IPM in SoybeanIPM in Soybean

Dr. Amar N. SharmaDr. Amar N. SharmaPrincipal Scientist (Entomology)

Directorate of Soybean Research (ICAR)Indore 452 001 (MP)

[amarnathsharma2@gmail.com]

IPM !!!!!!!!!!!

Integrated Pest Management

Integrated use of all possible measures to keep insect-pest population

below ETL

Limitations in adoption of IPM

Lack of awareness

Easy access to chemical insecticides

Inadequate production of bio-control agents

Farmers’ economic status

Lack of incentives

Limited area under IPM

Then why IPM ?????

Insects Scientific name Activity duration

A. Foliage feeders:

Semiloopers

Chrysodeixis acuta (Wlk.)

Pre-bloom to podding

Diachrysia orichalcea (Fab.)

Pre-bloom to podding

Gessonia gemma Pre-bloom to podding

Mocis undata Fab. Pre-bloom to podding

Tobacco caterpillar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) Pre-bloom to podding

Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.)

Pre-bloom to podding

Bihar hairy cater. Spilarctia obliqua (Wlk.) Pre-bloom to podding

Leaf folder Hedylepta indicata (Fab.) Pre-bloom to podding

Leaf miner Aproaerema modicella Dev. Seedling to pre-bloom

Blue beetle Cneorane sp. Seedling to pre-bloom

Major Insect-Pests of Soybean

Insects Scientific name Activity duration

B. Stem borers:

Stem fly Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnt.) Seedling to seed fill

Girdle beetle Obereopsis brevis (Swed.) Pre-bloom to seed fill

C. Pod borers:

Gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.)

Pod initiation to seed fill

Pink pod borer Cydia ptychora Meyrick Pod initiation to seed fill

D. Sap feeders:

White fly Bemisia tabaci Genn. Seedling to bloom

Green stinkbug Nezara viridula (Linn.)

Pod initiation to seed fill

Mealy bug Phenacoccus spp. Flowering

Damage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of InsectsDamage Potential of Insects

Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 %Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 %Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 %White Fly (YMV) : 80 %Green Semilooper : 46 %Bihar Hairy Caterpillar : 42 %Grey Weevil : 10 %Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damageAphids : 30 %

Leaf Miner : 40 - 60 %Leaf Folder : 8 - 9 %Stem Fly : 19 - 40 % Girdle Beetle : 58 %White Fly (YMV) : 80 %Green Semilooper : 46 %Bihar Hairy Caterpillar : 42 %Grey Weevil : 10 %Pod Borer : 95 % Pod damageAphids : 30 %

(AICRPS 2012 to 2014)

Yield loss v/s Damage levels v/s Crop stage

Leaf Damage due to

Defoliators

Crop stage Mean Loss (%)

1 week before

flowering

At 50 % flowering

1 week after

flowering20 % 5.5 9.5 18.8 11.340 % 18.0 17.6 24.1 19.960 % 22.1 24.3 27.4 24.6

Mean Loss (%) 15.2 17.1 23.4 18.6

Yield losses due to Defoliators

35 DAG35 DAG 42 DAG42 DAG 49 DAG49 DAG 56 DAG56 DAG

Levels of Infestation (%)

Yie

ld L

oss(

%)

% Yield Loss due to varying levels of Girdle beetle infestation at different crop

stages

Stem tunnelling

Mean

Up to 10 % 9.911 – 20 % 13.621 – 30 % 22.331 – 40 % 26.541 – 50 % 43.8

Mean 21.4

% Yield loss due to Stem fly

% Yield loss due to Pod borer

Pod damage(%) MeanUp to 10 5.711 - 20 10.921 - 30 17.431 - 40 23.841 - 50 30.8Mean 19.0

Insect Outbreaks

Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura

(Rajasthan, 1999)

Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura

(MP, 2003)

Damage due to Outbreak of S. litura

(Maharashtra- 2008)

Semilooper attack in Nagpur (2009)

Crop condition on 30th July 2009

Crop condition on 13th August 2009

Demonstrated Feasibility and

economics

Multi-location IPMModule 1:

•Recommended dose of fertilizers,

•Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma,

•Bird-perches

•Pheromone traps

•Removal of girdle beetle, Spodoptera and D. obliqua

infested plants/plant parts,

•Foliar application of Bt or B. bassiana @ 1.0 kg/ha, and

•Need based application of chemical insecticides

Module 2:

•Recommended dose of fertilizer,

•Seed treatment with Rhizobium, PSB and Trichoderma,

•Spray of Ha NPV or Sl NPV @ 250 LE/ha,

•Spray of N. rileyi or Bt @ 1.0 l/ha,

•Spray of NSKE @ 5%,

•Need based application of chemical insecticides

Measures to reduce insect infestation

Deep summer ploughing

Selection of proper variety

Balanced nutrition

Proper seed rate & spacing

Use of Improved Light Traps

Use of Pheromone Traps

Bird perches

Management of Soybean insect-pestsRemoval of infested plants

Use of Microbial insecticidesBt based: Dipel, Biobit, Halt, Delfin @ 1.0 kg/ha, or

Bb based: Biorin, Biosoft, Larvocel, Dispel @ 1.0 kg/ha, or

Virus based: HaNPV / SlNPV @ 250 LE/ha

4.17

2.78

1.331.451.67

14.33

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Control Delfin Biolep Dipel Bioasp Biobit

4.17

2.78

1.331.451.67

14.33

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Control Delfin Biolep Dipel Bioasp Biobit

Comparative Performance of B.t. Formulations

L

arva

e /

mrl

(Mea

n 1

0 D

AT

)

Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 13.90 /mrl

0.84

1.22 1.22

1.54

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

B.t. +Triazophos

B.t. + 1/2Triazophos

Triazophosalone

B.t. alone

Overall Performance of B.t. Formulations

La

rva

e /

mrl

Average Larval Population on 1 DBT = 9.13 / mrlAverage Larval Population in Control = 11.96 / mrl

Compatibility of Bt with Chemical Insecticides

Bt based microbial insecticides are compatible with chemical insecticides like – Monocrotophos, Thiamethoxam, Methomyl and Lufenuron,

And with fungicides like – Carbendazim, Thiophenate methyl and Triadimefon

Mixture of Bt and Monocrotophos is also compatible with Carbendazim and Thiophenate methyl

Exploitation of Natural Enemies

Natural enemies Host insect Potential

Parasitoids (Appanteles, Trichogramma, Brachymeria, Bracon, Sturmia spp.)

C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera

5 to 30 % larval mortality

Predators (Cantheconidia furcellata, Chrysoperla carnea)

C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. Litura

10 to 12 % larval predation

Insect Pathogens (B. bassiana. N. rileyi, Bt & NPV)

C. acuta, D. orichalcea, S. litura, H. armigera

15 to 100 % larval mortality

Potential of Natural Enemies

Larval mortality due to bio-control agents

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Aug1st

Aug2nd

Aug3rd

Aug4th

Sept1st

Sept2nd

Sept3rd

Sept4th

Weeks

% M

orta

lity Pathogens

Parasites

Success Stories in biological control• Papaya mealy bug (Paracoccus marginatus)

control through Acerophagus papayae)

• Sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera) control through predators (Dipha aphidivora or Micromus igorotus) 

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)

Symbiotic bacteria associated with EPNs:

Xenorhabdus sp. with Steinernematids,

Photorhabdus sp. with Heterorhabditids

Field evaluation of EPNs (NBAII Strains)

Use of Chitin inhibitors

Diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 400-600 g/ha, or

Lufenuron 10 EC @ 300-400 ml/ha

Acacia arabica (leaves & seeds)

Annona squamosa (leaves & seeds)

Datura stramonium (leaves & seeds)

Eucalyptus globulus (leaves)

Ipomoea carnea (leaves)

Lantana camara (leaves)

Nicotiana tabacum (leaves)

Pongamia pinnata (leaves)

1. Bio-efficacy :

Aqueous extract

@ 25, 50, 75 and 100%

Ethanol extract

@ 5, 7.5 and 10 %

2. Preference Index

3. Compatibility &

Synergism

4. Utilization Indices

5. Mode of Action

Use of Botanicals

Stomach Poisons :Lantana leaves

Nicotiana leavesPongamia leaves

Acacia seed Annona seed Datura seed

Contact Poisons :Annona leavesIpomoea leaves

Contact and Stomach Poisons :Acacia leavesDatura leaves

Eucalyptus leaves

Mv

Itg

Itg

Pm

MEL

Use of Chemical insecticides

• Judicious / Need based

• Recommended insecticides

• With proper dose and dilution

• Careful and safe application

• Proper Time of application

ETL of some major Insect-PestsETL of some major Insect-Pests

Blue beetle : 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG .

Green semilooper : 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or

4 larvae / mrl at podding.

Tobacco caterpillar : 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering .

Pod borer : 10 larvae / mrl at pod development .

Leaf folder : 8-9 folded leaves / mrl .

Stem fly : 26 per cent stem tunnelling .

Blue beetle : 4 adults / mrl upto 10 DAG .

Green semilooper : 3 larvae / mrl at flowering, or

4 larvae / mrl at podding.

Tobacco caterpillar : 10 larvae / mrl at pre-flowering .

Pod borer : 10 larvae / mrl at pod development .

Leaf folder : 8-9 folded leaves / mrl .

Stem fly : 26 per cent stem tunnelling .

Recommended Insecticides and precautions

Selection of suitable insecticide

For Red Spider Mite

Ethion 50 EC @ 1.5 l/ha

Insect(s)

Weed(s) Combination

Stem fly Monocot + DicotMonocot

1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl

Semi-loopers

Monocot + DicotMonocotMonocot + Dicot

1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Rynaxypyr + Quizalofop Ethyl3. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr

S. litura Monocot + DicotMonocot + DicotMonocot

1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Quinalphos + Imazethapyr3. Quinalphos + Quizalofop Ethyl

Girdle beetle

Monocot + DicotMonocot + Dicot

1. Rynaxypyr + Imazethapyr2. Indoxacarb + Imazethapyr

Compatible combinations of Insecticides and Herbicides for effective management of major insects and weeds

in Soybean

Proper dilution of insecticide

Proper Spray time

Protective clothing

Proper spray equipment

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FEASIBILITY OF PLANT EXTRACTS

Stock solution : 0.2 kg in 1 lit to give 100 % stock soln.

With Power sprayer – For 100 % conc. – 24.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 75 % conc. – 18.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 50 % conc. – 12.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of waterFor 25 % conc. – 6.0 kg crushed in 120 lit of water