1.) Label the sarcomere below. Label each filament, zone, disc, and line.

2.) Sketch the relationship between calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin below. 3.) A motor neuron and all the myofibers it innervates is called a:a. Neuromuscular junctionb. Motor end platec. Motor unitd. Sarcomere 4.) As a review from last unit, what was the role of calcium in a neuron? Is it the same function in muscle contractions? If not, explain.

5.) In 4 steps, describe the role of ATP in a cross-bridge cycle.a. b. c. d. 6.) Would a muscle would contract in each of the following scenarios. If not, explain.a. ATP and calcium were availableb. No ATP or calcium were availablec. ATP was available but calcium wasn’td. Calcium was available but ATP wasn’t 7.) Describe the difference between isometric and isotonic contractions. Give an example of each. 8.) Place the following items in the correct boxes. They may be used more than once. red, white, fast, slow, oxidative, glycolytic, many mitochondria, few mitochondria, lots of myoglobin, little myoglobin, many blood vessels, few blood vessels, fatigue resistant, fatigue quickly

Type I Type IIa Type IIb

9.) Muscle fatigue occurs when the strength of a muscle contraction becomes weaker and weaker until it no longer responds to the stimulus. What factors contribute to muscle weakness? 10.) In smooth muscles, how is muscle contraction similar and different than in skeletal muscles? 11.) Blood is:_____ % plasma_____ % formed elements_____ % of body weight 12.) Fill in the missing terms or definitions.e. _______________________ - hemoglobin bound to oxygenf. Carboxyhemoglobin –____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________g. ________________________ - CO2 bound to AA of the hemoglobinh. ________________________ - cyanide binds hemoglobin, turning heme bluei. Deoxyhemoglobin - ______________________________________________________ 13.) What happens when there’s too few/too many red blood cells?

14.) Anemia is blood with _______________________________________________.

Describe the differences among:a. Polycythemia – b. Hemorrhagic anemia – c. Hemolytic anemia – d. Aplastic anemia – 15.) Myelolasts develop into:16.) Monoblasts develop into:17.) Lymphoblasts develop into: 18.) Hemostasis is the process your body goes through to stop bleeding. There are three phases involved. Name and describe them below:e. (Phase 1) f. (Phase 2) g. (Phase 3) 19.) What’s the difference between a thrombus and an embolus? 20.) Describe the path of electrical impulses through the heart. Drawing a diagram may be helpful!

21.) How does the “all-or-none” law apply to myocardial cells? 22.) Heart block is due to damage of the _______________________________ node. 23.) Normal heart sounds resemble a “lub-dub” noise. What are the sounds that are abnormal “lub-dub” noises? 24.) Draw out an electrocardiogram output. Label each wave, complex, and interval. Below the output, describe what is happening at each position listed above. 25.) Fill in the blank:

Reduced blood flow to cardiomyocytes usually occurs due to __________________________. This results in ____________________________________, which in turn increases ____________________________. The intracellular H+ and Ca2+ increase, which causes the __________ junctions to close, isolating the injured cardiomyocytes. As a result, the individual feels _______________________. Eventually, those isolated cells __________, causing _______________________, or weakening of the heart. If the weakening of the heart persists, the end result is _______________________________. 26.) Distinguish among arrhythmias, fibrillation, and ectopic focus. 27.) Average stroke volume is _______ mL/beat. Average cardiac output is _______ L/min. 28.) Do preload, contractility, and afterload increase or decrease stroke volume as each of them INCREASES? 29.) Positive chronotropic factors _______________________ heart rate, while negative chronotropic factors _______________________ heart rate. 30.) Normal heart rate changes with age and with the type of exercise. How does endurance exercise affect resting heart rate? 31.) Describe angiogenesis. 32.) When body temperature increases, blood vessels near the skin will (vasodilate/vasoconstrict). 33.) An increase in peripheral resistance causes an increase in blood pressure. Place “increase” or “decrease” beside each of the factors to describe how they affect peripheral resistance when each of them INCREASES.a. Blood viscosity

b. Total blood vessel lengthc. Blood vessel diameter 34.) List the chemicals that increase blood pressure. 35.) List the chemicals that decrease blood pressure.