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ClientA
ClientB
Server10.10.1.103
192.168.0.5
192.0.2.10
IPAddress
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IPv432Bit=4.2BillionIPAddresses!!!
Seemsenough? ButnoL
InternetofThings(IoT)3
GlobalInternet
CampusNetwork
PublicIPAddress
PrivateIPAddress
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GlobalInternet
CampusNetwork
Home(Public/PrivateIP)
LabServer(PrivateIP)
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IPv6128Bit=2128AddressYourdeviceswouldbeaccessibleinInternet
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Internet
IPv4 IPv6+=
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IPv4Address
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PositionalNotation
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Decimal– BinaryConversion
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NetworkandHostBits
• AnIPv4addressiscomposedofaNetworkportionandHostportion.• Alldevicesonthesamenetworkmusthavetheidenticalnetworkportion.• TheSubnetMaskhelpsdevicesidentifythenetworkportionandhostportion.
• SubnetMask• TheIPv4addressiscomparedtothesubnetmaskbitbybit,fromlefttoright.• A1inthesubnetmaskindicatesthatthecorrespondingbitintheIPv4addressisanetworkbit.
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NetworkAddress
• AlogicalANDisoneofthreebasicbinaryoperationsusedindigitallogic.• UsedtodeterminetheNetworkAddress• TheLogicalANDoftwobitsyieldsthefollowingresults:
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PrefixLength
• Shorthandmethodofexpressingthesubnetmask.• Equalsthenumberofbitsinthesubnetmasksetto1.• Writteninslashnotation,/followedbythenumberofnetworkbits.
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Octet DecimalCalculation Summation PrefixLength
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 128 128 /17
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 128+64 192 /18
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 128+64+32 224 /19
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 128+64+32+16 240 /20
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 128+64+32+16+8 248 /21
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 128+64+32+16+8+4 252 /22
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 128+64+32+16+8+4+2 254 /23
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 255 /24
AddressTypes
• NetworkAddress• Theaddressbywhichwerefertothenetwork• FirstIPoftheNetwork(allhostbitsare‘0’)
• BroadcastAddress• Aspecialaddressusedtosenddatatoallhostsinthenetwork• LastIPoftheNetwork(allhostbitis‘1’)
• HostAddress• Theaddressesassigned totheenddevicesinthenetwork• AllIPsexceptthenetworkandbroadcastaddress
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PrivateIPv4Address
• PublicIPAddress:• Registered/MaintainedbyIANA/RIR• Routablethroughpublic internet
• PrivateIPAddress• Onlyusedininternalnetwork• Notvisibleinglobalroutingtable• Mustbetranslatedtoapublic IPv4toberoutable.• DefinedbyRFC1918
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Class Network AddressRange
Class A 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
ClassB 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0– 172.31.255.255
ClassC 192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0– 192.168.255.255
Quiz:PrivateandPublicIPAddress
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Public
Private
64.104.0.22
192.168.3.5
192.169.2.15
172.32.35.2
172.16.30.30
192.168.11.5
10.55.3.168
209.165.201.30
SpecialIPv4Addresses
• Loopbackaddresses(127.0.0.0/8or127.0.0.1)• UsedonahosttotestiftheTCP/IPconfigurationisoperational.
• Link-Localaddresses(169.254.0.0/16or169.254.0.1)• CommonlyknownasAutomaticPrivateIPAddressing(APIPA)addresses.• UsedbyWindowsclienttoselfconfigureifnoDHCPserveravailable.
• TEST-NETaddresses(192.0.2.0/24or192.0.2.0to192.0.2.255)• Usedforteachingandlearning.
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Legacy“Classful”AddressingConcept
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ClasslessIPAddressing
• Classful AddressingwastedaddressesandexhaustedtheavailabilityofIPv4addresses.• ClasslessAddressingIntroducedinthe1990s• ClasslessInter-DomainRouting(CIDR,pronounced“cider”)• AllowedserviceproviderstoallocateIPv4addressesonanyaddressbitboundary(prefixlength)insteadofonlybyaclassA,B,orC.
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RegionalInternetRegistry(RIR)
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InternetResourcesAllocation
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Subnetting IPv4Networks
ReasonsForSubnetting
• Reducesoverallnetworktrafficandimprovesnetworkperformance.• Enablesanadministratortoimplementsecuritypoliciessuchaswhichsubnetsareallowedornotallowedtocommunicatetogether.
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Subnetting byLocation
Subnetting byDeviceType
Subnetting byUserType
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/16
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InterestingOctet
16 24BinaryBitCount 8
Task:Create/24Subnetsfrom172.16.0.0/16.
NetworkPortion HostPortion
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/16
25
00000000Subnetting Boundary
16 24
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/16
26
00000000000000010000001000000011
11111111........
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BinaryRepresentation
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1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
256th Subnet
........
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/16
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0123
255........
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DecimalRepresentation
16
1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
256th Subnet
........
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
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1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
256th Subnet
........
172.16.0.0/24172.16.1.0/24172.16.2.0/24172.16.3.0/24
172.16.255.0/24
........
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.2.0/24
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00000000
11111111
........
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BinaryRepresentation
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1st IP/NetworkAddress
LastIP/BroadcastAddress
........
Task:Calculatenetworkaddress,broadcastaddressandusableIPsof3rd subnet.
000000011st useableIPAddress
11111110LastuseableIPAddress
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
172.16.2.0/24
30
0
255
........
24
DecimalRepresentation
16
1st IP/NetworkAddress
LastIP/BroadcastAddress
........
Task:Calculatenetworkaddress,broadcastaddressandusableIPsof3rd subnet.
11st useableIPAddress
254LastuseableIPAddress
Example1:SubnetinOctetBoundary
SubnetNo.
NetworkAddress SubnetMask Broadcast
Address 1st UsableIP LastUsable IP
0 172.16.0.0/24 255.255.255.0 172.16.0.255 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.254
1 172.16.1.0/24 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.255 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.254
2 172.16.2.0/24 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.255 172.16.2.1 172.16.2.254
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
254 172.16.254.0/24 255.255.255.0 172.16.254.255 172.16.254.1 172.16.254.254
255 172.16.255.0/24 255.255.255.0 172.16.255.255 172.16.255.1 172.16.255.254
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Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/24
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InterestingOctet
16 24BinaryBitCount 8
Task:Createfourequal-sized/26subnetsfrom172.16.0.0/24.
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Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/24
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00000000
SubnettingBoundary
24 3226
Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/24
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00000000010000001000000011000000
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BinaryRepresentation
24
1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
26
Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
172.16.0.0/24
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064128192
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DecimalRepresentation
24
1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
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1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet4th Subnet
172.16.0.0/26172.16.0.64/26172.16.0.128/26172.16.0.192/26
Example2:SubnetwithinOctetBoundary
SubnetNo.
NetworkAddress SubnetMask Broadcast
Address 1st UsableIP LastUsable IP
0 172.16.0.0/26 255.255.255.192 172.16.0.63 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.62
1 172.16.0.64/26 255.255.255.192 172.16.0.127 172.16.0.65 172.16.0.126
2 172.16.0.128/26 255.255.255.192 172.16.0.191 172.16.0.129 172.16.0.190
3 172.16.0.192/26 255.255.255.192 172.16.0.255 172.16.0.193 172.16.0.254
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Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
172.16.0.0/22
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InterestingOctets
Task:Createsubnetsfrom172.16.0.0/22tosupport100hostsineachsubnetwithminimumIPwastage.
16 24BinaryBitCount 8 32
Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
172.16.0.0/22
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00000000.00000000SubnettingBoundary
22 3224 2516
Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
172.16.0.0/22
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00000000.000000003224 25
00000000.1 000000000000001.0 0000000
00000011.10000000
BinaryRepresentation
00000001.1000000000000010.00000000
221st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet
6th Subnet
8th Subnet
4th Subnet5th Subnet
00000010.10000000
16
00000011.0 00000007th Subnet
Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
172.16.0.0/22
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0.03224
0.1281.0
3.128
DecimalRepresentation
1.1282.0
1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet
6th Subnet
8th Subnet
4th Subnet5th Subnet
2.128
16
3.07th Subnet
Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
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1st Subnet2nd Subnet3rd Subnet
6th Subnet7th Subnet
172.16.0.0/25172.16.0.128/25172.16.1.0/25
172.16.2.128/25172.16.3.0/25
4th Subnet5th Subnet
172.16.1.128/25172.16.2.0/25
8th Subnet 172.16.3.128/25
Example3:SubnetwithMultipleOctet
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SubnetNo.
NetworkAddress SubnetMask Broadcast
Address 1st UsableIP LastUsable IP
0 172.16.0.0/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.0.127 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.126
1 172.16.0.128/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.0.255 172.16.0.129 172.16.0.254
2 172.16.1.0/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.1.127 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.126
3 172.16.1.128/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.1.255 172.16.1.129 172.16.1.254
4 172.16.2.0/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.2.127 172.16.2.1 172.16.2.126
5 172.16.2.128/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.2.255 172.16.2.129 172.16.2.254
6 172.16.3.0/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.3.127 172.16.3.1 172.16.3.126
7 172.16.3.128/25 255.255.255.128 172.16.3.255 172.16.3.129 172.16.3.254
PracticeTest1
• Create8Equal-sizedSubnetsfrom192.168.1.0/25• Createsubnetsfrom10.0.0.0/22tosupport200hostsineachsubnetwithminimumIPwastage.• Createsubnetsfrom172.16.0.0/23tosupport50hostsineachsubnetwithminimumIPwastage.
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PracticeTest2
• Findanswersforaddress192.168.1.34• IsitanetworkaddressorbroadcastaddressorhostIP?• Networkandhostbits:• Subnetmask:• NumberofusableIP:• Networkaddress:• Broadcastaddress:• HostIPrange:
• Dothesamefor172.16.5.0/18.
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VariableLengthSubnetMasks
TraditionalSubnetting:IPWastage
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VLSMBenefits
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PracticeVLSM
• Giventhenetwork172.16.0.0/23createssubnets:• Network-Afor200hosts• Network-Bfor50hosts• Network-Cfor10hosts• 4point-to-pointnetworksfor2hostseach
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50
172.16.0.0/23
172.16.0.0/24Net-A(200Hosts)
172.16.1.0/24
172.16.1.0/26Net-B(50Hosts)
172.16.1.64/26 172.16.1.128/26 172.16.1.192/26
172.16.1.64/28Net-C(10Hosts)
172.16.1.80/28 172.16.1.96/28 172.16.1.112/28
172.16.1.80/30P2P-1
172.16.1.84/30P2P-2
172.16.1.88/30P2P-3
172.16.1.92/30P2P-4
PracticeTest3
• Giventhenetwork172.16.0.0/22• createssubnets,calculatesubnetmask,broadcastaddress,firstIPandlastIP:• UserLANfor500hosts• ServerLANfor25hosts• 2 point-to-pointnetworks
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Questions?
52
