IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain AGRO-FOOD SECTOR in TURKEY: FACTS and FIGURES September 2001 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guner OZAY [email protected]

IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain

AGRO-FOOD SECTOR in TURKEY: FACTS and FIGURES

September 2001

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guner [email protected]

TÜBITAK-Marmara Research Center

Food Science and Technology Research Institute




RESEARCH INSTITUTES

FOOD SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT MATERIAL and CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES MARINE and EARTH SCIENCE

NATIONAL METROLOGY ELECTRONIC and CRIPTOLOGY GENETIC ENGINEERING and BIOTECHNOLOGY

TECHNOPARK & TECHNOLOGY FREE ZONE

TÜBİTAK- MARMARA RESEARCH CENTER


SOCIAL and ECONOMIC INDICATORS of TURKEY

TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center


2000

Area (sq kms) 774 815

Population (1000 persons) 64 385 000

Female 32 878 509

Male 33 615 461Annual population Growth rate (%) 18.31

Rate of literacy (%) 85

GNP (USD million) 218 073

Agriculture (%) 14.4

Industry (%) 23.0

Services (%) 62.6


1. LAND USE (1999 VALUES)

COUNTRY TOTAL AREA 774 815 km2

FORESTS SURFACE 20 713 000 hectar

ARABLE LAND 18 436 000 hectar

FALLOW LAND 4 905 hectar

CULTIVATED FIELD 23 341 hectar

TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Institute


1.AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION: MAJOR CROPSProducts x 1000 Tons Change % Products x 1000 Tons Change %

1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000

Cereals Tuber Crops

Wheat 18 000 21 000 -14.3 16.7 Potatoes 6 000 5 370 14.3 -10.5 Barley 7 700 8 000 -14.4 3.9 Dry Onions 2 500 2 200 10.1 -12.0 Maize 2 297 2 300 -1.0 0.1 Fruit

Bearing Vegetables

Pulses Water Melon & Melon

5 725 5 805 -1.5 1.4

Lentils 380 353 -29.6 -7.1 Tomatoes 8 956 8 890 8.0 -0.7 Chick Peas 560 548 -10.4 -2.1 Fruits and

Edible Nuts

Dry Beans 237 230 0.4 -3.0 Grape & Fig 3 675 3 840 -4.7 4.5 Industrial Crops

Citrus Fruits 2 263 2 222 16.5 -1.8

Sugar Beet 16 854 18 781 -24.4 11.4 Apple 2 500 2 400 2.0 -4.0

Cotton 886 865 1.1 -2.4 Pistachio 40 000 75 000 14 87.5

Tobacco 251 208 0.3 -17.0 Hazelnut 530 470 -8.6 -11.3

Oil Seeds Others

Cotton Seed 1 415 1 381 1.1 -2.4 Olive 600 1 800 -63.6 200.0

Sunflower 950 800 10.5 -15.8 Tea 1 096 758 12.0 -30.8 Groundnut 95 78 5.6 -17.9




1. MAIN CROPS: AREA, PRODUCTION, YIELDS

PRODUCTS 1997 1998 1999 %CHANGE(1980-1999)

Wheat 200 223 194 6.1

Barley 222 240 215 13.6

Corn 382 418 444 108.7

Sugar Beet 3 921 4 260 4 260 69.6

Dry Beans 134 137 137 5.4

Sunflower 161 147 160 95.1

Dry Onions 2 000 2 162 2 217 61.7

Potatoes 2 417 2 586 2 730 66.6



YIELDS AND %CHANGES IN SOME VEGETABLE PRODUCTS (Kg./Da.)


1. INDUSTRIAL FOOD CROPS: FOR FRESH MARKET; PROCESSED

Tobacco Beet sugar Cotton lint Cotton seed

Area(Ha)

Production Tons

YieldKG/Ha

Area(Ha) ProductionTons

YieldKG/Ha

Area(Ha)

Production

Tons

YieldKG/Ha

Area(Ha)

Production Tons

YieldKG/Ha

1997 288976 286414 991 472 689 18 400 734 38 928 721723 831672 1152 721723 1193286 1607

1998 260000 250556 962 515 000 21 940 518 42 603 757275 858248 1133 757275 1282127 1468

1999 260000 251266 963 440 000 16 854 294 38 305 731320 899117 1229 731320 1314660 1797

2000 208 491 18 781 380



2. AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BUSINESS WORK FORCE QUALIFICATIONS

2000 2001

1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4rd Quarter 1st Quarter

Civilian Labour Force 20 726 22 727 23 022 21 547 21 031Civilian Employment 19 006 21 312 21 727 20 182 19 222Unemployed 1 720 1 415 1 295 1 366 1 809Unemployment Rate (%) 8.3 6.2 5.6 6.3 8.6

Urban 10.4 8.9 8.0 8.2 10.8 Rural 5.5 3.0 2.8 4.0 5.6Underemployment 1 885 1 674 1 282 1 298 1 270Underemployment Rate(%) 9.1 7.4 5.6 6.0 6.0Rate of Unemp.+ Labor ForceIdle Because ofUnderemp.(%)

17.4 13.6 11.2 12.3 14.6

Civilian Employment BySectorAgriculture 6 284 7 627 8 163 6 628 6 268

Industry 3 449 3 814 3 851 3 811 3 628

Services 9 274 9 870 9 714 9 743 9 327

Construction 970 1 503 1 437 1 402 1 029

TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Center


2. INDEX of PRODUCTION WORKERS in FOOD and BEVERAGES INDUSTRY

(1997=100)



Year 1st Quarter 4th Quarter TOTAL

1997 66.4 96.0 87.2 111.4 108.1 109.1 100.0 100.0 100.0

1998 78.3 96.4 91.0 119.7 102.4 107.5 112.0 99.7 103.3

1999 85.2 86.7 86.1 110.1 97.2 101.0 111.8 91.5 97.4

2000 69.9 88.9 83.2 106.5 97.9 100.5 101.7 93.1 95.7

2001 76.9 84.2 81.8


2. PRODUCTION INDEX of FOOD and BEVERAGES INDUSTRY

(Weighted by Value Added 1997=100)

Year 1st Quarter 4th Quarter TOTAL

1997 70.5 90.2 88.1 157.4 109.9 115.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

1998 82.1 92.1 91.0 181.8 106.6 114.8 115.4 99.0 100.8

1999 97.4 85.7 87.0 149.7 107.9 112.5 112.0 99.0 100.4

2000 59.5 88.3 85.2 145.9 111.3 115.1 95.9 105.1 104.1



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: CEREALS


Wheat Barley Rye

Years Area (Ha)x 103

ProductionTons x 106

YieldKG/Ha

Area (Ha)x 103

Production Tons x

106

YieldKG/Ha

Area (Ha)x 103

Production Tons x

106

YieldKG/Ha

1997 9 340 18.65 1 997 3.7 8.2 2 216 147 0.235 1 599

1998 9 400 21 2 234 3.75 9 2 400 133 0.232 1 744

1999 9 380 18 1 919 3.65 7.7 2 101 140 0.233 1 664

2000 21 8 0.260


3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: CEREALS (CONTINUE)

Oats Maize Rice

Years Area(Ha) x

103


Yield(KG/Ha)

Area (Ha)x 103


Yield(KG/Ha)

Area (Ha)x 103


Yield(KG/Ha)

1997 158 0.280 1 772 545 0.545 3 817 55 0.165 3 000

1998 158.5 0.310 1 956 550 0.550 4 182 60 0.189 3 150

1999 154 0.290 1 883 518 0.518 4 434 65 0.204 3 138

2000 0.314 0.35



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: FRUITS (2000)Fruit BearingTrees (1 000)

Non-Fruit BearingTrees (1 000)

Production (Tons)in 1999

Production(Tons) in 2000

Pear 10 900 2 000 360 000 380 000Quince 3 250 480 92 000 105 000

Apple 32 050 5 850 2 500 000 2 400 000

Loquats 250 38 12 000 11 500Plums 7 350 1 150 195 000 195 000Apricots 10 380 2 650 335 000 530 000

Cherries 7 150 2 540 250 000 230 000

Peaches 12 050 2 080 400 000 430 000

Olives 87 130 8 370 6 000 000 1 800 000

Grapefruit 835 105 140 000 130 000

Lemons 5 160 530 520 000 460 000



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: FRUIT (CONTINUE)

Fruit Bearing Trees (1 000)

Non-Fruit Bearing Trees

(1 000)

Production (Tons) in 1999

Production (Tons) in

2000 Tangerine 8 100 855 500 000 560 000

Oranges 11 475 915 1 100 000 1 070 000

Pistachios 26 380 16 630 40 000 75 000

Almonds 3 600 590 43 000 47 000 Walnuts 3 525 1 300 120 000 116 000

Hazelnuts 273 900* 16 350** 530 000 470 000

Grapes 530 000* 3 600 000** 3 400 000 3 600 000

Strawberries 9 400* 129 000** 129 000 130 000

Bananas 1 227 34 000 34 000 64 000

Figs 8 970 900 275 000 240 000

Pomegranates 2 400 730 58 000 59 000


*: area in hectare.**: production in tons.


3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLES

Production(1999)

Production(2000)

Production(1999)

Production(2000)

Leafy or ediblestem vegetables

1 633 680 1 670 650 Parsley 35 500 40 000

Cabbages 621 000 622 000 Mint 3 800 5 000BlackCabbages

96 000 103 000 Rocket 1 780

Artichokes 25 800 24 500 Cress 1 200 1 250Celery 16 500 16 500 Fruit bearing

vegetables19 122 500

Leaf lettuce 110 000 118 000 Melons-watermelons

5 725 000 5 805 000

Head lettuce 197 000 215 000 Pumpkins 66 000Spinach 200 000 205 000 Squash 263 000

Leek 314 000 308 000 Cucumber 1 650 000 1 825 000Garden oracle 7 650 Eggplants 976 000 924 000Purslane 1 900 2 250 Okra 24 500 27 500Dill 1 550 1 700 Tomatoes 8 956 000 8 890 000



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLES (CONTINUE)

Production(1999)

Production(2000)

Production(1999)

Production (2000)

Stuffingpepper

393 000 390 000 Greenonions

218 000 228 000

Green pepper 1 069 000 1 090 000 Carrots 239 000 235 000Leguminousvegetables

622 000 648 000 Horseradish

21 500 22 500

Green beans 471 000 514 000 Red radish 126 000 145 000Green peas 55 000 48 000 Jerusalem

artichokes460 450

Greenbroadbeans

45 000 45 000 Turnip 1 100 1 500

Calavence 40 000 41 000 Othervegetables

76 512 90 012

Cow pea 11 000 12 000 Cauliflower 76 500 90 000Root, bulb andtuberousvegetables

628 660 653 450 Asparagus 12 12

Green garlic 22 600 21 000



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: OILSEEDS

Sunflower Sesame seed Ground nuts

Years Area (Ha) x 103

Production Tons

Yield (KG/Ha)

Area (Ha) x

103

Production Tons

Yield (KG/Ha)

Area (Ha) x

103

Production Tons

Yield (KG/Ha)

1997 560 900 000 1 607 68 28 000 412 32 82 000 2 563

1998 586 860 000 1 468 69 34 000 493 35 90 000 2 571

1999 595 950 000 1 596 51 28 000 549 28 75 000 2 679

2000 800 000 23 800 78 000



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: OILSEEDS (CONTINUE)

Soybeans Safflower Rapeseed

Years Area (Ha)x 103

ProductionTons

Yield(KG/Ha)

Area (Ha)x 103

ProductionTons

Yield(KG/Ha)

Area (Ha)x 103

ProductionTons

Yield(KG/Ha)

1997 19 40 000 2 105 74 65 878 10 10 1 000

1998 23 60 000 2 609 75 72 960 115 300 2 609

1999 24 66 000 2 750 50 50 1 000 187 330 1 765

2000 44 500 187



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: VEGETABLE OILS

1998 1999 2000*

Olive Oil (seasonalproduction)

170 54 180

Vegetable Oil(Crude)

837 782 836

Vegetable Oil(Refined)

566 533 570

Margarine 570 562 580


*: Estimate


3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: ALCOHOLIC AND NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

(Million Litres) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*

Beer 730.0 756.6 660.0 715.0 760.0

Wine 43.0 46.0 45.0 46.0 54.0

Raki 73.3 72.0 78.2 78.9 77.0

Vodka 8.8 7.8 9.6 10.5 10.7 Cognac 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9

Liqueur 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.2

Gin 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.5 2.6

Whisky 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2

Malt (1000 tons)

125.0 101.4 106.4 107.3 110.0

Carbonated Beverages

1 105.0 1 300.0 1 364.7 1 410.0 1 650.0

Mineral Water

1 600.0 1 745.0 1 840.0 1 920.0 1 990.0


*Estimated


3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE:

ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS (1999)

Crops Production (tons)

Dried Fruits and Nuts 99 733

Fresh Fruits 8 132Vegetables 2 730

Field Crops 33 331

Berries 2 468Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 3 209Others 10 636GRAND TOTAL 160 239



3. FINAL AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTS (Exports, in Tons)Products 1998 1999 2000Raisins 2 839 3 289 4 028

Dried Apricots 953 1 045 1 050

Dried Figs 1 469 1 580 1733

Hazelnuts 742 879 1 039

Pine Kernels 19 36 52Lentils 335 616 897

Chickpeas 590 934 679

Apple Juice - 555 290Other Fruit Juice - 15 236Cotton 75 169 175

Pepper 29 131 145

Prunes 20 116 213

Poppy Seeds 213 137 165

Olive Oil 21 381 15

TOTAL (Including Others) 8 029 11 679 12 047



4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION:


MEAT PRODUCTION (1000 Tons)Years Sheep&Goats Cattle Total

1990 166 340.5 506.5

1995 116.2 298.5 414.7

1996 110.4 305 415.4

1997 131.7 385.2 516.9

1998 169.1 364 533.1


4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK (in Thousand)

Years Total Sheep Hair goat Angora goat NativeCattle

Culturedand hybrid

1990 40 553 9 698 1 279 6 694 4 683

1995 33 791 8 397 714 5 311 6 478

1996 33 072 8 242 709 5 182 6 704

1997 30 238 7 761 615 4 780 6 405

1998 29 435 7 523 534 4 603 6 428

1999 30 256 7 284 490 4 446 6 608




MILK PRODUCTION (Tons) Years Sheep Goat Cow Water Buffalo Total

1990 1 145 000 337 7 960 000 174 9 617 000

1995 934 277 9 275 000 114 10 601 000

1996 921 265 9 465 000 108 10 760 000

1997 826 249 8 914 000 86 10 076 000

1998 813 245 8 832 000 80 9 970 000

1999 340 000

2000* 353 000


*: estimated


4. FINAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION: DAIRY PRODUCTS (1000 Tons)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000*

Pasteurized andsterilized milk

278 320 350 340 353

Yoghurt 680 735 772 800 845

White cheese 179 190 200 200 220

Cheddar cheese 44 47 50 52 54

Butter 122 122 124 124 132


*: estimated



CHICKEN/BROILER MEAT Year Broiler Meat

Production (Ton)Chicken Meat

Production (Ton)Total (Ton)

1997 482 468 120 617 603 085

1998 494 244 123 561 619 440

1999 571 482 100 850 673 160

2000 526 665 143 952 670 617




EGGS Year Production (1 000 000)

1995 10 268

1996 9 782

1997 12 089

1998 9 056

1999 6 695



5. FOOD CONSUMPTION (1994)

Turkey (Total)(Billion $)

Rural(Billion $)

Urban(Billion $)

Per capita ($)

General Consumption 17.98 6.08 11.9 296.81

Food, AlcoholicBeverages, Tobacco

6.4 2.74 3.66 105.65

Beverages 0.37 0.15 0.22 6.11Alcoholic Beverages 0.061 0.018 0.043 1.00Coffee, Tea, Cocoa 0.2 0.11 0.09 3.3Other Non-AlcoholicBeverages

0.1 0.019 0.086 1.65

Bread and Cereals 1.3 0.58 0.72 21.46

Bread 0.64 0.17 0.47 10.56

Meat and MeatProducts

0.87 0.33 0.54 14.36

Milk, Cheese, Eggs 0.81 0.35 0.46 13.37



5. FOOD CONSUMPTION (CONTINUE)


Turkey (Total)(Billion $)

Rural(Billion $)

Urban(Billion $)

Per capita ($)

Milk 0.68 0.3 0.38 11.23Oils/Fats 0.54 0.29 0.25 8.91Oils 0.3 0.16 0.14 4.95Fats 0.24 0.13 0.11 3.96Fresh, Dry and FrozenFruits/Vegetables

1.35 0.56 0.79 22.28

Fruits 0.51 0.18 0.33 8.42Vegetables 0.84 0.38 0.46 13.87Sugar 0.25 0.15 0.10 4.13Jam, Honey, Chocolateand Candy

0.16 0.06 0.10 2.64

Salt, Herb, TomatoPaste

0.25 0.11 0.14 4.13

Cigarette and Tobacco 0.44 0.16 0.28 7.26


6. AGRO-FOOD INDUSTRY (2000)Sector Number of

CompanySector Number of

CompanyGROCERY 10 058 ALIVE ANIMAL EXPORTERS 611SUGAR PRODUCTS, CANNEDFOOD, ALCOHOLIC/NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES

2 763 FRESH AND DRIED FRUIT-VEGETABLE EXPORTERS

439

CEREALS GRINDING AND BREADFACTORIES

2 370 MEAT PRODUCTS, SAUSAGE,DRIED MEAT, FRIED MEAT

277

FRESH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE 1 553 CEREALS, DRIED BEANS, OILSEED EXPORTERS

276

BUTCHER, POULTRY SELLER 1 454 ANIMAL PRODUCTSEXPORTERS

202

OIL, CHEESE, YOGHURT 885 OLIVE, OLIVE OIL ANDROSE OIL

154

CEREALS, DRIED BEANS 846 ONION, GARLIC, POTATOE 130

SELLER OF MEDICAL HERBS ANDDRIED NUTS

722 EGG SELLER 118

OIL SEEDS AND HORTICULTURE713 ANGORA WOOL, SPRING

WOOL,GOAT HAIR AND RAGEXPORTERS

103

FAT/OIL EXPORTERS 707 LEAF TOBACCO EXPORTERS 70

FISHERY PRODUCTS EXPORTERS 638



7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES

• Turkey is the largest producer and exporter of agricultural products in the Near East and North African region.

• Export of agricultural commodities accounted for:– %15.1 (2000)– %14.3 (2001/6 month) of Turkey’s total export earnings.

• The principal objectives of theTurkish agricultural policy are; – to stabilize agricultural prices; to provide growing population;– to increase yields and outputs;– to reduce the vulnerability of production to weather conditions; – to develop rural areas; – to promote the application of modern agricultural techniques – to develop the export potential of agriculture.



7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES

• As of January 1, 1996, date of the entry into force of the Customs Union with the EU and Turkey has eliminated all custom duties and charges having equivalent effect on imports of industrial products from the EU.

• The custom Union initially covers only processed agricultural products containing cereals, sugar and milk along with industrial products. Free circulation of traditional agricultural products between Turkey and the EU will become possible to the extent that Turkey approximate its agricultural policy to the Common Agricultural Policy of the EU.



7. FOOD QUALITY: TRENDS AND POLICIES• International food regulations (CA, EU, FDA) are followed/harmonised

with national regulations.

• As a contracting party, Turkey complies with the obligations required by WTO Agreement (GATT):SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) and TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade and Tariffs) rules

• Turkey signed a free trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991; it is negotiating free trade agreements with several central European countries. In 1992 Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the Black Sea Economic Cooperation Council to expand regional trade and economic cooperation.

• Biosafety regulations for modern biotechnology are underpreparation by TUBITAK. Regulations for GMOs are being prepared in accordance with EU Directives.



8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION• In Turkey, The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) inspects

all food products. Turkish Food Codex (TFC) has been enforced and related regulations issued for the implementation of the Decree of 560 (Force of Law) Concerning Production, Consumption and Inspection of Foodstuffs (1995).

• The TFC has been prepared within the framework of the adoptation of technical legislation, it is in harmony with EU legislations

• 64 main directives on foodstuffs and several directives specifying their prospective implementations and amendments have been examined.

• TFC covers technical and hygienic principals of food processing, food additives, residues and contaminants, sampling, labelling, transportation, storage and analyses.



8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION (CONTINUE)

• Conventional Foodstuffs Control System based on control of the final product is being replaced by QA systems (HACCP, GMP) which takes measures promptly at the critical control points by identifying the risks that may occur at these points, and thus provides supplying of healthier and higher quality food at acceptable levels of risks to consumers.

• HACCP system is an obligation of TFC for primarily easily perishable food processing plants.(Not fully appliedin all sector)

• ISO 9000 certification is widespreadly applied in the industry

• Ministry of Health is responsible for registration of food companies prior to launching the production; production permission is granted by MARA.



8. FOOD INDUSTRY LEGISLATION (CONTINUE)

• Safety and quality of the food should be controlled by laboratories. The accreditation has been granted to the laboratories of TUBITAK-MRC Food Science & Technology Research Institute against ISO / IEC 17025:1999.

• Other related organisations are :Undersecretariat of Customs(export/import); Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade (Foreign Trade Policy, harmonisation with EU legislation), Local Municipalities (local inspection food sale places)..

TÜBİTAK-Marmara Research Center Food Science and Technology Research Center


BRIEFLY• Turkey has a high potential for agricultural production

• Processing &Packaging industry is progressing rapidly

• Food regulations are harmonised with EU

• SMEs are major companies (90-95% by number) and needs to be assisted scientificly and technologicallly

• Frozen foods, oils&fats, tomato paste, confectionery sector use modern technologies

• Ready to eat, functional, organic foods are becoming popular as the changes in consumer trends.

• QA systems are being established in the enterprises

• Natural drying is mostly applied for fruits/vegetables

• Fresh preservation(CA,MAP,minimally processing) needs to be improved




Thank you...



Documents

IQM-MED, September 2001, Cordoba, Spain AGRO-FOOD SECTOR in TURKEY: FACTS and FIGURES September 2001 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Guner OZAY [email protected]