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Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 1
Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. http://www.juniper.net
IPv6 solution on Juniper Networks IPv6 solution on Juniper Networks MM--series and Tseries and T--seriesseries
Internet routers Internet routers
Ahmed [email protected]
April 2003
IPv6 Implementation
IPv6 examples and Case Studies
Agenda
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 2
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 3
IPv6 Qualified RouterWhat means really Dual Stack?
Addressing & ForwardingRouting Protocols Service RichnessOperational Efficiency
IPv4
IPv6
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 4
PE 1PE 1
IPv6 Addressing
Dual IP addressing on the same interfaceNeighbor discoveryICMPv6
interfaces {ge-0/1/0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 157.168.0.5/24;}family inet6 {address 8028:20::1/64;}
}}}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 3
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 5
Autogeneration of EUI 64-bitInterface Addresses for IPv6
Stateless auto-configuration Node starts by appending its interface ID (EUI-64) to the link-local network prefix, fe80::/64
Sends router solicitation
Receives prefix from router advertisement
BenefitsSimplifies host configuration
Broadens client coverageRouter Solicitation via ND
Router Advertisement via ND
Host IP information configured
dynamically
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 6
IPv6 Qualified Router for ISPsWhat means really Dual Stack?
Addressing & ForwardingRouting Protocols Service RichnessOperational Efficiency
IPv4
IPv6
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 4
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 7
Routing Protocols
Static routingMay be used with customer sites
IGPIPv6 unicast can be routed by RIPng, OSPFv3, or ISISCurrent ISIS backbone don’t need IGP upgradeCurrent OSPF backbone need to:
Migrate to IS-ISOr add/deploy OSPFv3
BGP-MPJust add the IPv6 routing in existing M-BGP set-upCan use same designCan be set-up over v4 or v6
Just add v6 routing over BGP/v4 sessions (next-hop!)Use BGP over v6 in case of IPv6 deployment in IPv4 tunnels
Separating BGP sessions for v4 and v6 may also have some advantagesMonitoring, flexibility…
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 8
PE 1PE 1
Static Routingexample
routing-options {rib inet6.0 {
static {route 8028:10::1/128
next-hop 8028:25::2;}
}}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 5
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 9
PE 1PE 1
RIPng Routingexample
protocols {ripng {
group igp {neighbor ge-0/1/0.0;
}}
}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 10
Area 3
OSPFv3
Major changes to accommodate: Address size General protocol semantics
Addressing semantics removed from OSPF packets and LSAs
New LSAs for IPv6 addresses & prefixesOSPF runs on per-link, not per-subnetFlooding scope for LSAs generalizedAuthentication removed
BenefitsOther functions remain the same (e.g. SPF calculation, area support, etc.)Familiarity - widely deployed IGP
Area 2AS1
Area 1
AS2
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 6
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 11
PE 1PE 1
OSPFv3example
interfaces {so-0/0/0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 10.19.6.2/24;}family inet6 {address 9009:6::2/64;}
}}
lo0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 10.245.71.6/32;
}family inet6 {address feee::10:255:71:6/128;
}}}}
protocols {ospf3 {area 0.0.0.2 {interface so-0/0/0.0;interface lo0.0 {passive;}
}}}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
so-0/0/0.0
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 12
PE 1PE 1
External M-BGPexample
interfaces {ge-0/1/0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 11.19.1.2/24;}family inet6 {address ::11.19.1.2/126;}
}}}
routing-options {autonomous-system 100;}
protocols {bgp {group ebgp_both {type external;local-address 11.19.1.2;family inet {unicast;}family inet6 {unicast;}peer-as 1;neighbor 11.19.1.1;
}}}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
ge-0/1/0
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 7
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 13
E-BGP Peering over IPv6Link Local Addresses
E-BGP Peering over IPv6 LLA
BGP4+ Peering Using IPv6 Link-local Address
draft-kato-bgp-ipv6-link-local-00.txt
Allows use of link-local address for direct peering connections instead of using global addresses
How it works
Link local addresses can be auto-generated or manually configured
Benefits
Simpler administration
Flexibility
NSPIXP6 uses link local address
AS1
AS2
E-BGP
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 14
Multicast Routing
Performance and scaling for IPv6 multicast clearly important
PIMv2 to support for IPv4 and IPv6
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol to discover the presence of multicast listeners
Derived from IGMPv2Uses ICMPv6 message type instead of IGMP message typesMPDv2 is required for PIM-SSM
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 8
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 15
IPv6 Qualified Router for ISPsWhat means really Dual Stack?
Addressing & ForwardingRouting ProtocolsService RichnessOperational Efficiency
IPv4
IPv6
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 16
IP Services
Routers must be able to perform intelligent IPv6 packet handling
Filtering – Selective forwarding and discarding Monitoring - Sampling, counting, logging, etc.QoS - Policing, shaping, queuing, profiling, etc.Forwarding – Directing packets based on any header information
All classification and packet handling must be done in hardware to truly minimize performance impact
IP services and performance must not be mutually exclusive
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 9
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 17
IP2 ServicesFiltering & Policing
0 %
20 %
40 %
60 %
80 %
100 %
120 %
Increasing Number of Packet FiltersIncreasing Number of Packet Filters
Packet ForwardingPacket Forwarding
Internet Processor II ASICCPU-based router
Packet filteringDoS attack prevention
Comprehensive security
E.g. Source Address Filters
PolicingInterface-level rate limiting
E.g. Bandwidth - limits bps
E.g. Maximum burst size
Predictable performance with rich IPv6 services
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 18
IP-II enables significant functionality with applications to network management
SecurityMonitoringAccounting
IP-IIIP-II
Multiple rules may be specified.Multiple rules may be specified.
Filter SpecificationFilter Specificationfilter Limit-Customer-A {
policer Lim {if-exceeding {
bandwidth-limit 1m;burst-size-limit 100k;
}then discard;
}term 1 {
from {source-address {
3ffe:1002:6411::/48;}
}then {
policer Lim;accept;
}}
}
All IPv6 Packets Handled By RouterAll IPv6 Packets Handled By RouterMicrocodeMicrocode
Filters and route lookup are part of Filters and route lookup are part of same programsame program
PacketHandlingPrograms
Log,syslogCount,Policer,
Loss-priority,Forwarding-class
CompileCompile
IPv6 Filtering
••IPv6 source address field IPv6 source address field ••IPv6 destination address field IPv6 destination address field ••TCP/UDP source port field TCP/UDP source port field ••TCP/UDP destination port fieldTCP/UDP destination port field••Next header field Next header field ••Traffic class fieldTraffic class field••Packet lengthPacket length••ICMP packet type and codeICMP packet type and code••SourceSource--classclass••DestinationDestination--classclass
SilentSilentDiscardDiscard
ForwardForward
TCP ResetTCP ResetOr ICMPOr ICMP
UnreachableUnreachable
RoutingRoutingInstanceInstance
Next TermNext Term
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 10
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 19
PE 1PE 1
Flexible bandwidth
firewall {family inet6 {filter LimitCE-A2{policer LimCE-A2 {if-exceeding {bandwidth-limit 1m;burst-size-limit 100k;}then discard;}term 1 {from {source-address {3ffe:1411:2205::/48;
}}then {policer LimCE-A2;accept;}}
}}}
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
3ffe:1411:2205::5
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 20
Security
Security on routers is more important than everfor customer and infrastructure protection
On-going DoS work in IPv4 to be extended to IPv6
Hardware-based packet handling, filtering optimize key security actions
SNMPv3 improves router authentication
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 11
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 21
Source Address Verification
uRPF can be configured per-interface/sub-interfaceSupports both IPv4 and IPv6Packet/Byte counters for traffic failing the uRPF checkAdditional filtering available for traffic failing check:
police/rejectCan syslog the rejected traffic for later analysis
Two modes available:Active-paths:
uRPF only considers the best path toward a particular destination
Feasible-paths:uRPF considers all the feasible paths. This is used where routing is asymmetrical.
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 22
PE 1PE 1
Source Address Verification
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
3ffe:1541:2305::/48
so-0/0/0.0
ge-0/1/0
3ffe:1411:2205::5
Attack with
Source address
= 3ffe:1411:2205::5
uRPF
3ffe:1411:2205::/48*[BGP/170]
>via so-0/0/0/0.0
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 12
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 23
PE 1PE 1
Real-time DoS Identificationwith Destination Class Usage
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
3ffe:1541:2305::/48
so-0/0/0.0
ge-0/1/0
policy-options {community victim members 100:100;policy-statement set-dest-classterm 1 {from {protocol bgp;community victim;}then {destination-class dcu-victim;accept;}
}}}
interfaces {so-2/0/1 {unit 0 {family inet6 {address feee::10:255:73:2/128;accounting {destination-class-usage;}}
}}}
routing-options{forwarding-table{export set-dest-class;}}
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 24
PE 1PE 1
Real-time DDoS Identification
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
3ffe:1541:2305::/48
so-0/0/0.0
ge-0/1/0
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 13
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 25
PE 1PE 1
Real-time DDoS Identification
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
3ffe:1541:2305::12
so-0/0/0.0
ge-0/1/0
BGP updateBGP update3ffe:1541:2305::12/1283ffe:1541:2305::12/128Community 100:100Community 100:100
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 26
QoS
IPv6 header includes traffic class and flow labelTraffic class function = DSCPLargely undefined flow label identifies a traffic flow that needing special handling, I.e. voice, video, etc.
IPv6 routers must be able to use traffic class and flow label without incurring performance cost
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 14
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 27
VPNs
VPNs are a valuable serviceProvider managed IPv4 VPN models have been successfulEstablished VPN technologies used for IPv4 must be carried over to IPv6Services offered as part of a VPN, I.e. QoS, will still be required for IPv6VPN management must be able to support IPv4 and IPv6 traffic
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 28
L3 VPN over MPLS
PP
PP
PP PE 2 PE 2
VPN AVPN ASite 3, IPv6Site 3, IPv6
VPN AVPN ASite 1, IPv6Site 1, IPv6
VPN BVPN BSite2, IPv4Site2, IPv4
VPN BVPN BSite 1, IPv4Site 1, IPv4
PE 1PE 1
PE 3PE 3
VPN AVPN ASite2, IPv6 Site2, IPv6
CECE––A1A1
CECE––B1B1
CECE––A3A3
CECE––A2A2
CECE––B2B2
PP
VPN BVPN BSite3, IPv4Site3, IPv4
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1VPN CVPN C
Site 1, IPv4Site 1, IPv4 VPN CVPN CSite 2, IPv4Site 2, IPv4
CECE––C2C2
Static Static RoutesRoutes
OSPF OSPF RoutingRouting
EE--BGPBGP
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 15
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 29
IPv6 Qualified Router for ISPsWhat means really Dual Stack?
Addressing & ForwardingRouting Protocols Service RichnessOperational Efficiency
IPv4
IPv6
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 30
Network Management
IPv6 Management must be integrated in existing management systemsSNMP over v6 with IPv6 MIBsIntuitive CLIIPv6 AccountingAPIs (e.g. XML) for OSS integration
Reduce latency between new vendor feature/service and OSS integrationOperational efficiency hinges on OSS integration
Router operations over IPv6telnet, ssh, ftp, ping, traceroute…
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 16
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 31
Robustness and Reliability
Common support of features, services on every interface across all platformsSame approach for hardware-based packet handling as IPv4
Performance is criticalMaintaining SLA agreement for IPv4 while operating IPv6
Separation of routing and control planesGraceful restart mechanisms
BGP, OSPF, IS-IS, RSVP, LDP…
Linear software releases continuity to ensure common support and evolution
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 32
Integration of non IPv6 capable routers
IPv6 in IPv4 tunnels GRE or IP-IP TunnelsOnly possible:
with performance (hardware tunneling)at small scale for manageability
Connecting IPv6 Islands with IPv4 MPLSRequires MPLS capable routers in the core
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 17
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 33
PE 1PE 1
IPv6 in IPv4 tunnels
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
interfaces {so-0/0/0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 100.255.3.2/24;}
}}gr-1/0/0 {unit 0 {tunnel {source 100.255.3.2;destination 100.255.2.1;}family inet6 {address 9009:6::2/64;}
}}}
so-0/0/0.0100.255.3.2100.255.2.1
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 34
Connecting IPv6 Islands with IPv4 MPLS (1)
IPv6
MPLSIPv6 IPv4
IPv6IPv6PE1
PE2
IETF Draft as defined in draft-ietf-ngtrans-bgp-tunnel-04.txt
Connecting IPv6 Islands across IPv4 Clouds with BGPAlso known as “6PE”
PEs run Dual Stack MP-BGP over IPv4PE and CE exchanges IPv6 routesMPLS LDP/RSVP LSPs are set up using IPv4
BenefitsLeverages existing MPLS infrastructureRequires IPv6 support only on PE router
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 18
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 35
PE 1PE 1
Connecting IPv6 Islands with IPv4 MPLS (2)
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
interfaces {so-0/0/0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 100.255.3.2/24;}family inet6;family mpls;
}}ge-0/1/0unit 0 {family inet6 {address 8002::1/126;}
}}lo0 {unit 0 {family inet {address 10.245.71.6/32;}family mpls;
}}}routing-options {autonomous-system 100;}
so-0/0/0.0100.255.3.2100.255.2.1
ge-0/1/0
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 36
PE 1PE 1
Connecting IPv6 Islands with IPv4 MPLS (3)
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
protocols {rsvp {interface so-0/0/0.0;}mpls {ipv6-tunneling;label-switched-path to_PE1 {to 10.245.72.6;
}interface so-0/0/0.0;}bgp {group to_PE1 {type internal;local-address 10.245.71.6;family inet6 {labeled-unicast {explicit-null;}}export red-export;neighbor 10.245.72.6;
}}ospf {traffic-engineering;area 0.0.0.0 {interface so-0/0/0.0;interface lo0.0 {passive;}
}}
so-0/0/0.0100.255.3.2100.255.2.1
ge-0/1/0
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 19
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 37
PE 1PE 1
Connecting IPv6 Islands with IPv4 MPLS (4)
PP
PP
PP
PE 2 PE 2
PE 3PE 3
CECE––A1A1
CECE––A2A2
PP
CECE––B3B3CECE––C1C1
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
RRv4v4 RRv4v4
# protocols (next)
ripng {group to_CE-B3 {export red-import;neighbor ge-0/1/0.0;
}}}
policy-options {policy-statement red-export {term 1 {from protocol ripng;then accept;
}term 2 {then reject;
}}policy-statement red-import {from protocol bgp;then accept;}}
so-0/0/0.0100.255.3.2100.255.2.1
ge-0/1/0.0
IPv6 Implementation
IPv6 examples and Case Studies
Agenda
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 20
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 39
Juniper Networks IPV6 deploymentin R&E and ISPs
Americas EMEA APAC
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 40
Case 1: direct connection to IPv4+ IPv6 services
LAN
POSATMGigE…
Switch
Switch
Metropolitan, Regional or
National
NetworkSwitch
BGP
RIPv6
6bone
IPv6Service
IPv4 + IPv6 addresseson each interface
IPv4+ IPv6
IPv6 direct peering
interfaces {ge-0/1/0 {
unit 0 {family inet {address 192.168.0.5/24;
}family inet6 {address 8028:20::1/64;
}}
}so-0/0/0 {
unit 0 {family inet {address 204.146.35.1/30;}family inet6 {
address 8028:25::1/64;}}
}lo0 {
unit 0 {family inet {
address 192.168.5.1/32address 127.0.0.1/32;
}family inet6 {
address 8028:5::1/128;address ::1/128;
}routing-options {
routing-options {autonomous-system 100;
}}
protocols {ripng {
group igp {neighbor ge-0/1/0.0;
}}bgp {
group NREN-4-6 {local-address 204.146.35.1;family inet6 {
unicast;}family inet {
unicast;}peer-as 64595;neighbor 204.146.35.2;
}}
}
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 21
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 41
Case 2: remote connectionto IPv6 service
LAN
POSATMGigE…
Switch
Switch
Metropolitan, Regional or
National
NetworkSwitch
BGP withv6 addresses
RIPv6
IPv6 Service
IPv4 + IPv6 addresseson each interface
IPv4+ IPv6
6bone
IPv6 in IPv4 tunnel
IPv6 direct peering
interfaces {ge-0/1/0 {
unit 0 {family inet {address 192.168.0.5/24;}family inet6 {address 8028:20::1/64;}}
}so-0/0/0 {
unit 0 {family inet {address 204.146.35.1/30;}}
gr-1/0/0 {unit 0 {tunnel {source 204.146.35.1; # so-0/0/0.0destination 195.150.10.34;
}family inet6 {address 8028:25::1/64;
}}
}lo0 {
unit 0 {family inet {address 192.168.10.1/32address 127.0.0.1/32;
}family inet6 {address 8028:5::1/128;address ::1/128;
}routing-options {
rib inet6.0 {static {route 8028:10::1/128 next-hop 8028:25::2;
}}
protocols {ripng {
group igp {neighbor ge-0/1/0.0;
}}bgp {
group peering-v6 {type external;local-address 8028:5::1; # Loopbackpeer-as 64595;neighbor 8028:10::1;
}}
}
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 42
Pan-European Research Networking
10 Gb/s backbone with Juniper M160s
WDM optical technology
30 R&E connected organizations
European connectivity to over 3000 R&E institutions
http://www.dante.net/geant/
RedIRIS
Aconet
Belnet
UNICOM-BCARNet
CYNET
CESNET
Forskningsnettet
EENet
FUNET
RENATER
DFN
GRNET
HUNGARNET
RHnet
HEAnet
IUCC
GARR
LATNETLITNET
RESTENA
SURFnet
UNINETT
POL-34
RCTS
RoEduNet
SANET
ARNES
SUNET
SWITCH
UKERNA
Multicast
IP Premium
VPN
IPv6
Performance without compromise
www.juniper.net Apr-03 Page 22
http://www.juniper.net Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. 43
IPv6 Available Features
Available on all M-series and T-series platforms
IS-ISOSPFv3MP-BGP over v4/v6RIPngStaticIPv6 VPN (RFC2547bis)PIM v2MLD
Forwardingin hardwareAddressing
Link, site, globalStateless autoconfiguration
Neighbor discoveryIPv6 Packet FilteringEUI 64 AutogenerationUnicast RPFFBF and CBF for IPv6Destination/Source Class Usage
Common supportICMPv6SNMP over v6 + MIBsIP applications
Ping, telnet, ssh, ftp…Transition
Configured tunnelsDual stackTransport IPv6 in MPLS
Addressing & Forwarding
Operations & Transition
Routing Protocols
Now
Copyright © 2003 Juniper Networks, Inc. http://www.juniper.net
Thank You
http://www.juniper.net