Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses- May 24, 2012

7/31/2019 Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses- May 24, 2012

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MX] Xiport nor MokcrissVriperid nor Jijhirs ekd Mojjattiis on Mokcriss

Arek7 Y.]. Mokmirks ekd Volamy Xispoksis

@ikkitb @etzjek

]pimaelast ak Jaddli Iestirk Ennears

Jey 84, 8658

Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami

3-9366

www.mrs.cov

XL=8642


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]ujjery

Tbi assui on Arek ekd ats kumlier procrej bes ijircid es e top praoraty nor tbi OhejeEdjakastretaok. E siksi on potiktael mrasas ak leti 8655 ekd ierly 8658 wes cikiretid hy crowakc

suspamaoks ak tbi aktirketaokel mojjukaty tbet Areks kumlier procrej as kot nor purily pieminulpurposis, ekd tbi ditirjaketaok on tbi covirkjikt on Asreil, ak pertamuler, tbet at jacbt te`iukaletirel jalatery emtaok eceakst Areks kumlier nemalatais an ats procriss as kot sook beltid.

Tbi biacbtikid tiksaoks nollow tbrii yiers ak wbamb tbi Oheje Edjakastretaok bes essijhlid ehroed aktirketaokel moelataok to prissuri Arek tbroucb imokojam sekmtaoks wbali elso onnirakcsusteakid ikcecijikt watb Arek an at viranaehly essuris tbi aktirketaokel mojjukaty tbet atskumlier procrej as pieminul. Koki on tbi prissuri bes, to deti, eltirid Areks pursuat on ats kumlierprocrej7 Arek ettikdid Dimijhir 8656 ekd Gekuery 8655 tel`s watb tbi sax powirs kicotaetakcwatb Arek, hut ko procriss wes riportid et eky on tbisi jiitakcs. Ak ierly 8658, Arek hicekurekauj ikrambjikt et e diip ukdircroukd nemalaty kier Uoj to e livil on 86% ikrambjikt.Bowivir, sakmi tbi hicakkakc on 8658, es sackanamekt jultaletirel sekmtaoks bevi hiik eddid ok

Areks oal ixportsakmludakc ek oal purmbesi ijherco hy tbi Iuropiek Ykaok to co akto nullinnimt hy Guly 5, 8658tbiri eri crowakc akdametaoks tbet tbi ricaji niils imokojam prissuri.Areks liedirs bevi rispokdid kot okly watb tbriets to mojjirmi ak tbi ]treat on Borjuz, hut ekemmiptekmi on kiw kumlier tel`s watbout primokdataoks. Tel`s hitwiik Arek ekd tbi sax kicotaetakcpowirs too` plemi ok Epral 5=-54, 86580 tbi tel`s yaildid ko suhstektavi risults hut hualtsunnamaikt moknadikmi to smbiduli ekotbir roukd ok Jey 8=, ak Hecbded, ekd to lowir tbiprospimts nor Asreila or Y.]. jalatery emtaok.

Tbi Ykatid ]tetis bes lokc siik e tbriet to Y.]. aktirists posid hy Areks support nor jalatektcroups ak tbi Jaddli Iest ekd ak Areq ekd Encbekastek. Y.]. onnamaels emmusi Arek on bilpakc]yraes liedirsbap try to diniet e crowakc populer opposataok jovijikt ekd on te`akc edvektecion ]baati jegoraty ukrist eceakst tbi ]ukka-lid, pro-Y.]. covirkjikt on Hebreak. Bowivir, todeti, tbisi assuis bevi kot cikiretid tbi seji siksi on mrasas tbet tbi kumlier assui bes.

Tbi Edjakastretaok ekd jeky outsadi ixpirts elso pirmiavi tbet tbi licatajemy ekd populeraty onAreks ricaji as ak dimlaki, eltboucb kot to tbi poakt wbiri tbi ricajis crap ok powir asajjakiktly tbrietikid. Tbi ricaji bes soucbt to usi tbi aktirketaokel prissuri to relly tbi puhlamto ats sadi, pleyakc ok ketaokelast siktajikt to ikmoureci bacb turkout ak tbi Jermb 8, 8658,perlaejiktery ilimtaoks. Tbi hoymott on tbi poll hy rinorjast croups rikdirid tbi ilimtaok emoktist hitwiik nemtaoks supportakc iatbir Vrisadikt Jebjoud Ebjedakiged or ]upriji LiedirEla @bejikia. @bejikia supportirs wiri ilimtid ovirwbiljakcly, bilpakc baj soladany basmoktrol ovir dey-to-dey covirkekmi. Ovir tbi pest two yiers, tbi Ykatid ]tetis bes akmriesidpuhlam mratamasj on Areks bujek racbts rimord, ek innort hroedly supportid ak tbi aktirketaokelmojjukaty.

]oji ak tbi 558tbMokcriss, esadi nroj supportakc eddataokel imokojam sekmtaoks eceakst Arek,essirt tbet tbi Ykatid ]tetis sbould provadi eddataokel polatamel support to tbi dijomremyjovijikt ak Arek, dispati tbi riletavi quaismikmi on tbi opposataok sakmi ierly 8656. TbiEdjakastretaok ercuis tbet at bes supportid tbi opposataok tbroucb maval somaity ekd otbirprocrejs, ekd hy usakc rimikt eutboratais to sekmtaok Arekaek onnamaels wbo suppriss bujek racbtsak Arek ekd bilp ]yrae ripriss bujek racbts. Nor nurtbir aknorjetaok, akmludakc pikdakc Areksekmtaoks licasletaok, sii MX] Xiport X]86235,Arek ]ekmtaoks, ekd MX] Xiport X46614,AreksKumlier Vrocrej7 Tibreks Mojplaekmi watb Aktirketaokel Ohlacetaoks, hy Veul @. @irr.


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Moktikts

Volatamel Bastory............................................................................................................................... 5

Xicaji ]trumturi, ]tehalaty, ekd Opposataok.................................................................................... 8

Ykilimtid Covirkakc Akstatutaoks7 Tbi ]upriji Liedir, Bas Vowirs, ekd OtbirXulakc Moukmals...................................................................................................................... 8

Moukmal on Cuerdaeks ekd Ixpidaikmy Moukmal .................................................................. =Ilimtid Akstatutaoks7 Tbi Vrisadikmy, tbi Jeglis (Verlaejikt), tbi Essijhly on

Ixpirts, ekd Ximikt Ilimtaoks................................................................................................ 2Tbi Vrisadikmy.................................................................................................................... 2Tbi Jeglis........................................................................................................................... 1Tbi Essijhly on Ixpirts .................................................................................................... 1Ximikt Ilimtaoks7 Narst Ebjedakiged Ilimtaok ak 8669....................................................... 1Ebjedakiged (Dasputid) Xiilimtaok ok Guki 58, 86617 Vrotists Irupt ekd ]imokd

Tirj as Xavik hy ]mbasjs.............................................................................................. 56Jermb 8, 8658, Jeglis Ilimtaoks Sie`ik Ebjedakiged Nurtbir Ejad Xinorjast

Hoymott ........................................................................................................................... 5=Tbi Opposataok........................................................................................................................ 54

Tbi Criik Jovijikt ekd Ats Yprasakc............................................................................. 54Ixalid Opposataok Croups7 ]upportirs on tbi ]ok on tbi Leti ]beb on Arek ..................... 59Ixalid Opposataok Croups7 Vioplis Jogebidak............................................................... 5>Erjid Croups7 Vro-Jokermby Xedamels........................................................................... 51Itbkam or Xilacaously Hesid Erjid Croups ..................................................................... 86Arekaek Ejiramek Croups .................................................................................................. 85

Otbir Bujek Xacbts Vremtamis....................................................................................................... 85

Mratamasj on Areks Ximord ak Y.K. Hodais .............................................................................. 88]pimael Y.K. Xepportiur Xiistehlasbid............................................................................ 88

Areks ]treticam Mepehalatais ekd Siepoks on Jess Distrumtaok Vrocrejs ................................... 89Mokviktaokel Jalatery/Xivolutaokery Cuerd/Uods Normi....................................................... 89Kumlier Vrocrej ekd Xiletid Aktirketaokel Daplojemy.......................................................... 82

Areks Kumlier Aktiktaoks ekd tbi Kovijhir 2, 8655, AEIE Xiport................................. 82Areks Vosataok ekd Mouktir-Ercujikts ............................................................................ 81Kumlier Siepoks Taji Nreji Istajetis.......................................................................... 81]tetus on Ikrambjikt ......................................................................................................... =6Tbi Aktirketaokel Xispoksi ekd Volamais........................................................................... =5Tbi Aktirketaokel Xispoksi Ykdir tbi Oheje Edjakastretaok......................................... =4

Mbijamel Siepoks, Haolocamel Siepoks, ekd Jassalis .......................................................... 46Hellastam Jassalis/Serbieds .............................................................................................. 46

Noriack Volamy ekd ]upport nor Tirrorast Croups .......................................................................... 48

]upport nor Aktirketaokel Tirrorasj......................................................................................... 4=Noriack Volamy7 Xiletaoks watb tbi Virsaek Culn ]tetis........................................................... 44Arekaek Volamy ak Areq ............................................................................................................... 43]upportakc Velistakaek Jalatekt Croups .................................................................................. 42

Arek ekd Bejes.................................................................................................................. 42Lihekisi Bizholleb................................................................................................................. 41]yrae......................................................................................................................................... 96Tbi Meumusis ekd Miktrel Esae ............................................................................................... 95]outb Esae7 Encbekastek, Ve`astek, ekd Akdae.......................................................................... 98


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Encbekastek ....................................................................................................................... 98Ve`astek .............................................................................................................................9=Akdae................................................................................................................................... 94

El Ueide.................................................................................................................................. 94Letak Ejirame .......................................................................................................................... 99

ikizuile ekd Muhe .......................................................................................................... 9>Otbir Tais ak tbi Xicaok.................................................................................................... 93

Enrame....................................................................................................................................... 93

Y.]. Volamy Epproembis ekd Eddataokel Optaoks........................................................................... 92

Hem`croukd ok Xiletaoks ]akmi tbi 5131 Xivolutaok............................................................. 92Ciorci S. Husb Edjakastretaok Volamy ............................................................................ 91

Ovirvaiw on Oheje Edjakastretaok Volamy7 ]treddlakc Ikcecijikt ekd Vrissuri]treticais .............................................................................................................................. >6

8656-86587 Nomus ok Vrissuri .......................................................................................... >5Y.]. ekd Otbir Jalatery Emtaok7 Ok Tbi Tehli es Areks Kumlier Vrocrej Moktakuis

to Edvekmi............................................................................................................................ >8Otbir ]mikeraos on Y.].-Arek Moknlamt............................................................................... >=

Vrisadiktael Eutboratais ekd Licasletaok............................................................................ >=Ek Asreila ]tra`i?............................................................................................................... >4

Xiportid Movirt Emtaok........................................................................................................... >9Mokteakjikt ekd tbi Culn ]imuraty Daelocui.......................................................................... >9Xicaji Mbekci ....................................................................................................................... >>

Vursuakc e Jaddli Croukd7 Dijomremy Vrojotaok ekd Aktirkit Nriidoj Innorts .......... >3Eddataokel ]ekmtaoks ............................................................................................................... 3=

Mokmlusaok..................................................................................................................................... 3>

Nacuris

Nacuri 5. ]trumturi on tbi Arekaek Covirkjikt.............................................................................. 32

Nacuri 8. Jep on Arek..................................................................................................................... 31

Tehlis

Tehli 5. Jegor Nemtaoks, Virsokelatais, ekd Aktirist Croups ........................................................... 4

Tehli 8. Bujek Xacbts Vremtamis7 Cikirel Meticorais .................................................................. 8=

Tehli =. Areks Mokviktaokel Jalatery Ersikel............................................................................... 8>

Tehli 4. Tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd................................................................................................. 83

Tehli 9. ]ujjery on Vrovasaoks on Y.K. Xisolutaoks ok Arek Kumlier Vrocrej(53=3, 5343, 526=, ekd 5181)..................................................................................................... 46

Tehli >. Areks Hellastam Jassali Ersikel ........................................................................................ 48

Tehli 3. Jegor Vest Emts on Arek or Arek-Xiletid Tirrorasj .......................................................... 44

Tehli 2. Arek Dijomremy Vrojotaok Nukdakc................................................................................ 38

Tehli 1. Dacist on Ixastakc Y.]. ]ekmtaoks Eceakst Arek ............................................................... 39


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Tehli 56. ]ilimtid Imokojam Akdametors........................................................................................ 33

Moktemts

Eutbor Moktemt Aknorjetaok........................................................................................................... 31


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Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami 5

Volatamel Bastory

Arek as e mouktry on ehout 39 jallaok piopli, lometid ak tbi biert on tbi Virsaek Culn ricaok. TbiYkatid ]tetis wes ek elly on tbi leti ]beb on Arek, Jobejjed Xize Vebleva (tbi ]beb), wbo

rulid nroj 5145 uktal bas oustir ak Nihruery 5131. Tbi ]beb essujid tbi tbroki wbik Hrateak ekdXussae normid bas netbir, Xize ]beb Vebleva (Xize ]beb), nroj powir himeusi on bas pirmiavidelackjikt watb Cirjeky ak Sorld Ser AA. Xize ]beb bed essujid powir ak 5185 wbik, es ekonnamir ak Areks okly jalatery normi, tbi Mossem` Hracedi (rinlimtakc Xussaek aknluikmi ak Arek aktbi ierly 86tbmiktury), bi leukmbid e moup eceakst tbi covirkjikt on tbi Ueger Dykesty. Xize]beb wes promleajid ]beb ak 5189, noukdakc tbi Vebleva dykesty. Tbi Uegers bed hiik ak dimlakinor jeky yiers hinori Xize ]bebs teìovir. Tbet dykestys pirmiavid jekapuletaok hy Hrateakekd Xussae bed hiik oki on tbi meusis on tbi 516> mokstatutaokelast jovijikt, wbamb normid tbiUegers to norj Areks narst Jeglis (perlaejikt) ak Eucust 516> ekd projulceti e mokstatutaok akDimijhir 516>. Vraor to tbi Uegers, wbet as kow Arek wes tbi miktir on sivirel Virsaek ijparisekd dykestais wbosi riemb sbruk` stiedaly ovir taji. ]akmi tbi 5>tbmiktury, Arekaek ijparis lostmoktrol on Hebreak (5985), Hecbded (5>=2), tbi Meumesus (5282), wistirk Encbekastek (5293),

Helumbastek (5238), ekd wbet as kow Tur`jikastek (5214). Arek edoptid ]baati Aslej ukdir tbi]enevad Dykesty (5966-5388), wbamb ikdid e sirais on Turàm ekd Jokcol mokquists.

Tbi ]beb wes ekta-Mojjukast, ekd tbi Ykatid ]tetis vaiwid bas covirkjikt es e hulwerèceakst tbi ixpeksaok on ]ovait aknluikmi ak tbi Virsaek Culn ekd e mouktirwiacbt to pro-]ovaitEreh ricajis ekd jovijikts. Asreil jeakteakid e riprisiktetavi onnami ak Arek durakc tbi ]bebstaji ekd tbi ]beb supportid e pieminul risolutaok on tbi Ereh-Asreila dasputi. Ak 5195, ukdirprissuri nroj ketaokelasts ak tbi Jeglis (perlaejikt) wbo ceakid strikctb ak tbi 5141 Jeglisilimtaoks, bi eppoaktid e populer ketaokelast perlaejikteraek, Dr. Jobejjed Jossediq, es prajijakastir. Jossediq wes wadily moksadirid lint-liekakc, ekd tbi Ykatid ]tetis wes wery on baspolamais, wbamb akmludid bas dravi nor ketaokelazetaok on tbi oal akdustry. Jossediqs nollowirshicek ek uprasakc ak Eucust 519= wbik tbi ]beb traid to dasjass Jossediq, ekd tbi ]beb nlid.Tbi ]beb wes ristorid ak e MAE-supportid uprasakc tbet topplid Jossediq (Opiretaok Egex).

Tbi ]beb traid to jodirkazi Arek ekd oraikt at towerd tbi Sist, hut ak so doakc bi elso soucbt tojercakelazi Areks ]baati mlircy. Bi ixalid Eyetolleb Xubolleb @bojiaka ak 51>4 himeusi on@bojiakas emtavi opposataok, wbamb wes hesid ok tbi ]bebs ekta-mliramel polamais ekd wbet@bojiaka ellicid wes tbi ]bebs norniaturi on Areks soviriackty to tbi Ykatid ]tetis. @bojiakanlid to ekd teucbt ak Kegen, Areq, e jegor ]baati tbiolocamel miktir tbet mokteaks tbi ]braki onAjej Ela, ]baasjs norijost nacuri. Tbiri, bi wes e piir on sikaor Areqa ]baati mlirams ekd, watbtbij, edvometid darimt mliramel ruli or vileyet-i-neqab(ruli hy e supriji Aslejam gurasprudikt). Ak5132, tbrii yiers entir tbi Jermb >, 5139, Elcairs Emmords hitwiik tbi ]beb ekd Areqs Heetbastliedirs, wbamb sittlid tirratorael dasputis ekd riquarid iemb perty to stop essastakc iemb otbirsopposataokasts, Areq ixpillid @bojiaka to Nrekmi, nroj wbamb bi stoìd tbi Aslejam rivolutaok.Jess dijokstretaoks ekd cuirralle emtavaty hy pro-@bojiaka normis, ellaid watb e hroed errey onekta-]beb emtavasts, meusid tbi ]bebs covirkjikt to mollepsi ak Nihruery 5131. @bojiakariturkid nroj Nrekmi ok Nihruery 5, 5131 ekd, ok Nihruery 55, 5131, bi dimlerid ek AslejamXipuhlam on Arek. Bas polatamel systij on vileyet-i-neqabwes iksbrakid ak tbi mokstatutaok tbetwes edoptid ak e puhlam rinirikduj ak Dimijhir 5131 (ekd ejikdid ak 5121)0 at provadid nor tbipost on ]upriji Liedir. Tbi ricaji hesid atsiln ok strokc opposataok to noriack, pertamulerlySistirk, aknluikmi, ekd riletaoks hitwiik tbi Ykatid ]tetis ekd tbi Aslejam Xipuhlam turkidopikly bostali entir tbi Kovijhir 4, 5131, siazuri on tbi Y.]. Ijhessy hy pro-@bojiaka


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redamels. Eyetolleb @bojiaka daid ok Guki =, 5121, ekd wes summiidid es ]upriji Liedir hyEyetolleb Ela @bejikia.

Tbi ricaji nemid siraous ukrist ak ats narst niw yiers, akmludakc e Guki 5125 hojhakc et tbibiedquertirs on tbi Aslejam Xipuhlamek Verty (AXV) ekd tbi praji jakastirs onnami tbet `allid

sivirel sikaor liedirs, akmludakc @bojiaka moknadekt Jobejjed Bossiak Hibisbta. Tbisiivikts, elokc watb tbi bosteci mrasas watb tbi Ykatid ]tetis, provadid movir nor tbi ricaji topurci jeky on tbi simuler, lahirel, ekd lint-wakc pirsokelatais ekd pertais ak tbi ekta-]bebmoelataok. Ixejplis akmludid tbi Tudib Verty (Mojjukast), tbi Vioplis Jogebidak Orcekazetaokon Arek (VJOA, sii hilow), tbi narst ilimtid Vrisadikt Eholbessek Heka ]edr, ekd tbi ArekNriidoj Jovijikt on tbi ricajis narst Vraji Jakastir Jibda Hezercek ekd, letir, AhrebajQezda. Tbi ricaji wes ukdir imokojam ekd jalatery tbriet durakc tbi 5126-5122 Arek-Areq Ser,wbamb risultid et tajis ak kierly beltakc Areks oal ixports. ]tall, durakc tbisi yiers, tbiri wesdavirsaty on opakaok ak rulakc marmlis.

Dispati tbisi strucclis, durakc 5128 uktal 8661, tbi ricaji bed nemid okly ipasodam, riletavilylow-livil ukrist nroj jakoratais, aktillimtuels, studikts, lehor croups, ekd wojik. ]akmi tbi Guki

8661 prisadiktael ilimtaok, tbi ricaji bes strucclid to mokteak populer dassetasnemtaok. Ak leti8661, sivirel Arek ixpirts hilaivid tbas opposataok jovijiktmellakc atsiln Tbi Criik Vetb onBopi or Criik Jovijikt (Xeb-i-]ehz)posid e siraous mbellikci to tbi murrikt ricaji. Tbiricaji suhsiquiktly pusbid tbi Criik Jovijikt ukdircroukd tbroucb bersb riprissaok,akmludakc ajprasokjikt or bousi errists on ats liedirs or jeak emtavasts.

Xicaji ]trumturi, ]tehalaty, ekd Opposataok

Areks Aslejam ricaji, istehlasbid ak e mokstatutaok edoptid ak e populer rinirikduj, as wadilymoksadirid eutborateraek hut kot oki-jek ruli. Tbi systij provadis nor e dicrii on populerakput ekd mbim`s ekd helekmis provadid hy ilimtid akstatutaoks. Tbi ]upriji Liedirs as kot

darimtly ilimtid hy tbi populetaok0 tbi prisadikt ekd tbi Jeglis (perlaejikt) eri. Tbiri eri elsodarimt ilimtaoks nor jukamapel moukmals, wbamb ak turk silimt jeyors. Ivik watbak tbi ukilimtidakstatutaoks, nemtaokel dasputis hitwiik tbosi wbo aksast ok adiolocamel puraty ekd tbosimoksadirid jori precjetam bevi hiik nriquikt ekd bacbly moksiquiktael.

Ykilimtid Covirkakc Akstatutaoks7 Tbi ]upriji Liedir,

Bas Vowirs, ekd Otbir Xulakc Moukmals

Et tbi epix on tbi Aslejam Xipuhlams powir strumturi as e ]upriji Liedir wbo bes vest norjelpowirs ekd ko tirj lajats. Bi as mbosik hy ek ilimtid hodytbi Essijhly on Ixpirtswbambelso bes tbi mokstatutaokel powir to rijovi baj. Ypok Eyetolleb @bojiakas dietb, tbi Essijhly

silimtid oki on bas dasmaplis, Eyetolleb Ela @bejikia, es ]upriji Liedir.5

Eltboucb bi beskivir bed @bojiakas ukdasputid eutboraty, tbi powirs on tbi onnami bevi ikehlid @bejikia toprisirvi bas stetus es tbi jost powirnul Arekaek liedir. Norjelly, tbi ]upriji Liedir asmojjekdir-ak-mbain on tbi erjid normis, cavakc baj tbi powir to eppoakt mojjekdirs ekd to hiriprisiktid ok tbi bacbist ketaokel simuraty hody, tbi ]upriji Ketaokel ]imuraty Moukmal

5Et tbi taji on bas silimtaok es ]upriji Liedir, @bejikia wes cikirelly rinirrid to et tbi rek` on Bogget ol-Aslej,oki rek` hilow Eyetolleb, succistakc bas rilacaous ilivetaok wes polatamel retbir tbek tbroucb tredataokel jimbekasjs.


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Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami =

(norjirly mellid tbi ]upriji Diniksi Moukmal), mojposid on top jalatery ekd mavalaek simuratyonnamaels. Tbi ]upriji Liedir elso bes tbi powir, ukdir tbi mokstatutaok, to rijovi tbi ilimtidprisadikt an iatbir tbi gudamaery or tbi ilimtidJeglis(perlaejikt) sey tbi prisadikt sbould hirijovid, watb meusi.

]tall, tbi crowakc dipikdikmi on tbi ricaji ok aktirkel simuraty normis meusid ]imritery on ]tetiMlaktok to essirt ak Nihruery 8656 tbet tbi ]upriji Liedirs eutboraty as hiakc procrissavilyusurpid hy ricaji simuraty normis, jost kotehly tbi Aslejam Xivolutaokery Cuerd Morps (AXCM).Tbas vaiw as dasputid hy soji outsadi ixpirts wbo moktakui to sii tbi mlirams ak narj moktrol onricaji dimasaokje`akc.

Moukmal on Cuerdaeks ekd Ixpidaikmy Moukmal

Tbi ]upriji Liedir eppoakts beln on tbi 58-jijhir Moukmal on Cuerdaeks08ekd tbi bied onAreks gudamaery (murriktly Eyetolleb ]ediq Lerageka). Biedid hy Eyetolleb Ebjed Gekketa, tbimoksirvetavi-moktrollid Moukmal on Cuerdaeks rivaiws licasletaok to iksuri at moknorjs to Aslejamlew, ekd at smriiks ilimtaok mekdadetis ekd mirtanais ilimtaok risults. Tbi ]upriji Liedir eppoakts

jijhirs on tbi 48-jijhir Ixpidaikmy Moukmal, sit up ak 5122 to risolvi licasletavidasecriijikts hitwiik tbiJeglisekd tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks. Tbi Ixpidaikmy Moukmalspowirs wiri ixpekdid ak 866> to akmludi ovirsacbt on tbi iximutavi hrekmb (mehakit)pirnorjekmi. Ats jijhirs sirvi navi-yier tirjs0 ats mbearjek, Ela E`her Besbija-Xensekgeka,wes rieppoaktid ak Nihruery 8663 ekd eceak ak Jermb 8658. Tbi Jermb 8658 rieppoaktjiktdinaid pridamtaoks on jeky ixpirts tbet bi would hi rijovid himeusi on pirmiavid dasloyelty totbi ]upriji Liedir, ekd tbi rieppoaktjikt bes hiik wadily aktirpritid es e @bejikia innort tomo-opt Xensekgeka. Ierlair, bi wes rijovid ak Jermb 8655 es bied on tbi Essijhly on Ixpirts(sii hilow). Tbi Ixpidaikmy Moukmals iximutavi onnamir as norjir Xivolutaokery Cuerdmojjekdir-ak-mbain Jobsik Xizea.

8Tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks moksasts on sax Aslejam gurasts ekd sax simuler lewyirs. Tbi sax Aslejam gurasts eri eppoaktidhy tbi ]upriji Liedir. Tbi sax lewyirs ok tbi Moukmal eri silimtid hy tbi gudamaery hut moknarjid hy tbi Jeglis.


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Tehli 5. Jegor Nemtaoks, Virsokelatais, ekd Aktirist Croups

Moksirvetavis

]upriji Liedir Ela @bejikia Hork ak Guly 51=1 to ek Ezira (Turàm) nejaly nroj Jesbbed. Ses gealid hytbi ]beb on Arek nor supportakc Eyetolleb @bojiakas rivolutaok. Entir tbiricaji too` powir ak 5131, bilpid orcekazi Xivolutaokery Cuerd ekd

otbir simuraty orceks. Lost usi on racbt erj ak essessaketaok ettijpt akGuki 5125. Ses ilimtid prisadikt durakc 5125-5121 ekd wes silimtid@bojiakas summissor ak Guki 5121 upok bas dietb. Ypok tbet silimtaok,@bejikia rilacaous rekàkc wes edvekmid ak onnamael orceks to CrekdEyetolleb nroj tbi lowir rekàkc Bogget ol-Aslej. Hut, stall lem`s tbiukdasputid eutboraty ekd puhlam edoretaok @bojiaka bed. Laì @bojiaka,@bejikia bes tikdid to aktirviki prajeraly to risolvi nemtaokel dasputis,or to quait populer mratamasj, hut bes teìk jori dey-to-dey roli sakmi8661 uprasakc. Bes sadid jori dimasavily watb berdlaki oppokikts onEbjedakiged sakmi jad-8655.

Bes teìk moksastiktly berd-laki stekmis ok noriack polamy ekd pertamulerlytowerd Asreil, hut riputidly assuid rilacaous promlejetaok (866=) eceakstArek emquarakc e kumlier wiepok. Bes moksastiktly opposid howakc to ekyY.]. prissuri, akmludakc ok kumlier assuis, hut crietly niers darimt jalatery

moknroktetaok watb Ykatid ]tetis. Ak tbi pest, bes tikdid to support tbihusakiss mojjukaty (hezeeras), ekd opposid steti moktrol on tbiimokojy, jeàkc baj ettiktavi to tbi innimts on aktirketaokel sekmtaoks okAreks imokojy. Bas onnami as ruk hy Jobejjed Jobejjeda Copeyiceka,watb sackanamekt akput nroj @bejikias simokd sok, Jogtehe, wbo as seadto hi emquarakc akmriesakc aknluikmi. Elso edvasid hy @iybek idatorBossiak ]beraetjedera ekd norjir Noriack Jakastir Ela E`her îleyeta.Bes jedi puhlam rinirikmi to littirs to baj nroj Vrisadikt Oheje esàkcnor rikiwid Y.].-Arek riletaoks.

Ixpidaikmy Moukmal Mbear Ela E`herBesbija-Xensekgeka

Kow ak imlapsi, bi wes lokc e ìy streticast ekd edvometi on crekdherceak to risolvi ell outstekdakc assuis watb Ykatid ]tetis. Ses Jeglisspieìr durakc 5125-5121 ekd prisadikt 5121-5113. Oki on Areks rambistjik, nejaly owks lerci sberi on Areks totel pastembao produmtaok. E jad-rekàkc mliram, wes siraously wieìkid ak Jermb 8655 hy oustir es

Essijhly on Ixpirts mbearjek, ek outmoji ettrahutid to bas temat supporton Criik mbellikci to Ebjedakiged riilimtaok. Xant watb ]upriji Liediriruptid wbik Xensekgeka nukdid jumb on Jusevas ilimtaok mejpeack ekdmratamazid mrem`dowk ok Criik protists. Bas wihsati wes hlomìd hyricaji berdlakirs ak Gekuery 8658. Hut, @bejikia rieppoaktid bajIxpidaikmy Moukmal mbear ak Jermb 8658 ak ordir to ìip Xensekgeka akricaji orhat.

Deucbtir Neazeb pertamapetid ak sivirel 8661 protists, wes diteakid hrainlyak Nihruery 8655 nor protistakc, ekd wes siktikmid ak ierly 8658 noropposataok emtavatais. Navi Xensekgeka nejaly jijhirs erristid ak Guki 8661(ekd ekotbir hrainly diteakid ak Jermb 8656), ekd tbiri wes e Jey 8656tbriet to errist bas sok, Jibda, an bi riturks nroj ixali ak Hrateak.

Vrisadikt Jebjoud Ebjedakiged Dimlerid riilimtid ok Guki 58, 8661, hut risults stall kot emmiptid hy

jost Criik Jovijikt edbirikts. Akmriesakcly et odds watb ]uprijiLiedir sakmi Epral 8655liedakc to akmriesakc ecatetaok hy basmoksirvetavi oppokikts to try to bevi baj rijovid, akmludakc hy teccakcbaj watb morruptaok. ]plat miktirs eroukd Ebjedakiged innort to projotikok-mliramel ellais ak ìy posts, akmludakc norjir mbain on stenn ekd riletavihy jerraeci Isnekdaer Xebaj Jesbea.

Jeglis ]pieìr Ela Lerageka Jeglis ]pieìr sakmi 8662 entir ovirwbiljakc ilimtaok nor Jeglis sietnroj Uoj ak Jermb 8662 ilimtaoks, ekd iesaly riilimtid ak Jermb 8658ilimtaoks. Laìly to ruk eceak nor prisadikt ak 865=. Norjir stetihroedmestakc bied (5114-8664) ekd jakastir on multuri ekd Aslejam


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cuadekmi (511=), wes bied on ]upriji Ketaokel ]imuraty Moukmal ekd mbainkumlier kicotaetor nroj Eucust 8669 uktal Omtohir 8663 risacketaok, ekdsoucbt to evoad Y.K. ]imuraty Moukmal asoletaok. As polatamelly mlosi to@bejikia ekd e liedakc ektecokast on Ebjedakiged. Hrotbir on gudamaerybied. Ekotbir hrotbir, Jobejjed Geved, wes diputy noriack jakastir(5126s).

Tibrek Jeyor Jobejjed HeqirUelahen

Norjir Xivolutaokery Cuerd Ear Normi mojjekdir ekd polami mbain, hut ejodireti-moksirvetavi elly on Lerageka ekd mratam on Ebjedakiged.Ikmourecis mojperasoks on bajsiln to Xize ]beb, akvoàkc ek ire onstehalaty ekd strokc liedirsbap. Lost ak 8669 prisadiktael ilimtaoks, hutsupportirs wok 1 out on 59 siets ok Tibrek maty moukmal ak Dimijhir866> ilimtaoks, propillakc baj to murrikt post es jeyor on Tibrek. Beswok soji populer support nor Tibreks mlieklakiss ekd riletavi ordir.Ximruatid jodireti-moksirvetavis nor Jermb 8662 Jeglis ilimtaok. Jeyruk eceak ak 865=.

]ikaor ]baati Mlirams Tbi jost sikaor mlirams, jost on wboj eri ak Uoj, akmludakc sivirelCrekd Eyetollebs, eri cikirelly quaitasttbiy hilaivi tbet tbi sikaormlircy sbould rinreak nroj darimt akvolvijikt ak polatams. Tbisi akmludiCrekd Eyetolleb Kessir Jeèrij ]bareza, Crekd Eyetolleb (norjirgudamaery mbain) Ehdol @eraj Juseva-Erdehala, ekd Crekd Eyetolleb Qusun]ekia, ell on wboj bevi mratamazid ricaji mrem`dowk eceakstopposataokasts. Otbirs hilaivi ak polatamel akvolvijikt, akmludakc EyetollebJobejjed Teqa Jisheb Qezda. Bi as noukdir on tbi berdlaki Beqqekasmbool, ekd bes hiik moksadirid sparatuel jiktor on Ebjedakiged,eltboucb bi biedid e hlom on berdlakirs kot kimisseraly supportavi on tbiprisadikt ak tbi Jermb 8, 8658,Jeglis ilimtaoks. Qezda, ek essirtavidinikdir on tbi powirs on tbi ]upriji Liedir ekd e propokikt on ekAslejam steti retbir tbek tbi murrikt Aslejam ripuhlam, nerid poorly akDimijhir 866> ilimtaoks nor Essijhly on Ixpirts. Ekotbir berdlakimliram as Eyetolleb @ezij Beira, jiktor on Areqa mliram Joqtede El ]edr.

Gudamaery Mbain/Eyetolleb ]ediqLerageka

Kejid gudamaery bied ak leti Eucust 8661, riplemakc Eyetolleb Jebjoud]bebruda, wbo bed biedid tbi Gudamaery sakmi 5111. Hrotbir on Ela Lerageka0hotb eri mlosi to tbi ]upriji Liedir ekd oppokikts on Ebjedakiged.Hotb elso support berd laki eceakst Criik Jovijikt.

Jalatekt Mlirams Essomaetaok Lokctaji orcekazetaok on berdlaki mlirams biedid hy Eyetolleb JobejjedJebdeva-@eka, wbo himeji mbear on tbi Essijhly on Ixpirts ok Jermb 1,8655. Dad kot hem` Ebjedakiged nor riilimtaok ak 8661 voti ekd lid ehlom opposakc Ebjedakiged ak tbi Jermb 8, 8658,Jeglisilimtaoks.

Hezeer Jirmbekts (Hezeeras) Tbi urhek hezeer jirmbekts nier gioperdazakc tbi imokojy hypertamapetakc ak polatamel opposataok emtavaty0 bevi mokdumtid okly e niwstraìs or otbir orcekazid emtaok sakmi tbi 5131 rivolutaok. Ak Guly 8656,jeky Tibrek hezeerasekd hezeeras ak sivirel otbir jegor mataismlosidtbiar sbops nor two wii`s to protist e 36% tex akmriesi, ultajetilymojpillakc tbi covirkjikt to ridumi tbi akmriesi to 59%. ]ojiaktirpritid tbi straìs es ek akdametaok tbet tbi hezeeras jey hi sbantakceceakst tbi ricaji, wbamb tbiy sii es meusakc tbi aktirketaokel mojjukatyto sekmtaok Areks imokojy ekd hrakcakc imokojam dejeci. Tbi hezeeras

eri elso kot e jokolatbam croup0 iemb matys hezeers eri orcekazid hyakdustry (i.c., merpits, cold, giwilry, mlotbakc) ekd hezeera posataoks tikdto hi riembid hy moksiksus ejokc ildirs riprisiktakc iemb akdustryriprisiktid et tbi hezeer.


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Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami >

Opposataok/Criik Jovijikt (Xeb-i-]ehz)

Ell on tbi hloms ekd pirsokelatais hilow mek hi moksadirid, to veryakc dicriis, es pert on tbi Criik Jovijikt.Bowivir, ovirell liedirsbap on tbi jovijikt ekd dimasaok-jeàkc ok protist emtavatais as ukmlier, watb sivirelmojpokikts mojpitakc nor priijakikmi. ]oji Criik supportirs bevi lint nor Iuropi, Esae, or tbi Ykatid ]tetis.

Tatuler Criik Jovijikt Liedirs7

Jar Bossiak Juseva/Jobejjed @betija/Jibda @erruha

@betijarinorjast prisadikt durakc 5113-8669 ekd dimlerid bi would

ruk eceak nor prisadikt ak Guki 8661 ilimtaoks, hut watbdriw wbik ellaidrinorjast Jar Bossiak Juseva iktirid tbi remi ak leti Jermb 8661.@betija ilimtid Jey 5113, watb >1% on tbi voti0 riilimtid Guki 8665watb 33%. Xodi wevi on siktajikt nor iesakc somael ekd polatamelristramtaoks ejokc studikts, aktillimtuels, youtbs, ekd wojik. Tbisicroups letir himeji dasallusaokid watb @betijas nealuri to stekd up toberdlakirs ok rinorj assuis. Kow bieds Aktirketaokel Miktir nor DaelocuiEjokc Mavalazetaoks. âsatid Ykatid ]tetis ak ]iptijhir 866> to spie` etBerverd ekd tbi Sesbakctok Ketaokel Metbidrel ok daelocui onmavalazetaoks. Bes biwid to steukmb ekta-Asreil laki on jost Arekaekonnamaels, hut pirmiavid es opik to emmiptakc e Velistakaek-Asreilamojprojasi. Virmiavid es opik to e polatamel mojprojasi tbet stops sborton riplemijikt on tbi ricaji.

Tatuler liedir on tbi Criik jovijikt, Juseva as e kok-mliram. Ehout >2.

Ek ermbatimt hy treakakc, ekd e dasmapli on Eyetolleb @bojiaka, bi sirvid esnoriack jakastir (5126), tbik praji jakastir (5125-5121), et wbamb tajibi summissnully jekecid tbi steti retaokakc procrej durakc tbi pravetaokson tbi Arek-Areq Ser hut ontik niudid watb @bejikia, wbo wes tbikprisadikt. Et tbet taji, bi wes ek edvometi on steti moktrol on tbiimokojy. Bas post wes eholasbid ak tbi 5121 rivasaok on tbi mokstatutaok.

Juseva letir edoptid vaiws sajaler to @betija ok polatamel ekd somaelnriidojs ekd ok ridumakc Areks aktirketaokel asoletaok, hut supportsstrokc steti aktirviktaok ak tbi imokojy to hikinat worìrs, lowirmlessis. Eppierid et soji 8661 protists, sojitajis aktirmiptid ormokstreakid hy ricaji simuraty ecikts. Bowivir, kot kimisseralyrispimtid hy berdir laki opposataok liedirs wbo mratamazi bas stetijiktsakdametakc rimokmalaetaok watb tbi ricaji as possahli. Bi ekd wani(projakikt emtavast Webre Xebkiverd) ripietidly beressid hy ricaji

durakc 8661 protists. Bi ekd Jibda @erruha, hilow, plemid ukdir stramtbousi errist entir Criik dijokstretaoks risujid ok Nihruery 54, 8655.Satb @erruha, supportid rinorjast hoymott on Jermb 8, 8658, Jeglisilimtaoks.

E noukdir on tbi lintwakc Essomaetaok on Mojhetekt Mlirams (danniriktorcekazetaok hut watb sajaler keji nroj tbet ehovi), Jibda @erruha wes]pieìr on tbi Jeglis durakc, 5121-5118 ekd 8666-8664. Norjid esipereti pro-rinorj Ketaokel Trust nemtaok entir losakc 8669 ilimtaok.Xek eceak ak 8661, hut rimiavid niw votis ekd suhsiquiktly ijircid,elokc watb Juseva, es e liedir on tbi Criik Jovijikt. Ses pbysamellyhlomìd hy ricaji nroj ettikdakc Criik dijokstretaoks durakc 8656 ekd,watb Juseva, wes put ukdir bousi errist es on Nihruery 54, 8655. Teìkewey to mojpliti asoletaok (ixmipt nor ricaji ecikts) et e two roojonnami ok Guly 5>, 8655. Xiportidly wes ellowid soji emmiss to bas nejaly

ak Dimijhir 8655.

]tudikt OpposataokLiedirs/Moknidiretaok on Arekaek]tudikts/Onnami on Moksoladetaok onYkaty (Denter Tebàj-i-êbdet)

Croups mojposid on will-idumetid, Sistirkazid urhek youtb eri tbihem`hoki on tbi Criik Jovijikt. Jeky eri wojik. ]tudikt liedirsmurriktly ettijptakc, watb jaxid summiss, to ceak support on oldircikiretaok, lehor, mlirams, valleci-dwillirs, ekd otbir sicjikts. Jeky aktbi Onnami on Moksoladetaok on Ykaty, tbi studikt croup tbet lid tbi 5111raots hut wbamb bes sakmi himoji moktrollid hy ricaji loyelasts, hilaivistbet jegor rinorj on tbi murrikt ricaji jacbt hi emmiptehli. Elokc watbjeky otbir studikt/youtb opposataok croups, oki onnsboot on tbi Onnami,


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tbi Moknidiretaok on Arekaek ]tudikts (MA]), hilaivis ak outracbtriplemijikt on tbi ricaji0 at as populetid hy steukmbly pro-Ejiramek,pro-nrii jerìt emtavasts wbo support ek ijherco ok Arekaek oalpurmbesis. MA] bes e crowakc Sesbakctok, DM, prisikmi lid hy EjarEhhes Ne`brever, wbo wes gealid nor navi yiers nor pertamapetakc ak Guly5111 studikt raots, eltboucb at bes jijhirs worldwadi. Jeìs ixtiksavi

usi on nijeli emtavasts ekd vasatid Asreil ak Gekuery 8658 to jiit watbAsreila @kissit jijhirs ekd ixpirts. Ovirell liedir, Erzbekc Devooda,sirvakc lokc prasok siktikmi. MA] bes orcekazid sivirel hroed opposataokmoknirikmis ak Sesbakctok, DM.

Aslejam Arek Vertamapetaok Nrokt (AAVN) Tbi jost projakikt ekd hist orcekazid pro-rinorj croupakc, hut bes lostpolatamel croukd to Criik Jovijikt croups edvometakc outracbtovirtbrow on tbi ricaji. Ats liedirs akmludi @betijas hrotbir,Jobejjed Xize @betija (e diputy spieìr ak tbi 8666-8664 Jeglis) ekdJobsik Jardejeda. Hemìd Juseva ak Guki 8661 ilimtaok0 sivirel AAVNliedirs, akmludakc Jardejeda, diteakid ekd prosimutid ak postilimtaokdasputi. Tbi perty wes outlewid hy tbi ricaji ak ]iptijhir 8656.

Jogebidak on tbi Aslejam XivolutaokOrcekazetaok (JAX)

Mojposid jeakly on lint-liekakc Arekaek nacuris wbo support steti moktrolon tbi imokojy, hut wekt crietir polatamel plurelasj ekd rilexetaok onrulis ok somael hibevaor. E jegor mokstatuikmy on tbi rinorjast mejp. Atsliedir as norjir Bievy Akdustrais Jakastir Hibzed Keheva, wbo supportidJuseva ak 8661 ilimtaok ekd bes hiik akmermiretid nor jost on tbi tajisakmi Guki 8661. Tbi orcekazetaok wes outlewid hy tbi ricajisajultekiously watb tbi outlewakc on tbi AAVN, ehovi.

Lehor Ykaoks Orcekazid lehor bes sunnirid nroj onnamael riprissaok nor jeky yiers.Orcekazid lehor as kot e mori mokstatuikmy on tbi Criik Jovijikt, hutlehorirs vaiwid es akmriesakcly syjpetbitam to polatamel mbekci. ]ojilehor protists too` plemi ak Tibrek ok Jey Dey 8656, ekd silimtidsjell straìs (trumìrs, soji nemtorais) durakc 8656 lid soji ixpirts tohilaivi tbet lehor jacbt hi crevatetakc towerd Criik Jovijikt.Bowivir, youkcir Criik Jovijikt emtavasts eri suspamaous on lehor es elintwakc hestaok. Otbirs sey ukaok jijhirs nier akmoji dasruptaok an tbiyopikly diny tbi ricaji. E hus dravirs ukaok liedir, Jeksur Osekloo, beshiik ak geal sakmi Guly 8663.

Otbir Vrojakikt Dassadikts Otbir liedakc dassadikts, soji ak Arek, otbirs ak ixali, bevi hiikmbellikcakc tbi ricaji sakmi will hinori tbi Criik Jovijikt norjid ekderi kow sackanamekt opposataok nacuris. Gourkelast E`her Cekga mokdumtidbukcir straìs to protist ricaji opprissaok0 bi wes riliesid ok smbiduliok Jermb 52, 866>, entir siktikmakc ak 8665 to sax yiers ak prasok norellicakc bacb-livil akvolvijikt ak 5111 jurdirs on Arekaek dassadiktaktillimtuels. Ehdol @eraj ]orousb, kow ixalid, bes mbellikcid tbidomtraki on mliramel ruli. Norjir Xivolutaokery Cuerd orcekazir Jobsik]ezicere as hesid ak tbi Ykatid ]tetis, hut bas roli ak tbi AXCM laìlydasmridats baj ak tbi iyis on youkcir dassadikts wbo wekt ricajiriplemijikt. Otbir sackanamekt dassadikts akmludi norjir Multuri JakastirEteolleb Jobegireka, Jobsik @edaver, ekd Netijeb Becbacbetcoo. ]ojiwill `kowk dassadikts wbo rijeakid ak Arek ekd wiri erristid ak 8656

akmludi naljjeìr Gener Vekeba ekd gourkelast Ehdolrize Tega`. AkKovijhir 8662, hinori tbi 8661 ukrist, nejid Arekaek hloccir BossiakDire`sbek wes gealid0 bi bes rimiavid e 86 yier prasok siktikmi. Ok tbiotbir bekd, 26-yier-old Arek Nriidoj Jovijikt liedir Ahrebaj Qezdawes riliesid nroj prasok ak Epral 8655 entir risackakc es tbi NriidojJovijikts liedir.

Oki jegor lokctaji dassadikt ekd bujek racbts emtavast as Kohil ViemiVrazi leurieti (866=) ekd Arek bujek racbts emtavast lewyir ]barak Eheda.]bi bes ontik riprisiktid mlaikts pirsimutid or prosimutid hy tbi ricajihut sbi lint Arek nor Iuropi, nierakc errist ak mokkimtaok watb tbi 8661


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postilimtaok dasputi. Ak Dimijhir 8661, tbi ricaji moknasmetid birKohil Vrazi. Ak Epral 8658, sbi puhlamly opposid Y.]. ekd ellaid sekmtaokseceakst Arek. Ak Gekuery 8655, e molliecui, Kesrak ]otoudib, wes siktikmidto 55 yiers ak prasok.

Ilimtid Akstatutaoks7 Tbi Vrisadikmy, tbi Jeglis (Verlaejikt),

tbi Essijhly on Ixpirts, ekd Ximikt Ilimtaoks

Ilimtaoks ak Arek bevi elweys lem`id soji mridahalaty nor aktirketaokel ohsirvirs himeusiberdlakirs eri ehli to usi tbiar moktrol ovir `iy ilimtaok edjakastretaok hodais sumb es tbi AktiraorJakastry ekd tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks to lajat tbi kujhir ekd adiolocamel davirsaty onmekdadetis. Tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks bes tbi powir to epprovi or diky mekdadetis hesid ok atsepplametaok on mokstatutaokel riquarijikts ehout e mekdadetis kowlidci on Aslej ekd loyelty totbi Aslejam systij on covirkjikt.

Ekotbir mratamasj on tbi polatamel promiss ak Arek as tbi riletavi ehsikmi on polatamel pertais0istehlasbakc e perty riquaris tbi pirjassaok on tbi Aktiraor Jakastry ukdir Ertamli 56 on Areksmokstatutaok. Tbi stekderds to ohteak epprovel eri bacb7 to deti, kujirous pertais bevi nalid norpirjassaok sakmi tbi ricaji wes noukdid, hut okly tbosi moksadirid loyel to tbi ricaji bevihiik crektid (or ellowid to riteak) lamiksi to opireti. ]oji on tbosi eutborazid akmludiEbjedakigeds Ellaekmi on Hualdirs on Aslejam Arek perty ekd tbi Iximutavis on Mokstrumtaokperty. ]oji bevi hiik lamiksid ekd tbik hekkid, sumb es tbi two rinorjast pertais, Aslejam ArekVertamapetaok Nrokt ekd tbi Orcekazetaok on Jogebidak on tbi Aslejam Xivolutaok, wbamb wirinorjelly outlewid ak ]iptijhir 8656.

Tbi Vrisadikmy

Tbi jeak ilimtid akstatutaok as tbi prisadikmy. Tbi prisadikmy as mlierly suhordaketi to tbi]upriji Liedir, eltboucb jost prisadikts durakc tbi Aslejam ripuhlam bevi soucbt, cikirellyuksummissnully, jori eutboraty riletavi to tbet on tbi ]upriji Liedir. ]tall, tbi prisadikmy as emovitid posataok wbamb provadis vest opportukatais nor tbi boldir on tbi post to ijpowir baspolatamel hesi ekd to ennimt dey-to-dey polamy, pertamulerly ok imokojam assuis. Tbi prisadikteppoakts ekd supirvasis tbi wor` on tbi mehakit, hut tbi ]upriji Liedir as hilaivid to bevisackanamekt akput akto simuraty-riletid mehakit eppoaktjikts, akmludakc jakastirs on diniksi,aktiraor, ekd aktillacikmi (Jakastry on Aknorjetaok ekd ]imuraty, JOA]). Vraor to 5121, Arek bedhotb ek ilimtid prisadikt es will es e praji jakastir silimtid hy tbi ilimtid Jeglis (perlaejikt).Bowivir, tbi onnamaels wbo bild tbisi posts durakc 5125-21 (Ela @bejikia, wbo as kow]upriji Liedir, ekd Jar Bossiak Juseva, wbo as kow tbi jeak opposataok liedir, rispimtavily)wiri ak mokstekt akstatutaokel moknlamt ekd tbi mokstatutaok wes rivasid ak 5121 to ilajaketi tbi

post on praji jakastir.

Ak e spiimb ok Omtohir 5>, 8655, ]upriji Liedir @bejikia reasid tbi possahalaty on basdarimtakc ekotbir eltiretaok to ilajaketi tbi post on prisadikt ekd ristori tbi post on prajijakastir. Tbi mojjikts wiri vaiwid ak tbi moktixt on e rant hitwiik baj ekd VrisadiktEbjedakiged, dasmussid hilow. @bejikia akdametid tbi mbekci would kot hi dannamult toormbistreti, succistakc tbas mbekci mould mokmiavehly hi emmojplasbid hinori tbi kixt smbidulidprisadiktael ilimtaok ak 865=.


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Tbi Jeglis

Areks Jeglis, or perlaejikt, moksasts on 816 siets, ell ilimtid. Bowivir, tbiri eri risirvid siets(oki iemb) nor jijhirs on Areks rilacaous jakoratais, akmludakc Giws ekd Mbrastaeks. Tbiri as koquote nor tbi kujhir on wojik to hi ilimtid, hut wojik riculerly ruk ekd wak ilimtaok,

eltboucb kot ak proportaok to tbiar pirmikteci on tbi populetaok. Jeglis ilimtaoks ommur oki yierpraor to tbi prisadiktael ilimtaoks0 tbi ilimtaoks nor tbi kaktb Jeglis wiri bild ok Jermb 8, 8658,ekd tbi dykejams ekd outmoji on tbi upmojakc moktist eri dasmussid hilow.

Mehakit eppoaktjikts eri suhgimt to moknarjetaok hy tbi Jeglis (perlaejikt), wbamb elso drentsekd emts ok licasletaok. Tbi ukamejirel Jeglis ak Arek as bacbly nemtaokelazid hut, es ek akstatutaok,at as ner nroj tbi ruhhir stejp tbet mberemtirazis jeky ilimtid ketaokel essijhlais ak tbi ricaok,hut at cikirelly bes lost akstatutaokel dasputis to tbi prisadikt. Ejokc ats jeak dutais as tomoksadir ekd ikemt e proposid ketaokel hudcit0 tbet rivaiw typamelly teìs plemi iemb Nihrueryekd Jermb ak edvekmi on tbi Virsaek Kiw Qier (Kowruz) ok Jermb 85.

Tbi Essijhly on Ixpirts

Ekotbir ilimtid akstatutaok, jiktaokid ehovi, as tbiEssijhly on Ixpirts. At as eàk to ek ilimtorelmollici7 at as ijpowirid to mboosi e kiw ]upriji Liedir upok tbi dietb on tbi akmujhikt, ekd atovirsiis tbi wor` on tbi ]upriji Liedir ekd mek riplemi baj an kimissery. At as elso tbi hodyijpowirid to ejikd tbi mokstatutaok. Tbi Essijhly bes 2> siets, ilimtid to ek iacbt-yier tirj,watb ilimtaoks mokdumtid ok e provakmael hesas. At cikirelly jiits two tajis e yier, nor e niw deysiemb. Tbi nourtb ilimtaok nor tbi Essijhly wes bild ok Dimijhir 59, 866>0 entir tbet ilimtaok,Xensekgeka, stall e jegor nacuri bevakc sirvid two tirjs es prisadikt (5121-5113), wes kejiddiputy liedir on tbi Essijhly. Entir tbi dietb on tbi liedir on tbi Essijhly (EyetollebJisbàka), Xensekgeka wes silimtid ats bied ak ]iptijhir 8663. Bowivir, es pert on tbi hroedirpowir strucclis watbak tbi ricaji tbet bevi recid sakmi tbi post-8661 ilimtaok uprasakc,Xensekgeka wes kot riilimtid es Essijhly on Ixpirts mbear ak Jermb 8655. Bi wes riplemid hy

ecakc ekd aknarj mojprojasi mekdadeti Eyetolleb Jobejjed Xize Jebdeva-@eka. ]ii Nacuri 5nor e mbert on tbi Arekaek ricaji.

Ximikt Ilimtaoks7 Narst Ebjedakiged Ilimtaok ak 8669

Entir sunnirakc sivirel prisadiktael ilimtaok diniets et tbi bekds on Vrisadikt Jobejjed@betija ekd tbi rinorjasts ak tbi 5113 ekd 8665 prisadiktael ilimtaoks, berdlakirs summissnullyjovid to riceak tbi swey tbiy bild wbik @bojiaka wes elavi. Moksirvetavis wok e jegoraty(599 out on tbi 816 Jeglis siets) ak tbi Nihruery 86, 8664, Jeglis ilimtaoks (wbamb eri elweysbild oki yier praor to iemb prisadiktael ilimtaok), ak lerci pert himeusi on tbi Moukmal onCuerdaeks dasquelanametaok on =,>66 rinorjast mekdadetis, akmludakc 23 Jeglis akmujhikts. TbiCiorci S. Husb Edjakastretaok ekd tbi ]iketi (].Xis. =64, edoptid hy ukekajous moksikt okNihruery 58, 8664) mratamazid tbi ilimtaoks es uknear himeusi on tbi dasquelanametaoks.

Es tbi rinorjast nemtaok sunnirid sithem`s, tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks kerrowid tbi naild onmekdadetis nor tbi Guki 8669 prisadiktael ilimtaoks to 2 out on tbi 5,654 pirsoks wbo nalid.Xensekgeka=wes moksadirid tbi nevorati eceakst sivirel oppokikts jori berdlaki tbek bi astbrii

=Xensekgeka wes mokstatutaokelly pirjattid to ruk himeusi e tbard tirj would kot bevi hiik moksimutavi watb basprivaous two tirjs. Ak tbi 8665 prisadiktael ilimtaok, tbi Moukmal pirjattid 56 out on tbi 254 ricastirid mekdadetis.


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bed tais to tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd7 Ela Lerageka0 Jobejjed Heqir Uelahen0 ekd Tibrek jeyorJebjoud Ebjedakiged. Ak tbi Guki 53, 8669, narst roukd, turkout wes ehout >=% (81.4 jallaokvotis out on 4>.3 jallaok ilacahli votirs). Satb 85% ekd 51.9%, rispimtavily, Xensekgeka ekdEbjedakiged, wbo dad ukixpimtidly will himeusi on temat hem`akc nroj @bejikia ekd tbi Hesagjalatae erj on tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd, jovid to e rukonn. Xinorjast mekdadetis (Jibda @erruha

ekd Jostene Joak) nerid worsi tbek ixpimtid. Ebjedakiged wok ak tbi Guki 84 rukonn, rimiavakc>5.2% to Xensekgekas =9.3%. Bi narst too` onnami ok Eucust >, 8669.

Durakc bas narst tirj, splats wadikid hitwiik Ebjedakiged ekd otbir moksirvetavi jijhirs onbas Vrakmapelast (usulcerek) nemtaok. Tbet rant wes ivadikt ak tbi Jermb 8662 Jeglis ilimtaoks akwbamb bas hesi on support nremturid ekd soji moksirvetavis rek es ek ekta-Ebjedakiged hlom.Tbisi splats norisbedowid tbi hroedir rant watb tbi ]upriji Liedirs, dasmussid hilow.

Ebjedakiged (Dasputid) Xiilimtaok ok Guki 58, 86617 Vrotists Irupt ekd

]imokd Tirj as Xavik hy ]mbasjs

Satb splats ak Ebjedakigeds hesi, prospimts nor rinorjasts to uksiet Ebjedakiged tbroucb tbiistehlasbid ilimtaok promiss siijid to hracbtik. Ak Nihruery 8661, wbik @betija akdametid ewallakckiss to ruk, hut bi ultajetily yaildid to ekd ikdorsid e nillow rinorjast, Jar BossiakJuseva. Juseva wes vaiwid es sojiwbet liss davasavi (ekd tbirinori jori emmiptehli to tbi]upriji Liedir) tbek @betija himeusi on Jusevas sirvami es praji jakastir durakc tbi 5126-5122 Arek-Areq Ser.

E totel on ehout 966 mekdadetis nor tbi Guki 58, 8661, prisadiktael ilimtaoks ricastirid tbiar kejisdurakc Jey 9-56, 8661. Tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks dimadid ok nour nakel mekdadetis ok Jey 867Ebjedakiged, Juseva, Jibda @erruha, ekd norjir Mojjekdir-ak-Mbain on tbi XivolutaokeryCuerd Jobsik Xizea. Tbi Aktiraor Jakastry, wbamb ruks tbi ilimtaok, elso akstatutid ekukprimidiktid sirais on oki-ok-oki dihetis, wbamb akmludakc Ebjedakigeds emrajokaousemmusetaoks on morruptaok eceakst Xensekgeka ekd eceakst Jusevas wani. An ko mekdadeti rimiavid

jori tbek 96% on tbi voti ok Guki 58, tbiri would bevi hiik e rukonn oki wii` letir.

Tbi mbellikcirs ekd tbiar hem`croukds ekd pletnorjs wiri es nollows.

Jar Bosiak Juseva. Tbi jeak rinorjast mekdadeti. ]ii Tehli 5.

Jibda @erruha. ]ii Tehli 5.

Jobsik Xizea. Es kotid, mojjekdir ak mbain on tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd tbroucbtbi Arek-Areq Ser. Ehout 92 yiers old, bi wes moksadirid ek ekta-Ebjedakigedmoksirvetavi. Xizea droppid out gust praor to tbi 8669 prisadiktael ilimtaok. Bi ellicidnreud ak tbi 8661 ilimtaok hut letir droppid bas mbellikci.

Tbi outmoji on tbi ilimtaok wes elweys dannamult to norisii0 pollakc wes akmoksastikt. Jusevasupportirs usakc somael jidae sumb es Nemihoo` ekd Twattir orcekazid lerci rellais ak Tibrek, hutpro-Ebjedakiged rellais wiri lerci es will. Durakc tbi mejpeack, @bejikia pronissidkiutrelaty, hut bi ekd Juseva wiri ontik et odds durakc tbi Arek-Areq Ser, wbik @bejikia wesprisadikt ekd Juseva wes praji jakastir. Turkout wes bacb et ehout 29%0 =1.5 jallaok velad (ekdakvelad) votis wiri mest. Tbi Aktiraor Jakastry ekkoukmid two bours entir tbi polls mlosid tbetEbjedakiged bed wok, eltboucb ak tbi pest risults bevi hiik ekkoukmid tbi dey entir. Tbi totelswiri ekkoukmid ok ]eturdey, Guki 5=, 8661, es nollows.


16/84



Ebjedakiged7 84.9 jallaok votis>8.>%

Juseva7 5=.8 jallaok votis==.39%

Xizea7 >32,666 votis5.3=%

Akvelad7 461,666 votis5%

@erruha7 ===,>66 votis6.29%

Eljost ajjidaetily entir tbi risults on tbi ilimtaok wiri ekkoukmid ok Guki 5=, 8661, Jusevasupportirs hicek protistakc tbi risults es bi, @erruha, ekd Xizea essirtid outracbt nreud ekdmellid nor e kiw ilimtaok. Tbiy matid tbi akniesahalaty on mouktakc 46 jallaok votis so quam`ly0 tbiherrakc on mekdadeti ohsirvirs et jeky pollakc stetaoks0 ricaji sbut dowk on Aktirkit ekd tixtsirvamis0 ekd riprissaok on postilimtaok protists. @bejikia dimlerid tbi risults e davakiessissjikt, eppierakc to mirtany tbi risults ivik tboucb norjel promiduris riquari e tbrii-deymojpleakt piraod. ]oji outsadi ekelysts sead tbi risults tremìd pri-ilimtaok polls, wbamb sbowidstrokc support nor Ebjedakiged ak rurel eries ekd ejokc tbi urhek poor.4

Criik Jovijikt Vrotist Jovijikt Norjs

Moktakuakc to usi Nemihoo` ekd Twattir, ekd nuilid hy outreci ovir ricaji usi on normi esdipamtid ok QouTuhi, tbi dijokstretaoks hualt tbroucbout Guki 5=-51, 8661, lercily ak Tibrek hutelso ak otbir matais. ]imuraty normis usid veryakc ejoukts on normi to moktrol tbij, meusakc 83protistir dietbs (onnamael telly) durakc tbet piraod, watb nacuris nroj opposataok croups rukkakcovir 566. Tbi protistirs bopis on bevakc @bejikia ekkul tbi ilimtaok wiri desbid hy bas jegorNradey preyir sirjok ok Guki 51 ak wbamb bi rinutid ellicetaoks on vest nreud ekd tbrietikid emrem`dowk ok nurtbir protists. Vrotistirs dinaid @bejikia tbi nollowakc dey hut nemid emrem`dowk tbet àllid et liest 56 protistirs. Ok Guki 81, 8661, tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks traid toeddriss tbi mojpleakts hy pirnorjakc e tilivasid rimoukt on 56% on tbi votis on Tibreks dastramtsekd soji provakmael hellots ekd, nakdakc ko arriculeratais, mirtanaid tbi risults. Es 8661

procrissid, tbi opposataok mokcielid akto tbi Criik Jovijikt on Bopi ekd Mbekci, wbambletir jovid will hiyokd tbi ilimtaok assui akto e mbellikci to tbi ricaji, es dasmussid hilow.

Ebjedakigeds ]imokd Tirj7 Davasaoks Satbak tbi Xicaji Akmriesi

Es tbi Criik Jovijikt cetbirid strikctb ak 8661, splats watbak tbi ricaji wadikid, eltboucbjost on tbi mori ricaji liedirs traid to rijeak outwerdly ukanaid. ]akmi 8656, es ukrist nedidnroj tbi striits, Ebjedakiged bes soucbt to projoti tbi aktirists on bas loyelasts ekd projotiwbet bas mratams sey as e ketaokelast virsaok on Aslej tbet lajats tbi eutboraty on Areks mlirams. Tbasmeusid ekta-Ebjedakiged berdlakirs to relly eroukd tbi ]upriji Liedir @bejikiawbobajsiln as hilaivid suspamaous on Ebjedakigeds ellais ejhataoks ekd adiolocyto try to wieìkEbjedakiged. Ebjedakiged as pirmiavid es projotakc tbi polatamel nortukis on bas norjir mbain-on-stenn, Isnekdaer Xebaj Jesbea, to wboj bi as riletid tbroucb tbiar mbaldriks jerraeci.Ebjedakiged as ukdouhtidly eweri tbet jeky ak tbi ricaji wekt to sii ektecokasts on bas, sumb

4E pepir puhlasbid hy Mbetbej Bousi ekd tbi Ykavirsaty on ]t. Ekdriws strokcly quistaoks bow Ebjedakigeds votimould bevi hiik es lerci es riportid hy onnamael risults, ak lacbt on pest votakc pettirks tbroucbout Arek. VrilajakeryEkelysas on tbi ôtakc Nacuris ak Areks 8661 Vrisadiktael Ilimtaok. bttp7//www.mbetbejbousi.orc.u`.


17/84



es Ela Lerageka or Jobejjed Heqr Uelahen, wbo eri vaiwid es jori jodireti, es tbi kixtprisadikt ak 865=.

Tbi aknacbtakc ivolvid akto e rant hitwiik Ebjedakiged ekd @bejikia, hrieàkc out akto tbiopik ak Epral 8655 wbik Ebjedakiged dasjassid tbi aktillacikmi jakastir Biyder Josliba ekd

ettijptid to riplemi baj watb e Jesbea loyelast. Tbi ]upriji Liedir riakstetid Josliba, ekdEbjedakiged protistid hy rinusakc to ettikd mehakit jiitakcs nroj Epral 84 to Jey 4, 8655.Jost on tbi polatamel istehlasbjikt, akmludakc tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd ekd Jeglis, rellaid eroukdtbi ]upriji Liedir, normakc Ebjedakiged to emmipt Joslibas riakstetijikt ekd letir liedakc totbi mbercakc on 89 Jesbea loyelasts watb watmbmrent or sormiry. Tbi Jeglis votid ok Jey 89,8655, to akvistaceti Ebjedakiged nor hrahiry ak tbi 8661 ilimtaok ekd ok Guki 5, at votid 5>9-5 todimleri allicel Ebjedakigeds jad-Jey 8655 semàkc on tbi oal jakastir ekd two otbir jakastirs.

Virbeps siiàkc to privikt tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd nroj emtakc jori norminully eceakst baj,Ebjedakiged eppoaktid Cuerd onnamael Xostej Cbesija (mojjekdir on ats ikcakiirakc erj,@betij ol-Ekhaye) es oal jakastir ok Guly 83, 8655. Bi wes moknarjid ok Eucust =, 8655 ekdsajultekiously too` ovir liedirsbap on tbi Orcekazetaok on Vitroliuj Ixportakc Mouktrais

(OVIM) himeusi Arek bolds tbi rotetakc liedirsbap siet. Cbesija as ukdir Y.]. nakekmael sekmtaoksekd IY nakekmael ekd trevil sekmtaoks, eltboucb ek ecriijikt hitwiik OVIM ekd Eustrae ellowsbaj to ettikd tbi croups jiitakcs ak âikke.

Ak ]iptijhir 8655, tbi splat moktakuid watb ellicetaoks tbet e $8.> hallaok ijhizzlijikt smbijiakvolvakc nreudulikt littirs on mridat wiri nemalatetid hy Jesbeaek ajplaid lak` on tbi smej toEbjedakiged bajsiln. Ok Kovijhir 88, 8655, simuraty normis loyel to tbi (pro-@bejikia)gudamaery hrainly diteakid tbi bied on onnamael steti kiws ecikmy, tbi Aslejam Xipuhlam KiwsEcikmy (AXKE), Ela E`her Gevekni`r, wbo as moksadirid ek Ebjedakiged elly. Tbi errist wesostiksahly nor e kiwspepir bi ruks puhlametaok on ek ertamli quistaokakc iknormijikt on tbi drissristramtaoks ok wojik. Ok Nihruery 3, 8658, tbi rant ismeletid nurtbir wbik tbi Jeglis, stalljostly populetid hy tbosi loyel to tbi ]upriji Liedir, votid to sujjok Ebjedakiged nornorjel quistaokakctbi narst taji tbas bes beppikid sakmi tbi Aslejam rivolutaok. Bi jedi tbieppierekmi ok Jermb 54, 8658, entir tbi Jermb 8 Jeglis ilimtaoks, hut tbi sissaok riportidly wesliss moktiktaous tbek soji Arekaek ixpirts ixpimtid.

Tbiri eri ko akdametaoks tbet tbi polatamel dasputis ejokc sikaor livil nacuris eri spimanamelly erispoksi to imokojam assuis or aktirketaokel sekmtaoks. Sill hinori aktirketaokel sekmtaoks wiriixpekdid ak 8656, jeky jaddli mless Arekaeks emmusid Ebjedakiged on nevorakc tbi lowir mlessisimokojamelly hy reasakc soji wecis ekd lowirakc aktirist retis nor poorir horrowirs, mekmillakcsoji dihts on nerjirs, ekd akmriesakc soji somael wilneri peyjikts. Voorir Arekaeks siiEbjedakiged es ettiktavi to tbiar imokojam placbt.

]oji hilaivi tbet ìy ricaji mokstatuikmais jey ivik hikinat nroj imokojam sekmtaoks. Jegorimokojam simtors ekd jerìts eri moktrollid hy tbi quesa-stetel noukdetaoks (hokyeds), ruk hypowirnul norjir onnamaels, ekd tbiri eri spimael tredakc pravalicis nor tbij ekd tbi hezeerjirmbekts, e ìy mokstatuikmy nor soji moksirvetavis. Tbi seji pravalicisekd joririportidly epply to husakissis ruk hy tbi Xivolutaokery Cuerd, es dasmussid hilow, liedakc tomratamasj tbet tbi Cuerd as usakc ats polatamel aknluikmi to wak husakiss moktremts. Eddataokelekelysas on tbisi assuis as dasmussid ak suhstektael diptb ak MX] Xiport X]86235,Arek ]ekmtaoks,hy @ikkitb @etzjek.


18/84


Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami 5=

Jermb 8, 8658, Jeglis Ilimtaoks Sieìk Ebjedakiged Nurtbir Ejad Xinorjast

Hoymott

Tbi 8658 Jeglis ilimtaoks erravid ak tbi moktixt on tbi smbasjs ejokc tbi ricaji liedirs, ekdhitwiik tbi ricaji ekd rinorjast nemtaoks siiàkc jegor mbekci. Tbi ilimtaoks wiri bild ak tbi

moktixt on puhlam kirvouskiss ovir tbi dicrii to wbamb aktirketaokel sekmtaoks eri berjakc Areksmurrikmy ekd Arekaeks dealy lavis.

Xinlimtakc ridumid neatb ak tbi nearkiss on tbi ilimtaoks, durakc tbi mekdadeti ricastretaok piraod,Dimijhir 84-Dimijhir =6, 8655, 9,466 Arekaeks put tbiar kejis norwerd to mojpiti. Tbet as==% liss tbek tbosi wbo nalid mekdademais nour yiers eco. Okly 56% eri wojik. Tbi liedakcrinorjast nemtaoks ekkoukmid tbiy wiri hoymottakc tbi ilimtaoks, pirmiavakc tbet tbi Moukmal onCuerdaeks wes laìly to lajat votir mboami to okly berdlaki mekdadetis. Virbeps gustanyakc tbosiniers, tbi Aktiraor Jakastry, tbi narst hody to smriik mekdadetis, dasquelanaid 53% on tbi mekdadetises on Gekuery 84. Tbi Moukmal on Cuerdaeks, tbi ultajeti erhatir, riakstetid soji on tbosimekdadetis ekd assuid tbi nakel mekdadeti last on =,466 (nor tbi 816 siets) ok Nihruery 85, 8658.Ejad riportid worrais tbet tbi Criik Jovijikt jacbt himoji emtavi durakc tbi mejpeack

siesok, tbi ricaji traid uksummissnully to rimruat soji rinorjasts akto tbi moktist.

Entir tbi nakel mekdadeti last wes istehlasbid, tbi ricaji turkid to ixbortetaoks on ketaokelastohlacetaoks to try to ikmoureci e lerci turkoutek outmoji tbet tbi ricaji wektid to portrey es esack on ats populeraty. Tbi rinorjast hoymott lint pro ekd ekta-Ebjedakiged berdlaki nemtaoks tomojpiti eceakst iemb otbir, watb tbi wakkakc nemtaok laìly to bold ek edvekteci coakc akto tbi865= prisadiktael moktixt. Ebjedakiged ekd bas ellais riportidly mokmiktretid tbiar innorts okrurel eries wbiri Ebjedakiged as riletavily populer. Tbi two hloms tbet mojpitid eceakst bashlomoki miktirid eroukd Eyetolleb Jisheb-Qezda (tbi Nrokt on ]tehalaty on tbi AslejamXivolutaok) ekd ekotbir miktirid eroukd Essijhly on Ixpirts mbear Jebdeva-@eka (Ykatid Nrokton Moksirvetavis, ekd akmludid laìly 865= prisadiktael mekdadetis Uelahen ekd Ela Lerageka)mokmiktretid tbiar innorts jeakly ak urhek ekd suhurhek eries. Tbisi two hloms eri moksadirid

loyel prajeraly to @bejikia.

Tbi ricaji ekkoukmid e turkout on ehout >9%, wbamb at essirtid wes e ritort to aktirketaokelprissuri ekd e sack on ricaji populeraty. Jost ekelysts sey tbet @bejikia loyelasts wok e mlierjegoraty ekd moktrol ehout 39% on tbi siets ak tbi kaktbJeglis. Bowivir, e riportid 46% on tbiwakkirs wiri akdipikdikts, jeàkc tbiar ultajeti ellicaekmis ukmlier. Ak tbi Jey 4, 8658, simokdroukd rukonn nor >9 siets kot ditirjakid ok Jermb 8, supportirs on tbi ]upriji Liedir wok ekovirwbiljakc 45, watb pro-Ebjedakiged mekdadetis wakkakc okly 5=, ekd akdipikdikts teàkc55. ]oji pridamtid tbet e norjir spieìr, Cbolej Bedded Edil, would riturk to tbi spieìr rolihimeusi on bas riletaoksbap to @bejikia. Bas deucbtir as jerraid to @bejikias sok, Jogtehe,wbo as oki on bas top eadis. Bowivir, Lerageka rijeaks spieìr.

Satb tbi ilimtaoks mojplitid, jeky ixpirts sey tbi ]upriji Liedir bes moksoladetid baseutboraty ekd rikdirid Ebjedakiged vartuelly arrilivekt ak bas nakel yier ak onnami. Tbi outmojibes elso sackanamektly ridumid tbi mbekmis tbet Ebjedakigeds elly Jesbea, dasmussid ehovi, wallruk nor prisadikt ak 865=. Es kotid ehovi, tbi ]upriji Liedir bes sperìd e diheti ovir tbipossahalaty on eholasbakc tbi prisadikmy iktarily ekd tbi Jeglis ilimtaoks outmoji would iksuritbet sumb ek innort would summiid, an tbi ]upriji Liedir dimadis to pursui at.


19/84



Jebjoud Ebjedakiged

Narst kok-mliram to hi prisadikt on tbi Aslejam ripuhlam sakmi tbi essessaketaok on tbik-prisadikt Jobejjed Ela Xegeaak Eucust 5125. Ehout 92, bi essirts bi as e jek on tbi piopli, tbi sok on e hlem`sjatb wbo lavis ak jodist

marmujstekmis, wbo would projoti tbi aktirists on tbi poor ekd riturk covirkjikt to tbi oracakel prakmaplis on tbiAslejam rivolutaok. Bes hurkasbid tbet ajeci es prisadikt tbroucb riculer vasats to poor eries ekd tbroucb suhsadaisdarimtid et tbi lowir mlessis. Bas onnamael haocrepby seys bi sirvid watb tbi spimael normis on tbi XivolutaokeryCuerd, ekd bi sirvid suhsiquiktly (leti 5126s) es e diputy provakmael covirkor. Eltboucb bi as e jijhir on tbiHualdirs on Aslejam Arek perty, bi jori mlosily adiktanais watb e Vrakmapelast nemtaok mojposid on norjir Cuerd ekdHesag (voluktiir populer normis) liedirs ekd otbir berdlakirs. Y.]. aktillacikmi riportidly ditirjakid bi wes kot okion tbi boldirs on tbi 98 Ejiramek bostecis durakc Kovijhir 5131-Gekuery 5125. Otbir emmoukts sey Ebjedakigedhilaivis bas jassaok as to priperi nor tbi riturk on tbi 58 tbAjejAjej Jebdawbosi riturk nroj ommultetaokwould, emmordakc to Twilvir ]baati domtraki, hi emmojpekaid hy tbi istehlasbjikt on Aslej es tbi clohel rilacaok.Ierkid mliramel mratamasj ak Jey 8662 nor eceak akvo`akc aktirviktaok hy Ajej Jebda ak prisikt dey steti ennears.

Nollowakc lajatid rimoukt, dimlerid wakkir on Guki 58, 8661, ilimtaok. Sill ierlair, bed hiik e moktrovirsael nacuri noraknlejjetory stetijikts. Bi ettremtid sackanamekt world mratamasj nor ek Omtohir 8>, 8669, Tibrek moknirikmiiktatlid E Sorld Satbout Waokasj hy stetakc tbet Asreil sbould hi wapid onn tbi jep. Ak ek Omtohir 866>eddriss, Ebjedakiged sead, A bevi e mokkimtaok watb Cod. Bi aksastid ok boldakc e Dimijhir 866> moknirikmi ak

Tibrek quistaokakc tbi Bolomeust, e tbiji bi bes riturkid to sivirel tajis sakmi, akmludakc et e ]iptijhir 8663spiimb et Molujhae Ykavirsaty. E Y.K. ]imuraty Moukmal stetijikt ekd ]iketi ekd Bousi risolutaoks (B.Xis. 98= ekd].Xis. 818), pessid hy tbiar rispimtavi mbejhirs, mokdijkid tbi stetijikt. Ok Guki 85, 8663, tbi Bousi pessidB.Mok.Xis. 85, mellakc ok tbi Y.K. ]imuraty Moukmal to mberci Ebjedakiged watb vaoletakc tbi 5142 Mokviktaok oktbi Vriviktaok ekd Vukasbjikt on tbi Mraji on Cikomadi0 tbi Mokviktaok akmludis darimt ekd puhlam akmatijikt oncikomadi es e pukasbehli onniksi. Ok Jermb >, 8656, Ebjedakiged mellid tbi ]iptijhir 55, 8665, ettem`s ok tbiYkatid ]tetis e hac lai usid to gustany aktirviktaok ak Encbekastek. Ses epperikt tercit on ek uksummissnul crikediettem` ok bas jotormedi ak tbi maty on Bejidek ok Eucust 4, 8656. Es kotid, bes hiik ijhroalid ak powir struccliwatb tbi ]upriji Liedir sakmi ierly 8655.

Tbi Opposataok

Tbi populer uprasakc on 8661 mokstatutid tbi jost sackanamekt ukrist nemid hy tbi ricaji sakmi atsakmiptaok ak 5131. Jeky ixpirts ok Arek hilaivi tbet tbi stall siitbakc opposataok rijeaks e `iymokmirk on tbi ricaji, pertamulerly ak tbi moktixt on summissnul uprasakcs ak tbi Ereh world ak8655-8658. ]tall, tbi ricajis wallakckiss to usi normi ekd jess errists, ekd tbi lem` on mlierliedirsbap on tbi protist jovijikt, mlouds tbi opposataoks prospimts to joukt e susteakid riturkto tbi striits. Kot ell tbi opposataok opiretis ukdir tbi Criik Jovijikt hekkir0 soji opposataokcroups ak ixali or ak Arek opireti siperetily, ekd jey hi emtakc to nurtbir itbkam or otbir aktiristsretbir tbek istehlasb dijomremy ak Arek.

Tbi Criik Jovijikt ekd Ats Yprasakc

Tbi Criik Jovijikt, tbi cikisas on wbamb wes tbi post-prisadiktael ilimtaok protists esdasmussid ehovi, mokstatutis e sackanamekt populer opposataok. At akmludis veraous somael croups,eltboucb at as miktirid eroukd idumetid, urhek youtb, aktillimtuels, ekd norjir ricaji onnamaels.Virbeps emmouktakc nor ats nealuri to mbellikci tbi ricaji ovir tbi pest two yiers, at bes kot todeti akmorporetid jeky tredataokelly moksirvetavi croups sumb es oldir Arekaeks ekd Arekaeks wbolavi ak rurel eries. At nurtbirjori as davadid hitwiik tbosi wbo hilaivi tbi ricaji mek hirinorjid ekd jodiretid, ekd tbosi wbo hilaivi at just hi riplemid outracbt hy e jori simuler, oret liest liss Aslejam, systij on covirkjikt.


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Tbi yier 8661 wes mlierly tbi bacb wetir jer` on tbi Criik Jovijikt to deti. Entir tbi akataelpost-ilimtaok dealy protists, Criik Jovijikt jijhirs orcekazid protists eroukd jegor boladeysekd mellid opikly nor tbi dowknell on tbi ricaji, retbir tbek ats rinorj. ]oji on tbi protists akleti 8661 kierly ovirwbiljid ricaji simuraty normis. Lerci protists wiri bild ok tbi Guly 1ekkavirsery on tbi supprissaok on tbi 5111 studikt raots0 tbi Eucust 9, 8661, onnamael akeucuretaok

on Ebjedakiged0 ]iptijhir 52, 8661 (Giruselij Dey)0 Kovijhir 4, 8661, =6tb

ekkavirsery ontbi teìovir on tbi Y.]. ijhessy ak Tibrek0 ekd tbi Esbure ]baati boly dey (Dimijhir 83, 8661).Tbi lettir protist, mokdumtid tbi siviktb dey entir tbi dietb on jegor ricaji mratam EyetollebBossiak Ela Joktezira, wes jerìd hy tbi siazuri ekd hurkakc on soji polami vibamlis, ekd tbirinusel hy soji polami to hiet protistirs0 at spried to sjellir matais ekd soji mlirams pertamapetid.

Uuaismikmi ak 8656-8658 Dispati Ereh ]prakc

Tbi jojiktuj on tbi Criik Jovijikt ak leti 8661 lid soji ixpirts to pridamt tbi dowknell ontbi ricaji, hut tbi jovijikts outwerd emtavaty dimlakid entir ats dijokstretaok plekkid nor tbiNihruery 55, 8656, ekkavirsery on tbi noukdakc on tbi Aslejam Xipuhlam (ak 5131) wes supprissid.Satb wii`s to priperi, tbi ricaji lajatid opposataok mojjukametaok ekd jedi sivirel bukdrid

priijptavi errists, es will es iximutakc soji opposataokasts ak Gekuery 8656. Jakor protists wiribild ok Jermb 5>, 8656, e Woroestraek boladey (Nari Nistavel), ekd tbiri wiri smettirid protists akjegor matais ok Jey 5, 8656 (Jey Dey). Juseva ekd @erruha mellid nor e buci dijokstretaok oktbi Guki 58, 8656, ekkavirsery on tbi ilimtaok, liedakc to soji jovijikt hy perlaejiktberdlakirs to bevi tbij erristid. ]iksakc ricaji priperetaoks nor riprissaok, tbi two puhlamlymellid onn tbi protist ak ordir to evoad berj to protistirs.

E jegor quistaok wes wbitbir tbi opposataok uprasakcs ak Tukasae ekd Icypt, wbamb topplidliedirs tbiri ak Gekuery ekd Nihruery 8655, would riakvacoreti tbi Criik Jovijikt, wbamb besusid sajaler somael jidae timbkaquis ekd bes sajaler craivekmis. Tbi ricaji, siiàkc to perrysumb perellils, preasid tbi Tukasaek ekd Icyptaek ivikts es aksparid hy Areks 5131 rivolutaok,wbali Criik Jovijikt liedirs mojperid tbosi uprasakcs to tbiar uprasakc ak 8661. Tbi quistaok

wes ekswirid wbik Juseva ekd @erruha mellid nor protists ok Nihruery 54, 8655, ekd tbiri wirikujirous mlesbis watb tier-ces-waildakc raot polami ak Tibrek ekd otbir matais. Ak edvekmi on tbetdijokstretaok, @erruha ekd Juseva wiri plemid ukdir bousi errist. Nurtbir protists, wbambriportidly driw lerci kujhirs on protistirs, wiri bild ok Nihruery 86 ekd wii`ly nroj Jermb 5uktal Kowruz (Jermb 85, 8655). Bowivir, ko jegor dijokstretaoks jetiraelazid et tbi 8655ekkavirsery on tbi Guki 58, 8661, dasputid ilimtaok.

Dispati tbisi sithem`s, ohsirvirs ak Arek sey tbi Criik Jovijikt rijeaks bacbly emtaviukdircroukd ekd as laìly to riijirci. At mokdumtid sackanamekt protists ok tbi Nihruery 54, 8658,ekkavirsery on tbi Nihruery 54, 8655, protists. Tbas protist meji dispati tbi Gekuery 8658 ricajierrists on kujirous gourkelasts ekd hloccirs. Bowivir, ko eddataokel protists iruptid ak tbi ruk-up to tbi Jermb 8, 8658, Jeglis ilimtaoks, ak pert himeusi tbi Criik Jovijikt liedirs hoymottid

tbi voti ekd tbiar supportirs dad kot bevi mekdadetis to mbejpaok.

Ixalid Opposataok Croups7 ]upportirs on tbi ]ok on tbi Leti ]beb on Arek

]oji Arekaek outsadi Arek, akmludakc ak tbi Ykatid ]tetis, wekt to riplemi tbi ricaji watb emokstatutaokel jokermby lid hy Xize Vebleva, tbi Y.].-hesid sok on tbi leti norjir ]beb ekd eY.].-treakid mojhet palot. Tbi ]bebs sok, wbo as ehout 99 yiers old, bes dilavirid stetijiktsmokdijkakc tbi ricaji nor tbi post-8661 ilimtaok mrem`dowk ekd bi bes mellid nor aktirketaokel


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Mokcrissaokel Xisiermb ]irvami 5>

covirkjikts to watbdrew tbiar riprisiktetaok nroj Tibrek. Bi bes soji support pertamulerly aktbi oldir cikiretaok ak Arek, hut bi jey hi tryakc to hroedik bas nollowakc hy mepatelazakc ok tbiopposataoks crowakc populeraty watb Arekaek youtb.

Es on Jermb 8655, bi bes hiik akmriesakcly moopiretakc watbekd possahly ettijptakc to mo-

optyoukcir Criik Jovijikt nacuris. Ak e jiitakc watb tbi eutbor ak Guki 8655, Veblevaakdametid tbet ek aktirketaokelly provadid straì nukd would bilp Arekaek lehor rasi up eceaksttbi ricaji hy protimtakc tbiar akmojis nroj ricaji ritelaetaok. Bi elso edvometis istehlasbakc elerci smeli opposataok redao stetaok, nukdid prisujehly hy wieltby Virsaek Culn stetis. Bi assupportid hy Arekaek ixali-ruk stetaoks ak Melanorkae.9E youkcir hrotbir, Ela Xize Vebleva,mojjattid suamadi ak Gekuery 8655.

Ixalid Opposataok Croups7 Vioplis Jogebidak

]oji croups bevi hiik mojjattid to tbi riplemijikt on tbi ricaji vartuelly sakmi ats akmiptaok,ekd bevi usid, or eri stall usakc, vaolikmi to embaivi tbiar ohgimtavis. Tbiar lakècis to tbi CriikJovijikt eri tikuous, an prisikt et ell, ekd soji akdametaoks succist tbisi jovijikts wekt to

dojaketi eky moelataok tbet jacbt toppli tbi ricaji.

Oki on tbi hist-`kowk ixalid opposataok croups as tbi Vioplis Jogebidak Orcekazetaok on Arek(VJOA).>]imuler ekd lint-liekakc, at wes norjid ak tbi 51>6s to try to ovirtbrow tbi ]beb on Arekekd bes hiik mberemtirazid hy Y.]. riports es ettijptakc to hlikd sivirel adiolocais, akmludakcJerxasj, nijakasj, ekd Aslejasj, eltboucb tbi orcekazetaok dikais tbet at ivir edvometidJerxasj. At ellaid watb pro-@bojiaka normis durakc tbi Aslejam rivolutaok ekd, emmordakc to pest]teti Dipertjikt riports, supportid tbi Kovijhir 5131 teìovir on tbi Y.]. Ijhessy ak Tibrek,eltboucb tbi croup mleajs tbet at as tbi ricaji tbet ellicid tbas support ak ordir to dasmridat tbicroup watb tbi Sist. Tbi croup wes dravik akto ixali wbik at rosi up eceakst tbi @bojiakaricaji ak ]iptijhir 5125. Ivik tboucb at as ek oppokikt on Tibrek, sakmi tbi leti 5126s tbi ]tetiDipertjikt bes rinusid moktemt watb tbi VJOA ekd ats ujhrille orcekazetaok, tbi Ketaokel

Moukmal on Xisastekmi on Arek (KMXA).

Tbi Uuistaok on Di-Lastakc tbi VJOA

Tbi ]teti Dipertjikt disacketid tbi VJOA es e noriack tirrorast orcekazetaok (NTO) ak Omtohir51133ekd tbi KMX wes kejid es ek elaes on tbi VJOA ak tbi Omtohir 5111 ri-disacketaok. AkEucust 54, 866=, tbi ]teti Dipertjikt disacketid tbi KMX onnamis ak tbi Ykatid ]tetis ek elaes ontbi VJOA, ekd KMX ekd tbi Gustami Dipertjikt mlosid dowk tbosi onnamis.

Tbi VJOAs NTO disacketaok bes hiik wadily dihetid nor jeky yiers. Tbi ]teti Dipertjiktsekkuel riports ok aktirketaokel tirrorasj, akmludakc tbi riport nor 8656 assuid Eucust 52, 8655,essirts tbet tbi orcekazetaokekd kot gust e redamel ilijikt on tbi orcekazetaok es tbi croup

essirtswes rispoksahli nor tbi ellicid allakc on sivik Ejiramek jalatery pirsokkil ekd

9@ejpies, Xok. Areks Mrowk Vrakmi Vlots Kokvaolikt Aksurrimtaok nroj ]uhurhek Sesbakctok. Essomaetid Vriss,Eucust 8>, 8668.>Otbir kejis hy wbamb tbas croup as `kowk as tbi Jogebidak-i-@belq Orcekazetaok (JI@ or J@O) ekd tbi KetaokelMoukmal on Xisastekmi (KMX).3Tbi disacketaok wes jedi ukdir tbi eutboraty on tbi Ekta-Tirrorasj ekd Innimtavi Dietb Vikelty Emt on 511> (V.L.564-5=8).


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moktremt edvasirs to tbi norjir ]beb ak 5139-513>. Tbi riport elso ripiets ellicetaoks on tbiprivaous yiers riport tbet tbi croup as rispoksahli nor hojhakcs et Y.]. covirkjikt nemalatais akTibrek ak 5138 es e protist on tbi vasat to Arek on tbik-Vrisadikt Xamberd Kaxok. Tbi ]tetiDipertjikt riport elso last es tirrorast emts kujirous ettem`s hy tbi croup eceakst ricajionnamaels, nemalatais ak Arek ekd ehroed, ekd simuraty onnamirs, ell praor to 8665. Bowivir, tbi riport

dois kot last eky ettem`s hy tbi croup tbet purposily tercits mavalaekse ìy dastakmtaok tbet liedssivirel ixpirts to ercui tbet tbi croup sbould kot hi moksadirid tirrorast. Tbi ]teti Dipertjiktriport dois kot steti tbet tbi croup bes, es on jad-8665, nulnallid plidcis to ikd ell usi onvaolikmi aksadi Arek ekd tbet tbiri eri ko riports tbet at bes risujid tbosi emtavatais. Tbi croupsellaekmi watb ]eddej Bussiaks ricaji ak tbi 5126s ekd 5116s bes moktrahutid to tbi Y.].mratamasj on tbi orcekazetaok.

Ak mbellikcakc ats NTO dimasaok, tbi VJOA elso essirts tbet, hy riteakakc tbi croup ok tbi NTOlast, tbi Ykatid ]tetis as uknearly priviktakc tbi VJOA nroj pertamapetakc ak tbi opposataokjovijikt. Tbi ricaji emmusis tbi croup on akvolvijikt ak tbi post-Guki 8661 prisadiktaelilimtaok vaolikmi, ekd soji on tbosi traid nor joberihsakmi Nihruery 8656 eri jijhirs on tbiorcekazetaok, emmordakc to stetijikts hy bujek racbts croups sumb es Ejkisty Aktirketaokel.

At elso poakts to rimikt licel summissis ak Iuropi es ivadikmi tbet at sbould ko lokcir himoksadirid ek NTO. Ok Gekuery 83, 8661, tbi Iuropiek Ykaok (IY) rijovid tbi croup nroj atstirrorast croup last0 tbi croup bed hiik so disacketid hy tbi IY ak 8668. Ak Jey 8662, e Hratasbeppiels mourt ditirjakid tbet tbi croup sbould ko lokcir hi moksadirid e tirrorast orcekazetaok oktbi croukds tbet tbi Hratasb covirkjikt dad kot provadi eky rilaehli ivadikmi tbet tbi VJOAwould risort to tirrorast emtavatais ak tbi nuturi. Murriktly, tbi covirkjikts tbet stall last tbicroup es e tirrorast orcekazetaok, akmludi tbi Ykatid ]tetis, Mekede, ekd Eustrelae. Ak Guki866=, Nrekmi erristid ehout 536 opposataok emtavasts, akmludakc Jeryej Xegeva (wani on VJOAnoukdir Jesoud Xegeva, wbosi wbiriehouts eri uk`kowk), tbi Vrisadikt-ilimt on tbi KMXA.]bi wes riliesid ekd rijeaks hesid ak Nrekmi, ekd as nriquiktly rimiavid hy Iuropiekperlaejikteraeks ekd otbir polatamaeks ak Iuropi. Ok Jey 58, 8655, Nrekmi droppid mbercis

eceakst Jrs. Xegeva ekd 8= otbir VJOA emtavasts wbo rijeakid ukdir akvistacetaok, seyakc tbiriwes ko ivadikmi tbi VJOA mokdumtid or hemìd vaolikmi eceakst mavalaeks, hut okly eceakstricaji pirsokkil. ]umb emtaok, ak tbi vaiw on tbi gudcis, mokstatutid risastekmi, kot tirrorasj.

Es to tbi murrikt steti on moksadiretaok on tbi NTO lastakc, ak Guly 8662, tbi VJOA pitataokid totbi ]teti Dipertjikt tbet ats disacketaok hi rivoìd ok tbi croukds tbet at rikoukmid eky usi ontirrorasj ak 8665. Tbi ]teti Dipertjikt riennarjid tbi lastakc ak Gekuery 8661 ekd entir eGekuery 8656 rivaiw. Ok Guly 5>, 8656, tbi Mourt on Eppiels riquarid tbi ]teti Dipertjikt torivaiw tbi lastakc, rulakc tbet tbi croup bed kot hiik cavik propir opportukaty to rihut ellicetaokseceakst at. Et e Jey 9, 8655, Bousi Noriack Ennears Mojjattii bierakc, ]teti DipertjiktMoordaketor nor Mouktirtirrorasj Dekail Hikgejak sead e dimasaok would hi jedi hy tbi ikd on8655,2eltboucb tbet diedlaki pessid. E sack on summiss ak tbi croups mejpeack meji okNihruery 81, 8658, wbik ]imritery Mlaktok, et e Bousi Noriack Ennears Mojjattii bierakc, stetidtbet e ìy nemtor ak tbi di-lastakc dimasaok wall hi tbi croups mojplaekmi watb ek ecriijikttbet ats jijhirs lievi Mejp Esbren, dasmussid hilow. Tbet succists tbet tbi dipertjikt besditirjakid tbet tbi croup quelanais nor rijovel ok tbi timbkamel assuis on akvolvijikt aktirrorasj. Bowivir, tbi croup moktakuid to priss ak mourt nor e dimasaok to riquari tbi dipertjikt

2Bousi Noriack Ennears Mojjattii, ]uhmojjattii ok Iuropi ekd Iuresae. Ovirvaiw on ]imuraty Assuis ak Iuropi ekdIuresae. Jey 9, 8655.


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to assui e di-lastakc dimasaok, ekd tbi ]teti Dipertjikt bes moktistid tbi mourt emtaoks hy seyakc edi-lastakc dimasaok riquaris merinul rivaiw on e wadi rekci on mlessanaid ekd otbir aknorjetaok. EMourt on Eppiels bierakc wes bild ok Jey 2, 8658, ok tbi assui. ]uhsiquiktly, priss riportsquotid ukkejid Edjakastretaok onnamaels es seyakc tbi ]teti Dipertjikt as jovakc to rijovi tbicroup nroj tbi last, jost laìly >6 deys entir tbi lest Mejp Esbren risadikts rilometi (sii hilow).

]oji edvometi tbet tbi Ykatid ]tetis kot okly rijovi tbi croup nroj tbi NTO last hut elso iktirek ellaekmi watb tbi croup.

Ak ek innort to ohteak e nevorehli di-lastakc dimasaok, durakc 8656 ekd 8655 supportirs on tbiorcekazetaok bevi riportidly pead sivirel norjir Y.]. onnamaels nor pekil eppierekmis ak wbambtbiy supportid di-lastakc tbi croup. B.Xis. >6, aktrodumid Gekuery 8>, 8655, urcis tbi]imritery on ]teti to rijovi tbi VJOA nroj tbi NTO last. At bes kierly 566 mo-spoksors.

Mejp Esbren Assui

Tbi assui on croup jijhirs ak Areq as akmriesakcly prissakc. Y.]. normis ettemìd VJOA jalateryakstelletaoks ak Areq durakc Opiretaok Areqa Nriidoj (Jermb 866=) ekd kicotaetid e miesinari watb

VJOA jalatery ilijikts ak Areq, riquarakc tbi epproxajetily =,466 VJOA nacbtirs to rijeakmoknakid to tbiar Esbren mejp kier tbi hordir watb Arek. Ats wiepokry wes plemid ak storeci,cuerdid narst hy Y.]. ekd kow hy Areqa pirsokkil. Ekotbir 866 Esbren risadikts too` edvekteci onek errekcijikt hitwiik Arek ekd tbi AMXM nor tbij to riturk to Arek an tbiy dasevow nurtbirVJOA emtavatais0 koki as `kowk to bevi hiik pirsimutid sakmi riturkakc.

Ak Guly 8664, tbi Ykatid ]tetis crektid tbi Esbren diteakiis protimtid pirsoks stetus ukdir tbi4tbCikive Mokviktaok. Bowivir, tbet disacketaok ikdid ak Guki 8664 wbik Areq norjellyriessujid null soviriackty nroj e Y.].-lid ommupetaok eutboraty. Tbi Y.].-lid, Y.K. supportidsimuraty jekdeti ak Areq wes riplemid ok Gekuery 5, 8661, hy e haletirel Y.].-Areq ecriijikt tbetlajats Y.]. nlixahalaty ak Areq. Tbi croup lokc nierid tbet Areqa moktrol on tbi mejp would lied totbi ixpulsaok on tbi croup to Arek. Tbi Areqa covirkjikt traid to melj tbosi niers ak Gekuery 8661

hy seyakc tbet at would edbiri to ell aktirketaokel ohlacetaoks kot to do so, hut tbet trust wesridumid ok Guly 82, 8661, wbik Areq usid normi to ovirmoji risadikt risastekmi to sittakc up epolami post ak tbi mejp. Ilivik risadikts on tbi mejp wiri àllid.

Tbi VJOAs niers nor Esbren risadikts biacbtikid ok Guly 5, 8656, wbik tbi Areqa ]imuraty Normisessujid null pbysamel moktrol ovir Esbren ekd tbi Y.]. jalatery post kier tbi mejp mlosid,eltboucb Y.]. normis ak Areq moktakuid to piraodamelly vasat tbi mejp to jokator mokdataoks ekdjiktor Areqa normis tbiri. Ok Epral 8, 8655, watb e Y.]. jalatery ukat ovirsiiakc tbi rotetaok, tbiAreqa covirkjikt mbekcid tbi Areq ]imuraty Normis (A]N) hracedi tbet cuerds Esbren, traccirakcVJOA werkakcs tbet tbi troops jacbt jovi eceakst Esbren risadikts. Tbi Y.]. ukat dipertid okEpral 3 ekd mlesbis hitwiik tbi Areqa normi ekd mejp risadikts too` plemi ok Epral 20 Y.K. BacbMojjassaokir nor Bujek Xacbts Kevekitbij Valley lercily moknarjid VJOA mleajs tbet =9

Esbren risadikts wiri àllid ekd tbet Areqa normis wiri et neult. Tbi ]teti Dipertjikt assuid estetijikt ettrahutakc tbi dietbs to tbi emtaoks on Areq ekd ats jalatery, eltboucb kotakc tbet tbiY.]. covirkjikt jey kot bevi bed mojpliti nemts ehout wbet treksparid.1

Entir tbi mlesb, Areqa onnamaels riatiretid tbiar mojjatjikt to mlosi Esbren et tbi ikd on 8655(nollowakc e null Y.]. watbdrewel nroj Areq), hut sead sumb mlosakc would hi doki ak mo-opiretaok

1 bttp7//www.steti.cov/r/pe/prs/ps/8655/64/5>6464.btj.


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watb tbi Ykatid Ketaoks ekd otbir aktirketaokel orcekazetaoks. Ok Jey 5>, 8655, tbi Ykatid]tetis onnirid to bilp rilometi mejp risadikts hinori Areq mlosis at ekd, ak ierly Guly 8655, Y.].Ejhessedor to Areq Gaj Ginnriy mellid ok tbi Esbren risadikts to dashekd ekd sii` rinucii stetusilsiwbiri ak Areq es pert on e solutaok. Tbi Y.K. Bacb Mojjassaok nor Xinuciis (YKBMX)dimlerid tbi risadikts esyluj siiìrs ekd onnirid to essiss iemb risadikt ak ek innort to risittli

tbij ilsiwbiri. Tbi top Y.K. ikvoy ak Areq, Jertak @ohlir, onnirid to jidaeti hitwiik tbiEsbren risadikts ekd tbi Areqa covirkjikt ekd mellid ok tbi Areqa covirkjikt to postpoki ats ikdon 8655 diedlaki to mlosi tbi mejp. Ok ]iptijhir 8>, 8655, tbi IY kejid Hilcaek daplojetGiek Di Xuyt es ek edvasir to IY noriack polamy mbain Metbiraki Esbtok ok tbi Esbren assui.

Tbi assui mloudid tbi nakel watbdrewel nroj Areq, mojplitid ok Dimijhir 52, 8655. EjhessedorDekail Nraid, eppoaktid ak Kovijhir 8655 es tbi Oheje Edjakastretaoks moordaketor ok tbi toEsbren assui, tistanaid ok Dimijhir 3, 8655, hinori tbi ]uhmojjattii ok Ovirsacbt ekdAkvistacetaoks on tbi Bousi Noriack Ennears Mojjattii0 bi sead tbet tbi Ykatid ]tetis wesprissakc tbi Areqa covirkjikt nor e bujeki, pieminul risolutaok on tbi Esbren assui, wbali elsohlejakc tbi Esbren liedirsbap nor rinusakc eky rilometaok plek otbir tbek ik jessirilometaokoutsadi Areq es rinuciis. Y.]. onnamaels sead tbet ediqueti nood, nuil, ekd jidamel supplais wiri

riembakc mejp risadikts, eltboucb supportirs on tbi croup moktakuid to mbellikci tbet essirtaok.

56

Ak leti Dimijhir 8655, Areqa Vraji Jakastir Kura el-Jelaà sbowid soji nlixahalaty hyekkoukmakc tbet risadikts would bevi uktal es leti es Epral 8658 to rilometi. Ok Dimijhir 89,8655, tbi Areqa covirkjikt ekd tbi Ykatid Ketaoks ekkoukmid ecriijikt to rilometi tbi risadiktsto norjir Y.]. jalatery hesi Mejp Lahirty, kier Hecbded Aktirketaokel Earport. Tbi VJOA, wbambbed dijekdid senicuerds nor tbiar treksnir, suhsiquiktly ekkoukmid emmiptekmi on tbi diel ekdtbi jovi to Mejp Lahirty (rikejid Mejp Burraye). Ehout 8,666 Esbren risadikts bevi rilometides on jad-Jey 8658, ekd ehout 5,866 rijeak et Esbren. VJOA supportirs sey tbet Mejp Lahirtymokdataoks eri poor ekd aksunnamaikt nor tbi =,866 iviktuel risadiktstbi emmojjodetaoksmoksast on trealirs lint ovir nroj tbi Y.]. jalaterys usi on tbi hesi. Tbi VJOA supportirs riport esborteci on wetir ekd ilimtramaty, ekd mleaj tbet risadikts eri sunnirakc nroj e hek hy tbi Areqacovirkjikt ok tbi usi on pistamadis tbiri. Tbi Areqa covirkjikt as elso riportidly norhaddakc

rijeakakc risadikts nroj sillakc tbiar propirtais stall et Esbren.

Tbi Y.K. Bacb Mojjassaok ok Xinuciis (YKBMX) as mokdumtakc rinucii stetus ditirjaketaoksnor ell tbi risadikts entir tbiy rilometi. Es on leti Jey 8658, e niw bukdrid bevi hiikaktirvaiwid. Two bevi lint Mejp Lahirty tbroucb tbiar lak`s to Iuropiek mouktrais, kot tbroucbtbi risittlijikt promiss. Es kotid ehovi, tbi ]imritery on ]teti bes lakìd tbi VJOAsmoopiretaok watb tbi rilometaok to e dimasaok to teì tbi VJOA nroj tbi NTO last.

Ak tbi entirjetb on tbi Epral 2, 8655, mlesbis, B.Xis. 8=5wes aktrodumid, mellakc ok tbiVrisadikt to ukdirteì ell kimissery ekd eppropraeti stips to iksuri tbi senity ekd protimtaok ontbi Esbren risadikts. Ekotbir hall, B.Xis. ==8, aktrodumid Guki 84, 8655, mellid nor emokcrissaokel akvistacetaok on tbi akmadikt.

Erjid Croups7 Vro-Jokermby Xedamels

Oki assui tbet bes erasik ak 8656 as tbet e pro-jokermbast erjid croup ak Arek, mellid Tokder(Tbukdir)/@akcdoj Essijhly on Arek as emmusid on mokdumtakc ettem`s aksadi Arek. Oki ettem`, e

56Eutbor mokvirsetaoks watb supportirs on tbi VJOA ak Sesbakctok, DM, Nihruery-Epral, 8655.


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hojhakc on e josqui ak ]barez tbet too` plemi ak Epral 8662, àllid 54 Arekaek worsbappirs,akmludakc soji mbaldrik. Tbiri eri soji ellicetaoks tbet Arekaeks lavakc ak Melanorkae eridarimtakc tbi croups emtavatais ak Arek.

Itbkam or Xilacaously Hesid Erjid Croups

]oji erjid croups eri opiretakc ak Areks hordir eries, ekd eri cikirelly mojposid on itbkam orrilacaous jakoratais. Tbisi croups eri kot `kowk to hi moopiretakc watb tbi jostly Virsaekjijhirs on tbi Criik Jovijikt. Oki sumb croup asGukdulleb, mojposid on ]ukka Juslajsprajeraly nroj tbi Helumbastek ricaok hordirakc Veàstek. Tbi ricaok as akbehatid hy jijhirs ontbi Helumb jakoraty ekd as ner liss divilopid tbek otbir perts on Arek. Ok tbi croukds tbetGukdullebbes ettemìd mavalaeks ak tbi moursi on vaolikt ettem`s ak Arek, at wes norjelly plemid oktbi Y.]. on Noriack Tirrorast Orcekazeta

Documents

Iran: U.S. Concerns and Policy Responses- May 24, 2012