IPv6 Impacts on UMTS End-to-End Services

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© Siemens AG,CT IC 2, V. Kulkarni, J. Grimminger

Information & Communications

Networks & Multimedia

Communication

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IPv6 Impacts onUMTS

End-to-End Services

CT IC2 – Vivek Kulkarni [email protected]

CT IC2 – Jochen [email protected]

Date: 30.07.2002

mailto:[email protected]
















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Contents:

• IPv6 features• UMTS Architecture• UMTS End-to-End Services• Impacts of IPv6• Summary

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• For billions of new devices,e.g., 3G and beyond cell phones, PDAs, appliances, cars, etc.

• For billions of new users,e.g., in Asia (India, China, … etc.)

• For “always on“ access technologies,e.g., xDSL, cable, Ethernet-to-the-home, etc.

One Compelling reason: Larger address space requirement !!

Motivation for a new IP: Why a new IP?

Other reasons are covered in Features of IPv6........

IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture

UMTSEnd-to-EndServices

Impacts of IPv6

Summary

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Base Functionality • Larger Address Space• Header Format Simplification• Improved Support for Extensions and

OptionsAddressing and Routing

• Expanded and Efficient Addressing Capabilities

• Efficient Routing Protocols• ICMPv6

Plug and Play • Neighbor Discovery• Address Autoconfiguration

Support for QoS • Flow Labeling Capability Security • Built-in Security through IPsecMobility support • Mobile IPv6 Others • Path MTU Discovery

• DNS for IPv6

IPv6 Features

IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture


Impacts of IPv6

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Contents:


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IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture


Impacts of IPv6

Summary

UMTS Architecture

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UUTTRRAANN UUMMTTSS//GGPPRRSSBBaacckkbboonnee

((IIPPvv44))

SGSN

GGSN

L1

RLC

PDCP

IPTCP/UDP

Appl

RBS RNC

MACL1

RLCMAC

PDCP GTP-URelay

L2/L1

UDPIP

GTP-U GTP-URelay

L2/L1

UDPIP

L2/L1

UDPIP

L1

L2

L2/L1

UDPIP

L1

IPTCP/UDP

Appl

GTP-U

IP IP

L2

Gn/Gp GiIu-PSUuUE UTRAN SGSN GGSN Host

UE

EExxtteerrnnaallPPLLMMNNGp

GnHost

IIPPNNeettwwoorrkk

User level IPTransport level IP

Iub

IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture


Impacts of IPv6

Summary

IPv6 in 3GPP

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IPv6 Features

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IPv6 Features

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Requirement for 3GPP network:• Both IPv4 / IPv6 are options for IP Connectivity• The IM CN subsystem shall exclusively support IPv6

Requirement for UE: • The UE shall exclusively support IPv6 for the

connection to services provided by the IM CN subsystem.

• The UE can access IPv4 and IPv6 based services.

Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221, Architectural requirements (Release 5)

IPv6 in 3GPP

IPv6 Features

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Impacts of IPv6

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IPv6 Features

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Normal IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration:

Host Access Router

MAC Address : 00-60-97-aa-55-af

Neighbor Solicitation For DuplicateAddress Detection of Link-local address

Router SolicitationRouter Advertisement(Prefix Information, Source Link layer addr.)

Neighbor Solicitation For DuplicateAddress Detection of Global address

Local Link

Power On

Forms Interface Identifier as02-60-97-ff-fe-aa-55-af

Forms Link-local address asfe80::260:97ff:feaa:55af

Forms Global address asPrefix::260:97ff:feaa:55af

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BSS/UTRANUE SGSN GGSN

“PDP Context Activate Request“

“PDP Context Activate Accept“. Also sends “ Link Local Address“

Router Solicitation

PDP contextis activated

Router Advertisement(Either full IPv6 address or Unique Prefix)

Gets/Builds fullIPv6 Address

IPv6 Autoconfiguration in 3GPP:

Stateless Address Autoconfiguration In 3GPP UMTS

IPv6 Features

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Stateful Address Autoconfiguration (DHCPv6) In 3GPP UMTS

IPv6 Features

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Voice Non-Voice(Information and Content)

Content Connectivity(Internet)

Mobility

Personal PeopleConnectivity

Location

Mobile Internet Access

Mobile Intranet/Extranet Access

Custo-mised

Infotain-ment

MMSLocation Based

Services

Direct linkto a person

Always-on, IP based

Knowledgeof location

Rich Voice(including

VideoPhones)

Source: UMTS Forum

IPv6 Features

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Impacts of IPv6

Summary

UMTS Services

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VoIP Scenario .....

NAT-Router202.123.41.10

192.168.52.x

192.168.52.3VOIP ApplicationVOIP Application

IPv6 solves the problem of NAT by providing each device a unique IP-address. i.e. Global reachability

IPv6 Features

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• Impairments to air bandwidth efficiency due too Packet Overheado Addressing : Unicast, Multicast & Anycasto Neighbor Discovery and Autoconfigurationo Mobile IPv6o Path MTU Discovery

• Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 networks• IPv6 Impacts on 3GPP Terminals

IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture


Impacts of IPv6

Summary

Impacts due to End-to-End IPv6

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RemovedAdded

o Packet Ovehead

IP version IPv4 IPv6Address Length 32-bit 128-bitAddress Space 4.3 x 109 3.4 x 1038

Header Length 20 byte 40 byteNumber of Fields 14 8

Global Reachability

Increased Routing Efficiency

IPv6 Packet headers are much larger than that of IPv4IPv6 Features

UMTSArchitecture


Impacts of IPv6

Summary

Impairments to air-bandwidth

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Unicast: An address for a single interface.

Multicast: An address for a set of interfaces (in a given scope) that typically belong to different nodes. IPv6 multicast addresses are used instead of broadcast addresses in IPv4.

Anycast: An address for a nearest interface from the set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes.

What we will achieve with Expanded and Efficient Addressing Capabilities?• Use of Anycast address include services where redundancy is

desirable, for e.g. - routers, name servers, software mirroring.• Simplified routing tables with prefix aggregation and improved

table lookup.

o Addressing In IPv6, there are more routable addresses than IPv4

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Impact of UE Addresses on Air-InterfaceFollowing are the addresses that Mobile Terminal MUST have in order to communicate in various scenarios.

• Unspecified Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0) used during autoconfigurationImpact on Air-interface : yes

• Loopback Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1)Impact on Air-interface : no (Its internal to the node, so it will not affect air-interface)

• Link-Local address for each interfaceImpact on Air-interface : yes (as it is link-specific) but it will not be routed through GGSN.

• Assigned Unicast Addresses (Multiple IP addresses/bearer or One IP address for multiple bearers separated by flow templates)Impact on Air-interface : yes

• All-Nodes Multicast AddressesImpact on Air-interface : yes

• Solicited-Node Multicast Address for each of its assigned unicast and anycast addressesImpact on Air-interface : yes

• Multicast Addresses of all other groups to which the host belongsImpact on Air-interface : yes

• IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses (Used to communicate with IPv4-only nodes, NGTrans)Impact on Air-interface : yes

IPv6 Addresses: In IPv6, there are more routable addresses than IPv4

IPv6 Features

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Summary

http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/ngtrans-charter.html

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Neighbor Discovery: Basic Use

• to determine the link-layer addresses for neighbors

• to find access routers • to keep track of reachable neighbors

Address Autoconfiguration: Basic Use

• to configure the Care of Address

o Neighbor Discovery and Autoconfiguration Air-link bandwidth gets hampered because of frequent Neighbor Discovery/Autoconfiguration messages.IPv6 Features

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Foreign Network

Home Network

Internet

Home Address

MNHA

MN

Home AddressCare of Address

CN

General Idea:1. MN gets new Care of Address (COA) in a foreign network2. MN registers the new COA with its Home Agent (HA)3. CN sends to HA and HA tunnels towards MN4. MN sends Binding Update (BU) to CN and CN sends directly

Getting new Care off Address and sending Binding Updates will hamper air-link efficiency.

o Mobile IPv6

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IPv6 domain IPv6 domain IPv6 domain

MTU=1500 Bytes MTU=1500 Bytes MTU=1280 Bytes

Packet Too Big Msg.Packet Too Big Msg.Path MTU Discovery Path MTU Discovery

MTU= 1280 Bytes

Path MTU Process: 1. Send a message to the destination with MTU of link.2. If receive a ICMP “Packet Too Big” error message, then resend the

message with the new MTU.3. Do 1 and 2 until response from destination.4. Last MTU is the Path MTU

o Path MTU Discovery Path MTU Discovery will contribute to the air-link bandwidth.

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IPv6 Features Cause of Impairment

Solution to the Impairment

Packet Header due to IPv6 packet header (min. 40 bytes basic header)

Header Compression using IETF ROHC algorithms. But single packet messages like ICMP messages can not be compressed.

Addressing there are more IPv6 routable addresses than IPv4.

This drawback will remain as it is a part of IPv6 functionality. But its not a major one.

Address Autoconfiguration

frequent Router Advertisements

Either keep the router advertisement interval much larger

Or send Router advertisements through radio broadcast channels.

IPv6 in 3GPP:Possible impairments to Air-Interface efficiency due to IPv6

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IPv6 Features Cause of Impairment

Solution to the Impairment

Mobile IPv6 Getting new COAs, Sending Binding Updates to HA & CN

Some Regionalized registration / Hierarchical MIP solutions will help to reduce signaling outside the local administrative domain.

Path MTU Discovery

Repetitive Path MTU messages flowing over air-interface

Either to use suitable Minimum MTU or use fragment header

IPv6 in 3GPP:Possible impairments to Air-Interface efficiency due to IPv6

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Transition Mechanism

Purpose Scope Requirements

Dual Stack To access both IPv4 and IPv6 services without additional translators / tunnelsIPv4 IPv4 IPv6 IPv6

UE + UTRAN + SGSN + GGSN

Dual Stack Infrastructure

Tunneling To connect disjoint IPv6/IPv4 islands, separated by IPv4/IPv6 networkIPv4 IPv4IPv6 IPv6

Border Routers of UMTS Network

Dual Stack Border Routers

Translation To connect IPv6-only host to IPv4-only host and vice versaIPv6 IPv4

Border Routers of UMTS Network

IPv6 IPv4 packet translator

Interoperability between IPv4 and IPv6 networks

IPv6 Features

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SGSN GGSN RNC UE

IPv6 Network

IPv4 Network

IPv6 Device

IPv4 Device

IPv4

IPv6

IPv4

IPv6

Reference: 3GPP TS 23.221 V5.5.0 (2002-06)

Dual IPv4/IPv6 StackEach mobile terminal has to have both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses !!!

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SGSN GGSN RNC

IPv4 Network

IPv6 Device

IPv4

IPv6

IPv6 Network

TrGW

TrGW

UE IPv6

TunnelingCommunication possible between devices having same IP version !!!

e.g. 6to4,...etc


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Tunneling : Automatic Tunneling

IPv6 domain IPv4 domainIPv6 domain

Uses IPv4-compatible IPv6 addresses, for e.g. ::IPv4-address The border router extracts the IPv4 addresses embedded in IPv6

packet and tunnels it in IPv4 packet The receiving system recovers the original IPv6 message

SRC ::a.b.c.dDST ::w.x.y.z

Payload

IPv6header

SRC ::a.b.c.dDST ::w.x.y.z

Payload

SRC a.b.c.d DST w.x.y.zSRC: ::a.b.c.dDST: ::w.x.y.z

Payload

IPv4header

IPv6header

IPv6 IPv4 communication problem is not solved !!!

A B(::a.b.c.d) (::w.x.y.z)

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Tunneling : Configured Tunneling (6Bone Experimental Test-bed)

IPv6 domain IPv4 domainIPv6 domain

SRC IPv4 addr of R1SRC: IPv6DST: IPv6

Payload

IPv6header

SRC: IPv6DST: IPv6

Payload

DST IPv4 addr of R2SRC: IPv6DST: IPv6

Payload

IPv4header

IPv6header

Requires explicit configuration at every point to the IPv4 network

Tunneling RouterR1

Tunneling RouterR2

IPv6 IPv4 communication problem is not solved !!! Also requires manual configuration for tunneling.

A B

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SGSN GGSNRNCUE IPv4 Network

IPv4Device

IPv4

IPv6

TrGW

IPv6

Translation Mechanisms :Computation load on the translation mechanism !!!

Used when communicating nodes do not share the same IP version. No modifications to the hosts. IPv6 packet IPv4 packet translation.

e.g. NAT-PT, SIIT, TRT, Socks64,...etc.


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20 byte HeaderVariable length14 different fields4 byte (32 bit) addressesChecksum Field

40 byte HeaderFixed Length of 40 bytes8 different fields16 byte (128 bit) addressesNo Checksum fieldExtension headersFlow label

Translation Mechanisms : IP Header TranslationIPsec (AH, ESP-tunnel mode) will get broken due to IP header translation!!!

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DNSv6/v4

NAT-PTGGSNA

(IPv6-only)B (IPv4-only)

DNSv4IPv6 3G Network

Operators Network

IPv4 Domain

IPv4Domain

IPv4Domain

131.1.2.1

Mapping of NAT-PT [RFC2766] on UMTS scenario

Pool of IPv4 (120.130.26/24)AddressesAssigns free IPv4 address fromthe pool to IPv6-only host

DNS Query: B?

DNSv4 ResponseB: IPv4 addr.

Translates DNS Response and adds NAT-PT-Prefix to IPv4 addr.

Prefix::Interface Id

Gets B‘s address asNAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1

Src Prefix::Interface Id Dst NAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1

Src 120.130.26.10 Dst 131.1.2.1

Src NAT-PT-Prefix::131.1.2.1Dst Prefix::Interface Id

Src 131.1.2.1Dst 120.130.26.10

NAT-PT assigns free120.130.26.10 address, translatesthe packet and maintains the state

Stateful mechanism...!!!

Assumption: Routing inside the operators network knowhow to route the packets towardsTranslator by static routes

No entry in DNSv6/v4 cache.Translates DNSv6 to DNSv4 Query

IPv6 Features

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Summary

http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2766.txt?number=2766

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Mapping of TRT [RFC3142] on UMTS scenario

DNSv6/v4

TRT

GGSNA(IPv6-only)

B (IPv4-only)

DNSv4IPv6 3G Network

Operators Network

IPv4 Domain

IPv4Domain

IPv4Domain

131.1.2.1

Prefix::Interface Id

Stateful mechanism and IPsec breaks completely...!!!

DNS Query: B?

DNSv4 ResponseB: IPv4 addr.

Relays DNS Response after appendingTRT-prefix

DNSv6 adds TRT-Prefix to B‘s address asTRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1

Src Prefix::Interface Id Dst TRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1 Src TRT‘s IPv4

address Dst 131.1.2.1Src 131.1.2.1Dst TRT‘s IPv4 address Src TRT-Prefix::131.1.2.1

Dst Prefix::Interface Id

Assumption: Routing inside the operators network knowhow to route the packets towardsTranslator by static routes

No entry in DNSv6/v4 cache.Translates DNSv6 to DNSv4 Query

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http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3142.txt

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Three functionality groups: [draft-ietf-ipv6-cellular-host-03.txt]

Basic IPv6 Functionality: Basic parts of IPv6Path MTU Discovery [RFC 1981],Addressing Architecture [RFC 2373],IPv6 Specification [RFC 2460],Neighbor Unreachability Detection [RFC 2461],Stateless Address Autoconfiguration [RFC 2462],ICMP for IPv6 [RFC 2463],IPv6 over PPP [RFC 2472],...etc

IP Security: IP Security (IPsec) details for cellular hosts Many RFCs...

IP Mobility: IP Mobility details for cellular hostsMobile IPv6 is not yet a RFC....

IPv6 Features

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Impacts of IPv6

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IPv6 Impacts on 3GPP Terminals

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ipv6-cellular-host-03.txt






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Open Issues for IPv6 in 3GPP

Recommendations for IPv6 in 3GPP Standards (April 2002)[draft-ietf-ipv6-3gpp-recommend-02.txt]

1. Multiple prefixes may be assigned to each primary PDP context

SGSN will be informed of each prefix that is currently assignedto a PDP context

2. A given prefix must not be assigned to more than one primary PDP context

GGSN view each primary PDP context as a single IPv6 subnet

3. Allow 3GPP nodes to use multiple identifiers within those prefixes, including randomly generated identifiers.

UE can generate and use privacy addresses

IPv6 Features

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Summary

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-ipv6-3gpp-recommend-02.txt



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Open Issues for IPv6 in general

IPv6 Transition Solutions for 3GPP Networks draft-wiljakka-3gpp-ipv6-transition-00.txt

Latest update from 54th IETF, Yokohama • Nokia is favouring NAT64/46 as it has less security problems• IMS is the most challenging as I-CSCF and S-CSCF will need

transition solutions to connect to external IPv4-only networks.• Dual Stack is recommended for the UEs.• IPv6/v4 interworking should be done in the network and

not in the UE.• Don‘t recommend tunneling over air like (DSTM or 6over4)

but if needed ROHC will help

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Summary

http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-wiljakka-3gpp-ipv6-transition-00.txt



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ISP‘s view: Latest update from 54th IETF, Yokohama

• MIPv6 not yet standardized.• Transition mechanisms have to be simple ones

6over4 tunneling, NAT-PT/TRT is the best and perhaps enough.• Multicast DNS (LLMNR) necessary for IPv6 deployment• Key Applications for ISPs are not yet IPv6 ready....

• BIND (DNS) – v8 : No IPv6 support- v9 : not ready for heavy duty production use.

• Qmail (Mail Transfer Agent) – with unofficial patches for IPv6.• Squid (Web Proxy Server) – IPv6 is only experimental basis.

Open Issues for IPv6 in general

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SummaryIPv6 benefits to Mobile Network Operators:

• Auto configuration • Embedded encryption support and authentication • Embedded mobility • Internet provider selection • Efficient packet processing in routers

IPv6 benefits to Mobile End Users:

• Easy management & auto configuration • Efficient address allocation • Renumbering possible

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Impairments due to IPv6 Status : Solved?

Packet Overhead

Addressing

Address Resolution and Autoconfiguration

Mobile IPv6

Path MTU Discovery

Summary:

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IPv6 in 3GPP:

• IPv6 is mandatory in UTRAN.• Backbone UMTS network will be IPv4 initially, but ultimately IPv6

shall be used.• 3GPP R5 IMS uses IPv6 exclusively.

IPv6 in IETF:

• IPv6 Core Specifications achieved Draft Standard status.• IPv6 Specs at Proposed Standard level are stable for more than

2 years now.• Large-scale deployment is underway….

Open Issues:

• MIPv6 not yet RFC• DNS for IPv6• Killer applications are yet to be developed for IPv6....

Summary:

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Thank you !!!

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N O

L O

G Y

s




Communication

C O

R P

O R

A T

E

T E

C H

N O

L O

G Y

Backup

Backup

s




Communication

C O

R P

O R

A T

E

T E

C H

N O

L O

G Y

00 : 60 : 97 : aa : 55 : af

00 60 97 aa 55 af

60 9700 aa 55 af

ff fe

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0“Universal/Local“ (U/L) bit1 = globally unique

1

MAC Address (48-bit)

Interface Identifier (64-bit) 02 : 60 : 97 : ff : fe : aa : 55 : af

Address Autoconfiguration:48bit MAC Address to EUI-64 Interface Identifier(one of the method to form Interface Identifier!!!)

Motivation

IPv6 Features

Transition

IPv6 in 3GPP

Status in IETF

Implementations& Applications

Summary &Conclusion

Back

Documents

IPv6 Impacts on UMTS End-to-End Services