantly decreased as hours flown in training aircraft increased. The

rates were particularly high for instructors with less than 300 hours in

trainers-regardless of whether these new instructors were "SERGRADS" or fleet

experienced aviators.

The effects of certain variables were not quantified. Therefore, absence

or presence of specific statistical relationships may be partially the result

of command attention such as increased safety emphasis by commanders during

high tempo periods, special scheduling for pilots with minimal experience in

model, and mission profile differences as a function of flight experience.

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SUMMARY RESULTS

Fighter

FRS: The rate was extremely high*.

First tour-initial portion: The rate was extremely high*..

Transition/SERGRAD: The rate was low--relative to pilotsw.ith 750- total hours* and relative to pilots with moreextensive hours in model.

Attack 1 4

FRS: The rate was low relative to pilots in the initialportion of their first tour and was high relative to pilots

with more extensive hours in model.

First tour-initial portion: The rate was extremely high-* .*%

Transition/SERGRAD: The rate did not differ substantiallyfrom the FRS but was low relative to pilots in the initial

portion of their first tour and high* relative to pilots

with more extensive hours in model.

Siinzle seat TACAIR

"FRS: The rate was low* relative to pilots in the initial -

portion of their first tour but did not differ substantially

from pilots with more extensive experience.

First tour-initial portion: The rate was extremely high*.

, Transition/SERCRAD: The rate did not differ substantiallyfrom the and from pilots with more extensive hours in q.

model but was low* relative to pilots in the initial portionof their first tour.

Multi-seat TACAIR

FRS: The rate was extremely high.

First tour-initial .orticn: The rate was low relative topilots in the FRS but was high relative to pilots with moreex.tensive experience.

Transition/SERGRAD: The rate was low relative to pilots in

the FRS through the initial portion of their first tourbut--if total hours were 1500- -- was high relative to pilotsw with more extensive hours in model. The rate--if totalhours were 1500+--did not differ substantially from pilotswith more extensive hours in model. S.

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Helicooter

FRS: The rate was low relative to pilots with 451-1000total hours but did not differ substantially from pilotswho had 1000+ total hours.

First tour-initial portion: The rate was extremely high.

Transition/SERGRAD: The rqte was low relative to pilotsin the initial portion of their first tour but was highrelatjve to FRS pilots and pilots with more extensivehours in model.

*Denotes statistically significant result at <.05.

Definitions: FRS: 300- hours in mcdel and 450- total hours.

First tour-initial portion: 300- hours in modeland 451-750 total hours. .

Transition/SERGRAD: 300- hours in model and 750+.'?

total hours. 300-

Notation: "-" by itself denotes "less than", e.g., 300-means less than 300.

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DETAILED RESULTS ••

The pilot factor mishap rate was significantly - .005) ••related to total hours (Table I). Pilots with 450- hours had

the highest rate followed by those who had 451-750 hours.

The mishap rate was not significantly - .218) related to :-2

hours in model in themselves. Pilots with 300- hours in -v,

• • ~"'4.."-.I

model had the highest rate, while those with 1000+ hours had .- "!L•the lowest rate, however. Interactions snowed an extremely*..."'":l•high rate for pilots who had 300- hours in model and

simultaneously 750- total hours. 'In fact, for pilots with ••300- hours in model, the rate "significantly ( =.012)

decreased as total hours increased. There was noh

statistical evidence, however, that maximizi ng hours in- ,model relative to totae hours yielded reduced mishap rates. "For each total hour category, the mishap rate was not sar

significantly associated with hours in mod3l (0=.229, .646,

%oe2l for the 451-7i0, 751w-hi500, and 15wi total hour had

categories, respectively). Though the rate decreased asly

hours in model increased for pilots who had 451-750 total

houls, this was not the case for.pilots in the 750+ total

hour categories. htthwsigniicanly asociaed wth hors i modl,(.=2.9,.646

catgoresresec~vel). houh te rte ecrase a " ' ".

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A ti:ack:

The pilot factor mishap rate significantly decreased astotal hours (a=.035) and hours in model increased (-(.001)(Table II). Interactions showed an extremely high rate forpilots who had 300- hours in model and simultaneously4~51-1500 total hours. In fact, for pilots with 300- hoursin model, the rate increased as total hours increased from4~50- to 451-750, but then decreased as to~tal hours increasedbeyond 750. This rý.latibnship was not statisticallysIgnificant, however (O=.130). In addition, career patternswhich maximized hours in model relative to total hoursyielded lower-pilot factor mishap rates than patterns forwhi-ch hours in model were severely limited. Specifically,for each total hour level, the rate for pilots who had 300-hours i-n model (e.g., SERGRAD, transition pilots) was higherthan the rates for pilots who had 301-500, 501-1000, or1000+ hours in model. These associations between mishap .:-

rate and hours in model, in fact, were significant fo rP-i-ots who had 451-750 or 751-1500 total hours (- =.004,.008, respectively) but was not significant for pilots whohad 1500+ total hours (-=.191).

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The ilotfacor msha rat sinifianty dereaed a 1*tota hous ( 035 an hous i modl inreaed (< 01) p*U?(Tabe II. Ineracionsshoed a extemel hig rat fo

pilos wo ha 30- hors n mdel nd imulaneusl

451-500tota hors•In fctfor ilos wth 30- our

in mdel therat inceasd astotl hors ncresed fro

450-to 51-70, ut ten ecresedas t~ta hous icreaed

beyod 75 Thi re atibshi was no• tatiticaly

signficat, hweve (=.130. Inaddiion carer ptters U.•>whic maimizd hursin mdelreltiveto ota hous .. ,.

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Single seat TACAIR:

The pilot factor mishap rate was significantly related tototal hours (-=.010) and hours in model (- <.091) (TableIII). The rate decreased as hours in model increased and,with respect to total hours, was highest at the 451-750level. Interactions showed an extremely high rate forpilots who had 300- hours in model and simultaneously451-750 total hours.. Furthermore, for pilots with 300-hours in model, th .'rate increased as total hours increasedfrom 450- to 451-750 . and then decreased as total hoursincreased beyond 750. This association was statisticallysignificant ( =.002). The rate (for pilots with 451-750 ONtotal hours) significantly decreased (a<.001) as hours incode! increased to 300+. There was no significant evidence,however, that maximizing hours in model relative to totalhours yielded reduced mishap rates for pilots with 750+total hours a =.120, .287 for rate vs. hours in model forpilots who had 751-1500 and 1500+ total hours,res-ectively).

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Multi-seat TACAIR: %

LThe pilot factor mishap rate was significantly associated a-

with total hours ( =.006) and hours in model (c=.008)(Table IV). The rate decreased as hours in model increasedand, with respect to total hours, was highest for pilotswith 750- -- Particularly if 450-. Interactions showed that

for pilots with 300- hours in model, the rate decreased astctal hours increased. In addition, for pilots with 1500-tctal hours, career patterns which maximized hours in moderlrelative to total hours yielded reduced mishap rates. This,however, was not the case for pilots who had 1500+ totalhours. The results for these interactions were notstatistically significant, however. (e =.176 for rate vs.total hours for pilots with 300- hours in model,- =.554,.209, .131 for rate vs. hours in model for pilots with4/51-750, 751-1500, 1500+ total hours, respectively)

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Helicooters: ?

The pilot factor mishap rate was significantly ( =.004)

related to total hours (Table V). Pilots with 451-750 total

hours had the highest rate, while those with 2000+ had the

lowest rate. The mishap rate was not significantly ('=.647)

related to hours in model in themselves. Pilots with 1000+ _-_

hours in model had the lowest rate, however. Interactions

showed that pilots with 451-750 total hours who also had

300- hours in model. possessed an extremely high rate. For

Pilots with 300- hours in model, the rate was significantlyM=.003) related to total hours--increasing as total hours

increased from 450- to 451-750 and decreasing as total hours

increased further. Moreover, pilots who had 2000+ total

hours and also 1000+ hours in model possessed a very low

rate. Career patterns which maximized hours in model

relative to total hours generally yielded lower pilot factor .,,

mishap rates than patterns for which hours in model were

severely limited (e.g., SERGRAD, transition pilots).

Specifically, fcr each total hour level, the rate for pilots

who had 300- hours in model was higher than the rate for

pilots who had 500+ hours in model. These relationships

were significant, however, only for the 451-750 total hour

level (-=.911); for the 751-1000, 1001-2000, 2000+ levels,- ,

=.617, .417, .210, respectively).

% e.5-.

%'

'.5%_•

-' **.

References S%

1. "Fighter Aircraft Class A F/FRM Rates vs. Pilot Experience2.CY 77-83,"1 APPROACH Magazine, January 1985

CY 77-83," APPROACH Magazine, November 1984

3. "Helicopter Class A F/FRM Rates vs. Pilot Experience CY 77-83,"1 APPROACH Magazine, March 1985

4. "Naval Training Command Mishaps and Instructor Experience,"Aviat., Space Environ. Med. 57: 65-70, 1986 (Jan),by M. S. Borowsky, Ph.D. 4

W* %-

%

.4. 4.

V~'~*

TABLE I - MI R If

IK)MRS IN MMODL

IL300- 301-500 501-1000 1000+ To ta- 1S TOTAL 17 '"-SHOURS 17 % '•-

450- 9.99 9.99

10 5 15

451-750 9.62 4.41 6.75.

4 3 11 0 18 , •-o, •

751-1500 3.94 4.20 4.07 0.00 3.72

4 5 14 12 35

"1500+ 2.27 5.04 5.78 3.65 4.14

35 13 25 12 85 "4

Total 6.35 4.54 4.82 3.26 4.95..

The ficures dencte class A f1ight/flight-reiated pilot error mishaps and rate per I100,000 fliht •hours.

V *C

% .

•...- 4.

P j

-- A%

TAB[E I I M VACY

jI xJxRS rN W)EL

300- 301-500 501-1000 1000+ T7tal.1•A 15 •'

HOURS 5 15

450- 5.62 5.62

17 6 23

451-750 10.73 2.72 5.46

8 6 9 3 26 . ,:

751-1500 7.32 5.71 1.70 3.75 3.15

9 4 17 22 52

1500+ 4.60 3.10 4.18 2.33 3.10___ __

49 16 26 25 116

Total 6.09 3.44 2.71 2.45 3.58 10

T• ficures denote class A flight/flight-related pilot error aishaps and rate .

per 100,000 flight hours.

•P

10SS..... ...

.5 "

' :... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .5... .5.* . 5. . .. ,",' , .•',?5.5.*•." ,..' '\.,. 5 . ' S"%..,•'% _ .. .. ',_,. "-, .,€' ,;••' v' € .. g• ,.'v ' ' '•2 • .. '.. .. . ."*'.* . ',* .'., '.

"TABI2C III - SUICZ-SC.AT TACAIR

IKCJRS INl KODEL

300- 301-500 501-1000 1000+ Total P

HOCIS 8 8

450- 4.36 4.36

17 1 20

451-750 15.68 2.27 7.77

5 3 6 3 17S.*75-505.86 4.25 1.81 6.65 3.19 "

,I5. ... -

7 3 12 14 36

15000 4.72 3.49 4.69 2.40 3.36 . .

37 9 18 1-7 814

Total 7.04 3.02 2.98 2.71 3.94

ne fic-,=-es den.'ot class A flight/flicht-related pilot error mishaps ard rateper 100,000 flicht hours.

%. "

S. .S.•,:

11-.

TABLE NV - MJLTI-SZAT TACAIR

I rIJPS 114 MODCL

100- 301-500 501-1000 1000+ooo

450- 8.14 8.14

10 8 18 .

451-750. 6.17 4.18 4.97

6 5 14 0 25

751-1500 5.75 5.05 3.18 .00 3.53

5 6 19 15 45

1500+ 2.85 4.71 5.29 2.50 3.57 ,: . .

43 19 33 15 1i0 4

TIota1 6.04 4.50 4.08 2.26 4.22__%

The fiaures denote class A flight/flight-related pilot error mishaps and rate

per 100,000 flight hours.

NO- A.

. lAd ."-::÷

"..~ ".

.::.2::-

" TABLE V - fl.LLICOPT1ER5

IKXJRS D! MDEL

300- 301-500 501-1000 1000+ Tota1 NTOqMLHOURS 14 0 14

450- 2.16 .00 2.04

14 14 5 33

451-750 8.30 2.82 4.30- 4.23

3 2 16 21

751-1000 5.06 6.24 3.39 I.73

6 2 12 19 39

1001-2000 2.78 1.35 1.93 3.13 2.45

5 3 7 9 24

2000+ 2.73 2.86 2.48 1. 1.74

42 21 40 28 131

Tcta! 2.34 2.57 2.68 1.98 2.38

The ficures denote class A flight/flimht-related pilot er.r -isahps and rateper 100,000 flight hours.